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LGBTQ rights in Belarus

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LGBTQ rights in Belarus
Location of Belarus (green)

in Europe (dark grey)  –  [Legend]

Status
  • Legal since 1994
  • age of consent is equalized
Gender identity–
MilitaryNo (LGBT persons barred from the Belarusian military on the grounds that homosexuality is a psychiatric disorder)
Discrimination protectionsNo
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo recognition of same-sex relationships
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned since 1994
AdoptionNo

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Belarus face significant challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Belarus. However, households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. Belarus provides no anti-discrimination protections for LGBT people, nor does it prohibit hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

Same-sex sexual activity was legalized in Belarus in 1994. However, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights in Belarus remain severely limited and homosexuality remains highly stigmatized in Belarusian society. Many Belarusian people believe that homosexuality is a psychiatric illness, and many LGBT persons in Belarus tend to hide their sexual orientation in public. Those who are "out" face harassment, violence and physical abuse.

LGBT history in Belarus

"It's better to be gay than a dictator": Belarusian delegation at EuroPride Stockholm 2018

While a part of the Soviet Union, Belarus used the laws common for all Soviet republics. As such, homosexuality was considered illegal. Sexual relationships between females have never been illegal in Belarus (though lesbians could be sent to mental institutions if discovered) while those between males were frequently prosecuted. Words such as homosexuality or gay were not present in any old Soviet code and the Soviet juridical system used the term sodomy.

Article 119-1 of the previous Criminal Code of Belarus set out that homosexual men having voluntary sexual contact were to be convicted to prison terms of up to five years. In 1989 nearly 50 Belarusian citizens were fired due to their sexual orientation. A special department was set up in the KGB to combat homosexuality. The secret services used blackmail to recruit agents from the gay community. This prevented the possibility of the emergence of any gay organization, or print media designed specifically for sexual minorities. Nonetheless, gay people met in the streets, toilets, railway stations, or gathered in private flats or houses.

In 1992 a newspaper named Sex-AntiAIDS-Plus was founded through help provided by a non-governmental organization called Stop-AIDS-Belarus (SAB). The second issue of the newspaper was intercepted by a procurator's office, and a criminal case was initiated against the newspaper. The newspaper contained personal ads for gays and lesbians. The prosecution regarded these announcements as pandering.

In 1994, the criminal case against the newspaper was dropped. However, its founder and chief editor, Ruslan Geniush, fearing persecution, stopped his publishing endeavour. In 1992 a magazine named Randez-vous was registered, and began publishing. The magazine focused primarily on personal ads and contained articles written by psychologists, sexologists and letters and announcements from LGBT readers in a special column called "Blue Salon". In 1994 the magazine ceased to exist.

On 1 March 1994, the Parliament of Belarus changed Article 119-1 of the Criminal Code of Belarus, and homosexuality became legal.

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

Homosexuality was decriminalized in 1994. The age of consent for sex acts is equal and set at 16 years for homosexuals and heterosexuals.[1][2][3]

Recognition of same-sex unions

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

Belarus does not recognise same-sex marriage, nor any form of same-sex partnership.

Article 32 of the Constitution and the Marriage and Family Code (Articles 1 and 12) specifically define marriage as a union between a man and a woman.[4]

Discrimination protections

The Labour Code (Article 14) prohibits discrimination in the sphere of labour relations. However, sexual orientation is left out of the list of social characteristics on whose basis discrimination is legally prohibited.

Persecution on the basis of sexual orientation is not explicitly recognized in law as a ground for granting refugee status. Same sex partners are not recognized for the purposes of immigration law. After the fall of the communist regime many Belarusians requested and were granted political asylum abroad, based on fear of persecution because of their sexual orientation. The most frequent reason cited was formal or informal harassment by the police. Amnesty International and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Network – Belarus (AILGBT-Belarus) has information on individuals who were granted asylum in the Czech Republic, France, Netherlands, and Sweden.[5]

Free speech rights

The internet provider Beltelecom (a telecom provider with a monopoly in Belarus), which controls the external gateway, tried to block access to gay sites, at least from internet clubs. Internet resources for gays and lesbians in Belarus recently have been operating without problems. However, access was blocked to Russian gay internet sites, including Gay.ru.

A private company in Belarus censored gay personal ads on Apagay.com, a gay-oriented website, later known as Gay.by.[6] In response to complaints, the website owner first explained that he had the right to edit personal ads. Then he stated the site was merely implementing recommendations; he did not state whose recommendations.

The only specialised magazine for the LGBT community (Forum Lambda magazine) was published by Lambda Belarus in Russia and disseminated in Belarus from 1998 to 2002. The publication has been banned several times by the State Publishing Committee.

The main source of information about life of LGBT community in Belarus is Gay.by. It is one of 10 most visited sites in Belarus with a monthly audience of over 350,000 visitors. The creators of the website encounter a lot of problems when trying to disseminate information about homosexuality. In December 2002, Belarusian State University in Minsk banned access to all gay internet resources. In March 2003, the administration of the internet café Soyuz Online, the biggest and most popular among gays in Minsk, blocked Gay.by. In January 2004, the national web-hosting company N1.BY refused services to Gay.by. Earlier in 2003, the system administrator of "Krasnaya Banernaya" (RED.BY) banned Gay.by from participating in banner exchange.[5]

On 10 May 2003, an unknown hacker broke into Gay.by. The hacker deleted all topics on the site's forum and started a new thread containing an appeal to kill homosexuals. In addition, while downloading the home page of Gay.by, the notification “PIDARS MUST DIE” and “STOP PIDARS IN BELARUS” appeared on the screen. The hacker's break in was followed by telephone calls to the members of the site's team with threats of physical violence.

A new line of sites keeps the Belarus LGBT audience well-informed and entertained. Sunshine.by, the first gay blog in Belarus, provides invaluable insight into the world of the LGBT community of the country.

LGBT rights movement in Belarus

LGBT organizations

There is no official organization in Belarus that represents the interests of gays and lesbians in Belarus. The Women's Organization (Jyana), which was officially registered and working on "gender questions." Jyana, which protected young women in the country, recently announced that it soon will close. The men's organization, Republican Youth (Vstrecha) is not an LGBT-organization, but conducts a great deal of work aimed at preventing HIV infection and AIDS among men who have sex with men. Any other organization or initiative is working outside the legal framework.

Gay pride controversies

See also: Minsk Pride

Violations of the rights to freedom of expression and freedom of assembly in Belarus were repeatedly condemned by the international community.[9]

Rainbow flag flying from the British Embassy, Minsk, 17 May 2019 (photo by activist Andrei Zavalei)

After previous failed efforts, in 1999 a gay pride festival was organised by the Belarusian League for Sexual Equality “Lambda” BLL and Forum Lambda, a magazine for Belarusian gays and lesbians. The festival program included a seminar for journalists on "lesbians and gay men in the media", conference on the rights of gays and lesbians in Belarus and in the world, the exhibition of photographs and films taken homosexuals, and the competitions “Mr. Gay Belarus” and “Transmission”. The festival was supported by the UN Development Programme, studio Tatyana, United Way Belarus, IREX, the Titanic Club, and guests from Ukraine. During one of the parties, the club was raided by riot police that frisked the contestants.

In 2000, the organisers of the festival encountered great difficulty in preparing for the event. According to Edward Tarletski, head of the organising committee, the radio station Radio BA which was to cover the event and grant its dancehall for evening events received an order from the presidential administration not to do so. Other radio stations reportedly refused support on the same grounds, and events at other venues also were canceled. Orthodox Church-related groups demonstrated in Minsk against the gay festival on 9 September, on the day before the festival was planned. The pride march through the city was banned by the city government 24 hours before it was due to take place, and authorities acted on the day to prevent festivities. Newspapers reported the outcome of the day.[1] [2][10][11]

In 2001, the Belarus government allegedly prohibited the Belarus Gay Pride Festival. On 3 August 2001, unidentified vandals broke into and vandalised the flat of Lambda Belarus leader Andrei Babkin where fliers, posters and booklets of Gay Pride 2001 had been kept.

In 2002, days before Gay Pride 2002, Lambda Belarus leader Edward Tarletski was called to the Minsk police station where he was told that if a gay pride parade took place, "the police will not take any responsibility for possible disorder."

In 2004, an international gay and lesbian festival was forced to be canceled. The organizing committee of the final (Belarusian) phase of the 4th International Moonbow Human Rights & Homo Cultural Festival and the first stage of this year's ILGCN (International Lesbian & Gay Cultural Network) World Lesbian and Gay World Conference in August 2004 were forced to cancel the event in Minsk. This came after authorities frightened a club owner into withdrawing his promise to host the event. In addition, threatening phone calls from authorities said foreigners trying to attend the event for workshops and discussions "would be immediately expelled from the country in keeping with the article of intervention in domestic affairs of the Republic of Belarus."[3][5][12]

On 27 October 2008, the same group asked permission to hold a protest in support of gay rights near the Russian Embassy in Minsk. Both events were not authorised. Because the country is currently not a member of the Council of Europe, Belarusian activists cannot appeal to the European Court of Human Rights. It is the same group which decided to organise with Russian LGBT activists a Slavic Pride which is planned to alternate between Moscow and Minsk every year.[13]

Slavic Gay Pride 2010 was contested by violent protestors

In January 2009, an event titled "The Right to Love" was planned and designed to raise public awareness about homophobia and discrimination against LGBT people in Belarus. Authorization was denied. LGBT activist Roman Mandryk filed a complaint in the Court of the Central Borough of Gomel in response to this decision of the Gomel City Administration. In the text of the complaint, Mr. Mandryk claims that the decision of the Gomel City Administration violated his right to freedom of Assembly as guaranteed by Article 35 of the Constitution of Belarus. He adds that Regulation 299 itself is unconstitutional in that it imposes unreasonable burdens on those seeking to organize public gatherings. The organizers intend to pursue this claim until it is resolved and hope to be able to organize a gathering in 2010.[14]

Month against Homophobia

The "Month against Homophobia" was a campaign by Belarusian LGBT activists from 17 April to 17 May 2009 in Minsk, Grodno and Luninets. It consisted of informational campaigns and events. The month was organized by Gayby.org, Gay.by, members of the League of Sexual Equality "Lambda", and Amnesty International (Belarus). More than 50 media outlets reported about the month's events. Belarusian media began to talk about gay and lesbian people.

The main aim of the Month against Homophobia was to resist any kind of physical, moral and symbolic violence to people with a different sexual orientation and gender identity, to show solidarity to LGBT in the world who are unable to fight for their rights, and to carry a wider campaign for human rights.[15]

Social conditions

Anti-LGBT violence

There is no Belarusian law that refers specifically to perpetrators of crimes motivated by homophobia. In the Criminal Code, homosexuals are only singled out when they are the “subjects” of a crime (e.g., when they are the perpetrators), and not when they are “objects” (e.g., victims of a crime). Judicial and police organs do not express any eagerness to collect evidence about the homophobic motives of those who perpetrate crimes. Judges are not obliged to consider such motives as aggravating the circumstances of guilt, or to impose more severe punishments when homophobic motives are present. LGBT people are in danger to face discrimination and violence.[16]

On 18 April 2001, a dead body of the pensioner Alexander Stephanovich, known in Minsk as a homosexual, was found in the yard of the apartment block where he lived. His body was stabbed all over with knives. On 16 May of the same year, Andrei Babkin, an activist with Lambda Belarus, was badly beaten and raped at the entrance to his flat. He was taken to the hospital with severe injuries.

On 2 July, the police in Minsk detained and badly beat Andrei Scherbakov, one of the founders of Lambda Belarus. The next day, Ivan Suchinski, the owner of the gay club Oskar was killed. The club had been closed by the authorities in February 2000, and Ivan brought civil claims because of the unfair actions of the police. On 13 November 2001 in Molodechno, Lambda Belarus leader Edward Tarletski was assaulted which resulted in a concussion and required seven days' hospitalization.

On 15 February 2002 in Zhlobin (Gomel Region), 34-year-old accountant Victor Kovyl was found dead in his parents’ flat. He was an openly gay man both at work and in public. The police refused to give the details of the murder to Kovyl's partner Alexander and one of the members of the police said to him: “It serves you right, sodomites (faggots)!”.

On 12 April 2002, an assault and beating of gay men took place outside the gay club “Babylon”. According to witnesses a group of skin heads (10 to 12 men) attacked three patrons before the police arrived. Among the victims was Edward Tarletski, editor-in-chief of gay magazine Forum Lambda and leader of Lambda Belarus. On 10 June in Kommunar, Buda-Kashalyova District, Gomel region, three unidentified men beat and raped local resident Dmitrii L., 18. The victim was taken to the hospital where he spent two weeks.

On the evening of 2 October 2002, Edward Tarletski was assaulted outside his flat entrance on his way home. Four unidentified men asked him if his name was Tarletski and started beating him. That night he was taken to the hospital. He had a broken shoulder and three smashed teeth.

In 2002, the Minsk police started a criminal case in connection with the murder of Mikhail M., 50, whose mutilated body was found in his flat on 17 November. According to the police this was the fifth murder of this kind committed in the capital of Belarus. However, the detectives fully denied the possibility of a serial killer.

On 18 February 2003 Tarletski was beaten again by unidentified persons near his house. Edward was taken to the hospital with a head injury and plenty of bruises on his body. On 29 March of the same year, a bouncer at the night club Budda-Bar in Minsk beat Yuliya Yukhnovetz, a volunteer for Minsk Pride, because she kissed a girl in the club hallway. She was taken to the hospital where she was diagnosed with an injured cranium.

On 28 May 2008, Edward Tarletski was attacked again by three youths in Minsk. Tarletski stated that he did not intend to report the attack to police because they would not do anything about the incident. He also said this attack was the third against him in five years.[17]

At the mid of September 2008, two transgender men had been raped in Minsk. Victims did not report to the police; they were not sure that they would help them.[18][19]

In prisons and correctional facilities, homosexuality is subject to speculation, blackmail and extortion. While in prison, gays and lesbians are largely unprotected. Reportedly, executing bodies often make use of prisoners’ sexual inclinations to receive needed data, and turnkeys often encourage prisoners to abuse homosexuals.

Police officers seek information of a personal nature about homosexual persons who are victims of violence. This information is of no relevance to the prosecution the perpetrators of the crimes against those victims. Police officers collect information of a personal nature as well as passport data and mugshots of homosexual persons who visit known gay cruising areas. The national NGO “Vstrecha” [“Meeting”] (HIV-prevention group for gay men) reported about those practices in Brest and Gomel. Police officers refuse to register cases of brutality committed against sexual minorities and do not conduct investigations that would seek criminal responsibility from the perpetrators of crimes motivated by homophobic prejudice. Lambda Belarus reported many cases of brutality against lesbians and gays and passive behaviour of police in all regions of the country. Police have conducted unprovoked actions in bars frequented by homosexuals. AILGBT-Belarus, “Vstrecha”, Lambda Belarus and lesbian group “YANA” reported about those practices in Gomel and Minsk.[5]

Mental health

A high percentage of suicide is observed amongst gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgender people. Qualified psychological help generally is not available. In Minsk, the capital of Belarus, three universities – Belarus State University, Belarus Pedagogical University and European Humanities University – have full psychology courses in their curriculum but do not address the problems of sexual minorities.

Discrimination

In education

In May 2003, the administration of the European Humanities University in Minsk banned a showing of the documentary Outlawed about discrimination of gays and lesbians all around the world. According to the university staff, the ban was made under pressure of the Russian Orthodox Church.[5]

In the military

According to the Belarusian Ministry of Defense and the Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military of the University of California, Santa Barbara, Belarus bans gays from serving in the military. AILGBT-Belarus has documented at least five cases of gay men from Gomel who did not serve in the army because of their sexual orientations. No cases of harassment of gays in the army are reported, but this may be the result of gay individuals hiding their sexuality.[5]

Political figures' stances on LGBT rights

The open support of lesbians and gays is not a popular position for a political movement in Belarus. In July 2001, the Organising Committee of the 1st Belarusian Youth Congress, voted against allowing delegates of Lambda Belarus to participate. In March 2002, a number of Belarusian media published the statements of Young Front (the youth organisation of Belarusian Popular Front), which contained homophobic statements.[5] Specifically, Young Front leader Paval Sieviaryniec published a letter where he called homosexuality “a death-worthy sin and perversion”. According to Sieviaryniec, the fact of the existence of homosexuals is “the result of spoiling and sinfulness in the world”.[citation needed]

In another incident, Belarusian sexual minorities attempted to make a formal statement of solidarity with victims of the Chernobyl disaster. This attempt created a backlash, which led to an opposition youth leader, Zmitser Dashkevich, stating on the radio program "Freedom Night" that Belarus is no place for gays, and that homosexuals are sick people and that the opposition would not enter into a dialogue with them.[citation needed]

In September 2004, President Lukashenko, in a speech before the Belarusian Security Council, said, "we have to show our society in the near future, what ‘they’ [the European Union and the United States] are doing here, how they are trying to turn our girls into prostitutes, how they are feeding our citizens with illicit drugs, how they are spreading sexual perversion here, which methods they are employing".[5]

In 2018, minister of interior Igor Shunevich used abusive language on national television describing homosexuals.[20] Human rights defenders called to open a criminal case for discriminatory statements, but the government didn't find any violations by Shunevich.[21]

Blood donation

There are no particular limitations for gay and bisexual men to donate blood. All the procedures and requirements are the same for all donors.[22]

Public opinion

Gay life is still largely underground, and most Belarusians consider homosexuality a disorder[4][dead link‍]. Homophobic attitudes, suspicions and prejudices are still very strong. According to a survey by the Belarusian Lambda League for Sexual Equality (Lambda Belarus) in April 2002, 47% of Belarusians think that gays should be imprisoned. In 2007, Information Center TEMA and MyGomel.com organized a vote about the reaction of Gomel region youth to sexual minorities. 47.6% had negative feelings to sexual and gender minorities, 10% want to criminalize homosexual relations.[23]

The most recent poll by Pew Research Center published in May 2017 suggests that 16% of Belarusians are in favor of same-sex marriage while 81% oppose the idea, which was significantly higher than in Ukraine (12%), Russia (5%) and Moldova (5%). Younger people are more likely than their elders to favor legal gay marriage (22% vs. 14%).[24][25]

In May 2017, a survey by the Pew Research Center in Eastern European countries showed that 84% of Belarusians believed that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.[26]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal Yes (Since 1994)
Equal age of consent (16) Yes
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only No
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services No
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) No
Anti-discrimination laws concerning gender identity No
Same-sex marriages No (Constitutional ban since 1994)
Recognition of same-sex couples No
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples No
Joint adoption by same-sex couples No
Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military No
Right to change legal gender Yes[5] Allowed. (Highly bureaucratic, lengthy two-stage process: deciding body meets only twice a year; permission for medical or surgical interventions only at the second stage. Flaw in passport conversion whereby passport number may reveal former designation of sex to agencies.[6])
Access to IVF for lesbians No
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples No
MSMs allowed to donate blood Yes

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Worldwide Ages of Consent". Avert.org. Retrieved 29 September 2005.
  2. ^ "Homosexual Rights Around The World". Gay Rights Info. Archived from the original on 16 September 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2005.
  3. ^ Transgender Europe (TGEU) (30 November 2021). "Trans rights European Index 2017" (PDF). TGEU. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  4. ^ International Centre for Civil Initiatives (22 October 2019). "The monitoring of discrimination of transgender people in Belarus". Our House: Belarus. Republic of Belarus.
  5. ^ ""Gay Pride Belarus '99" held in Minsk from 9 to 12 September". International Lesbian and Gay Association. Archived from the original on 12 March 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2005.
  6. ^ "Gay and Lesbian Issues in Belarus". A Belarus Miscellany. Archived from the original on 24 February 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2005.
  7. ^ "Belarus Authorities Forbid Year 2000 Gay Pride Festival". GayToday. Retrieved 29 September 2005.
  8. ^ "Gay Belarus News & Reports 2004–05". Global Gayz.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2005.
  9. ^ "International Briefs". Bay Windows. Retrieved 29 September 2005. [dead link‍]
  10. ^ a b "Month against homophobia in Belarus". Gay.by. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2008.

References

  1. ^ "Age of Consent by Country 2022". World Population Review. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  2. ^ Minos Mouzourakis. "Belarus LGBTI Resources: Legal Information". AMERA International.
  3. ^ Vesey-Byrne, Joe (29 November 2017). "An eye-opening look at sexual consent ages around Europe, mapped". indy100. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  4. ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS OF 1994". National Legal Internet Portal Of The Republic Of Belarus. Law.by. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015. Article 32. [...] On reaching the age of consent a woman and a man shall have the right to enter into marriage on a voluntary basis and found a family.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Bortnik, Viachaslau (2004). Intolerance, discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the OSCE region. OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting (4–15 October 2004). Warsaw: Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR); Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE.
  6. ^ "Белорусский портал геев, лесбиянок, бисексуалов и транссексуалов" [Belarusian portal of gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgenders]. gay.by (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 July 2009.
  7. ^ "Belarus". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  8. ^ Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of (1 August 2000). "Update to BYS28904.E of 20 February 2000 regarding the treatment of homosexuals, particularly lesbians, in the city of Minsk, including societal attitudes, treatment by the state and state protection [BYS35140.E]". www.ecoi.net. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  9. ^ Bortnik, Viachaslau; Sementso, Svyatoslav (2008). Are all equal before the law? (Report). TEMA information center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  10. ^ *Belarus Authorities Forbid Year 2000 Gay Pride Festival
  11. ^ "Gay cultural events canceled in Belarus, ILGA". Archived from the original on 25 December 2004.
  12. ^ Belarus News and Analysis. "Minsk Gay Culture and Human Rights Conference Cancelled". www.data.minsk.by.
  13. ^ "Euro MPs Get Tough Over Lack of Gay Rights in Belarus". Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  14. ^ "LGBT rights activists, for the first time, appealing to courts to defend their constitutional right to freedom of assembly". Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  15. ^ "Article about the month against Homophobia in Belarus". Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  16. ^ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices on Belarus". Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  17. ^ "2008 Human Rights Report: Belarus. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor". Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  18. ^ "Two transsexual guys had been raped in Minsk". Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  19. ^ "Two transsexual men are beaten and raped in Minsk, BELARUS". 6 October 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  20. ^ Шуневич: «Дырявые» пользуются отверстиями не по назначению
  21. ^ Глава МВД Беларуси Игорь Шуневич, известный гомофобными высказываниями, ушел в отставку
  22. ^ "Противопоказания при донации" [Contraindications for donation]. центр трансфузиологии [Transfusiology Center] (in Russian). Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  23. ^ "Voting of Belarusian youth on LGBT issue". Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  24. ^ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  25. ^ "Final Topline" (PDF). Pew. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  26. ^ (in English) "Social views and morality". Religious belief and national belonging in Central and Eastern Europe. Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017.

Further reading

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