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Chasse-galerie

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La Chasse-galerie by Henri Julien, 1906, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec

La Chasse-galerie also known as "The Bewitched Canoe" or "The Flying Canoe" is a popular French-Canadian tale of Coureurs des bois who make a deal with the devil, a variant of the Wild Hunt. Its best-known version was written by Honoré Beaugrand (1848–1906). It was published in The Century Magazine in August 1892.

Origin

The story can be traced back to a French legend about a rich nobleman named Gallery who loved to hunt. He loved it so much that he refused to attend Sunday mass. As punishment for this sin he was condemned to fly forever through the night skies, chased by galloping horses and howling wolves, in a fashion reminiscent of the Wild Hunt stories.

When French settlers arrived in Canada, they swapped stories with the natives and the tale of Gallery was combined with a First Nations legend about a flying canoe. In time bark canoes became associated with French-Canadian culture as well; when some of the earliest French-Canadians arrived in New York City, they were reported to have landed on the banks of the Hudson River to "the amazement and admiration of the people, who had never seen bark canoes in their waters before".[1]

Variations

After a night of heavy drinking on New Year's Eve, a group of voyageurs working at a remote timber camp want to visit their sweethearts some 100 leagues away (300 miles). The only way to make such a long journey and be back in time for work the next morning is to run the chasse-galerie. Running the chasse-galerie means making a pact with the devil so their canoe can fly through the air to their destination quickly. However, the travellers must not mention God's name or touch the cross of any church steeple as they whisk by in the flying canoe. If either of these rules is broken during the voyage, then the devil will take their souls. To be safe, the men promise not to touch another drop of rum to keep their heads clear. The crew took their places in the canoe which then rises off the ground, and they start to paddle. Far below they see the frozen Gatineau River, many villages, shiny church steeples and then the lights of Montreal. The bewitched canoe eventually touches down near a house where New Year's Eve festivities are in full swing. No one wonders at the trappers'/loggers' sudden arrival. They are embraced with open arms and soon are dancing and celebrating as merrily as everyone else. Soon it is late and the men must leave if they are to get back to camp in time for work. As they fly through the moonless night, it becomes apparent that their navigator had been drinking as he steers the canoe on a dangerously unsteady course. While passing over Montreal they just miss running into a church steeple, and soon after the canoe ends up stuck in a deep snowdrift. At this point the drunken navigator begins swearing and taking the Lord's name in vain. Terrified the devil will take their souls, the men bind and gag their friend and elect another to steer. The navigator soon breaks his bonds and begins swearing again. The crew become more and more shaken at the possibility of losing their souls, and they eventually steer the bewitched canoe right into a tall pine. The men spill out and are knocked unconscious. The ending of the story changes from version to version. Sometimes the men are condemned to fly the canoe through hell and appear in the sky every New Year's Eve, but in all but one version all escape the terms the devil (Lucifer) made.

Several different versions of this tale exist.[2] An Acadian version involves an axe handle. It stretches to accommodate as many as climb on.

Another variation has the devil himself steering and deliberately trying to break the rules on the return journey, at which point they throw him out of the canoe to save themselves.

In English this particular legend is known as "The Canoe", or "The Wild Hunt Bewitched". The second name is used to translate precisely chasse-galerie as it is known in Canadian French; the other term is much broader.

In Quebec, the best-known version is written by Honoré Beaugrand. This is the story of the Gatineau loggers who make a pact with the devil in order to steal a boat so they can visit their women. They are warned, however, not to blaspheme during the voyage, or touch crosses atop church steeples, and they must be back before six o'clock the next morning. Otherwise they would lose their souls. In his version, the devil (Lucifer) is rather generous, and allows the men to return unhurt and undamaged.

The tale appeared in a book of French-Canadian folktales called Legends of French Canada by Edward C. Woodley, published in 1931, republished in 1938.[3] The tale is told as a recollection of one of the men who made chasse-galerie. The men travel from St. Maurice to St. Jean. The return accident is credited to whiskey-blanc.[4]

An earlier volume in English, entitled The Flying Canoe (La Chasse-Galerie) was written by J.E. LeRossignol, by McLelland and Steward Publishers in 1929. In it, thanks is given (with no further publication information) to "the Toronto Star Weekly, and the Canadian Home Journal for their courteous permission to republish certain stories which appeared originally in these journals."[5]

In 2015, a musical theatre version of the story was performed at the Storefront Theatre in Toronto, and won two Dora Awards and two Toronto Theatre Critics Awards. A larger production was mounted in 2016 by Soulpepper Theatre.[6]

A Canadian 40¢ postage stamp was issued in 1991 (as the Witched Canoe), illustrating this legend (Canadian Scott #1334 or #1445), which forms part of a series on Canadian folktales.

One of the oldest rides at Montreal's La Ronde amusement park, La Pitoune, uses this legend as inspiration. It is a basic sawmill log ride, but overhead is a representation of the flying canoe, with the devil perched behind the terrified men. The high bench at the back of the log-cars is therefore referred to as "the devil-seat".

The legend serves as the label motif for Maudite, an ale produced by the Unibroue brewery of Quebec.

The National Film Board of Canada produced a short animated film of this The Legend of the Flying Canoe (La Chasse-galerie).[7]

Claude Dubois sings a song called "Chasse Galerie" on the live album Rencontre de rêves (1992).

The Quebec folk band La Bottine Souriante recorded a song based on the legend, "Martin de la Chasse-Galerie", for their album La Mistrine in 1994. In the song, Satan condemns the men in the flying canoe to wander in the skies over Montreal until the day of judgement.

Montreal folk metal band Blackguard use an image of the flying canoe on the cover of their 2009 album Profugus Mortis. Included on the album is a song called "The Last We Wage", whose lyrics are based on this legend.

During the Opening Ceremony for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, a canoe containing fiddler Colin Maier was lowered from the ceiling in an allusion to the legend.

The Flying Canoe also appears in Frédéric Back's 1981 animated film Crac.[8]

Adaptations

Main article: Wild Run: The Legend

The radio program C'est la Vie retold the story on December 28, 2001, narrated by storyteller Marylyn Peringer.[citation needed]

The first feature film adaptation, Wild Run: The Legend (Chasse-Galerie: La Légende), was released in February 2016.[9] It was written by Guillaume Vigneault and directed by Jean-Philippe Duval.[10]

A stage play written by Tyrone Savage, with music and lyrics by James Smith was produced by the Soulpepper Theatre Company in Toronto in 2016.[11]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henri Julien.
  1. ^ Brière, Eloise, ed. (2012). J'aime New York (in English and French). State University of New York Press. p. 19.
  2. ^ "French Canadian Legends—The Witched Canoe". AllSands.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
  3. ^ Edward Carruthers Woodley (1931). Legends of French Canada. B. Blom. ISBN 0405091028. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
  4. ^ Volo, James M.; Dorothy Denneen Volo (2002). Daily Life on the Old Colonial Frontier. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-313-31103-1.
  5. ^ LeRossignol, J.E. (1926). The Flying Canoe (La Chasse Galerie). McLelland and Stewart.
  6. ^ "Chasse-Galerie deserves to be a new theatre holiday classic: review". Toronto Star, November 16, 2016. Page E3.
  7. ^ Robert Doucet (Director) (1996). La Légende du canot d'écorce (La Chasse-galerie) [The Legend of the Flying Canoe (La Chasse-galerie)] (Film) (in French). National Film Board of Canada. Event occurs at 10 min 37 s.
  8. ^ Frederic Back (1981). Crac. Societe Radio-Canada, a C.B.C. Montreal Production – via YouTube.
  9. ^ Kelly, Brendan (25 February 2016). "Movie review: Chasse-Galerie updates classic Québécois oral legend". The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  10. ^ Couture, Philippe (14 March 2016). "CHASSE-GALERIE: L'ART DE DÉFOLKLORISER LE BÛCHERON". Voir. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  11. ^ "Chasse Galerie". Soulpepper Theatre Company. 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
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