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Fort Mason

Coordinates: 37°48′28″N 122°25′47″W / 37.80778°N 122.42972°W / 37.80778; -122.42972
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This article is about the fort in California. For the fort in Arizona, see Fort Mason, Arizona Territory. For the fort in Texas, see Fort Mason (Texas).
San Francisco Port of Embarkation, US Army
Historic wharves at Lower Fort Mason, viewed from Upper Fort Mason
Fort Mason is located in San Francisco
Fort Mason
Fort Mason is located in California
Fort Mason
Fort Mason is located in the United States
Fort Mason
LocationSan Francisco, California
Coordinates37°48′28″N 122°25′47″W / 37.80778°N 122.42972°W / 37.80778; -122.42972
Area21 acres (8.5 ha) (landmarked area)
Built1912
NRHP reference No.85002433[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPFebruary 4, 1985[1]
Designated NHLDFebruary 4, 1985[2]

Fort Mason, once known as San Francisco Port of Embarkation, US Army, in San Francisco, California, is a former United States Army post located in the northern Marina District, alongside San Francisco Bay. Fort Mason served as an Army post for more than 100 years, initially as a coastal defense site[3] and subsequently as a military port facility. During World War II, it was the principal port for the Pacific campaign.[2]

Today it is part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the site of several cultural facilities. The entire fort area is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places,[2] with 49 buildings of historic significance, spread over 1,200 acres (490 ha).[4][5] while the lower port area is a National Historic Landmark District, designated for its role in World War II.

Geography

A panoramic image facing southeast toward the Fort Mason Center, taken from a position near water level.
Fort Mason Center (foreground) with Oakland and Russian Hill (on the right) in the distance.

Fort Mason can be split into two distinct areas. The upper area, sometimes called Fort Mason, is situated on a headland and was the site of the original coastal fortifications. The lower area, Fort Mason Center, is situated close to water level to the west of Upper Fort Mason, and is the site of the former military port, with its piers and warehouses. The Marina Green lies to the west of Fort Mason, while Aquatic Park is to the east.

History

Earlier private ownership by John C. Frémont

The nucleus of Fort Mason was a private property owned by John C. Frémont, the explorer of the western U.S., who also spearheaded the conquest of California from Mexico, and ran as the first presidential nominee of the extant Republican Party in 1856. As alleged in a 1968 federal lawsuit[6] filed by his descendants over the 70-acre parcel then at issue, Frémont bought a 13.5-acre property in the mid-1850s for $42,000, and then improved it by about $40,000.

Appointed a major general in the Union army at the start of the Civil War, Frémont's repeated serious conflicts with President Lincoln led him to resign by late 1862. In 1863, the government seized the property without payment, by executive order of Lincoln, on the grounds it was needed for the war effort. Frémont would again contest the US presidency in 1864, running as the candidate of Radical Democracy Party, only resigning the effort when Lincoln fired a political enemy in his cabinet as a concession.

The 1968 lawsuit was perhaps the last shot of a century-long legal struggle[7] to obtain compensation for the seized realty. In 1870, the government returned property to 49 parties in the vicinity, but not to Frémont and a few others. At that time, Frémont was still very preoccupied with enough of the vast fortune he had made through gold-mining before the Civil War that the matter was unlikely of concern to him; but by 1872[8] he was in grave financial trouble he would never escape before his death in 1890. Over the years, at least 24 Congressional committees would vote to compensate Frémont, and finally in February 1898 President William McKinley signed a bill directing that the court of claims fix the compensation due. But in 1968 the Frémont heirs complained it had failed to carry out this direction, with John Frémont then recently dead and his widow Jessie over 70 years old.

The fort as government property

The Civil War prompted the construction of several coastal defense batteries located inside the Golden Gate. Initially these defenses were built as temporary wartime structures rather than permanent fortifications and one of these was constructed in 1864 at Point San Jose, as the location of Upper Fort Mason was then known. A breast-high wall of brick and mounts for six 10-inch (250 mm) Rodman cannons and six 42-pounder guns were built on the site. Excavation in the early 1980s uncovered the well-preserved remains of the western-half of the temporary battery, and it has now been restored to its condition during the Civil War.[9]

The fort was named Fort Mason in 1882, after Richard Barnes Mason, a former military governor of California.[10]

President Grover Cleveland established the Endicott Board in 1885 for the purpose of modernizing the nation's coastal fortifications. Chaired by Secretary of War William Endicott, the board recommended new defenses at 22 U.S. seaports, deeming San Francisco Harbor second only to that of New York in strategic importance. As a result, an extensive series of forts, batteries, and guns were built on the harbor, including Fort Mason.[11]

The piers and sheds of Lower Fort Mason were originally built from 1912 to warehouse army supplies and provide docking space for army transport ships. By this time, the US Army began to build new posts in Hawaii, the Philippines, and various other Pacific islands. Most of the materiel for those posts was shipped through San Francisco. By 1915, the three piers together with their associated warehouse had been completed, and Fort Mason Tunnel driven under Upper Fort Mason to connect with the railroad network along the Embarcadero.

With these new facilities, Fort Mason was transformed from a harbor defense post into a logistical and transport hub for American military operations in the Pacific.[12] The Army ferry USAT General Frank M. Coxe provided scheduled transportation from Fort Mason to the processing center at Fort McDowell on Angel Island up to eight times per day during the war. USAT Meigs was used to transport cavalry horses from Fort Mason's pier to Fort Mills.

The SS Jeremiah O'Brien is a World War II era Liberty ship. Built in 57 days, the ship is an example of the United States rapid response to sealift demands of the war.
Army Ports: Passengers and tons of cargo embarked during the period December 1941 – August 1945.

During World War II, Fort Mason became the headquarters of the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, controlling a network of shipping facilities that spread across the Bay Area. Over the years of the war, 1,647,174 passengers and 23,589,472 measured tons moved from the port into the Pacific. This total represents two-thirds of all troops sent into the Pacific and more than one-half of all Army cargo moved through West Coast ports. The highest passenger count was logged in August 1945 when 93,986 outbound passengers were loaded.[12]

The Korean War in the 1950s also kept the post busy, and in 1955 the San Francisco Port of Embarkation was renamed the U.S. Army Transportation Terminal Command Pacific. The embarkation operations continued through the early sixties. In 1965 the headquarters of the US Army Transportation Terminal Command were transferred to the Oakland Army Terminal, and most of Fort Mason's embarkation facilities fell into disuse. The Army continues to use and maintain the old officer housing. The National Park Service took over the administration of the site in the 1970s as a part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. In 1976 lower Fort Mason became the Fort Mason Center, a non profit organization that provides a destination for programs, events and organizations that support and reflect the evolving cultural fabric of San Francisco and the Bay Area. (GGNRA).[13][14]

Current uses

GGNRA headquarters building in Upper Fort Mason

Some of the old officer housing remains in use by the Army, while some is rented to the public. One of the larger buildings has been converted into a youth hostel, operated by Hostelling International USA.[15]

As a whole, the former post is now a mix of parks and gardens and late nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings that are still in use. A path follows the harbor edge, rising along the headland and offering views north past Alcatraz and west to the Golden Gate Bridge.

The lower portion of the site is known as the Fort Mason Center for Arts & Culture (FMCAC). FMCAC is a non-profit and their campus houses the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Artists Gallery, San Francisco Art Institute graduate campus, Blue Bear School of Music, City College of San Francisco Art Campus, The Interval, Greens Restaurant, Readers Bookstore, Magic Theatre, the Mexican Museum, Embark Gallery, Off the Grid, BATS Improv, San Francisco Children's Art Center, Museo ItaloAmericano, Flax art & design, California Lawyers for the Arts and other organizations connected to arts and culture.[16] The newest space is Gallery 308, whose inaugural exhibition was Janet Cardiff'sThe Forty Part Motet (November 14, 2015 – January 18, 2016), followed by Sophie Calle's Missing (June 22, 2017 – August 20, 2017). In the fall of 2017, the San Francisco Art Institute opened a graduate program campus, housed in FMCAC's historic Herbst Pavilion.

The National Park Service headquarters for both the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park are located in Fort Mason.[17][18]

Operations for the United States Park Police are located in the fort, providing police services for the Golden Gate National Recreation Area in San Francisco and Marin County.

Every Friday since 2010 from March through October, an Off the Grid gathering of food trucks occurs and draws large crowds.

Future developments

A proposal exists to extend the F Market & Wharves or E Embarcadero historic streetcar line to a terminal at Lower Fort Mason. This extension would run from the vicinity of the existing terminal near Fisherman's Wharf, westward alongside the San Francisco Maritime Museum and Aquatic Park, and then through the existing, now unused, San Francisco Belt Railroad tunnel under Upper Fort Mason.

A technical feasibility study, under the aegis of the National Park Service and San Francisco Municipal Railway, was completed in December 2004. An Environmental Impact Statement for the extension, involving the San Francisco Municipal Railway, National Park Service and Federal Transit Administration, commenced in May 2006.[19] The Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) was completed in March 2011, and was scheduled to be reviewed by December 2011.[needs update]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c NHL Summary
  3. ^ Thompson, Erwin N. (July 8, 1984). "San Francisco Port of Embarkation, U.S. Army" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Inventory Nomination Form. National Park Service. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  4. ^ Noehill original nhld
  5. ^ Noehill boundary increase
  6. ^ "Fremont's Heirs Sue Over Fort". The Argus. Fremont, California. October 5, 1968. p. 8.
  7. ^ The Stars and Stripes (February 20, 1958), p. 7
  8. ^ John Charles Fremont: Character As Destiny. University of Oklahoma. 1999. p. 242.
  9. ^ "Golden Gate National Recreation Area - American "Third System" Period, 1850-1884". National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
  10. ^ "Golden Gate National Recreation Area - Fort Mason History Walk" (PDF). National Park Service. p. 12. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
  11. ^ "Golden Gate National Recreation Area - Harbor Defenses of San Francisco, 1891-1945". National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
  12. ^ a b "Golden Gate National Recreation Area - The San Francisco Port of Embarkation". National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
  13. ^ "Golden Gate National Recreation Area - Fort Mason History Walk" (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
  14. ^ "Oakland Army Base". The California State Military Museum. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
  15. ^ http://www.hiusa.org/hostels/usa_hostels/california/san_francisco/60001
  16. ^ http://fortmason.org/residents/
  17. ^ "San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park - Contact Us". National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
  18. ^ "Golden Gate National Recreation Area - Contact Us". National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
  19. ^ "Historic Streetcar Extension Project". Historic Streetcar Extension Project. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
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