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Maria Anna of Spain

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Maria Anna of Spain
Portrait of Maria Anna by Velazquez, 1630
Holy Roman Empress; German Queen;
Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia;
Archduchess consort of Austria
Tenure15 February 1637 – 13 May 1646
Born(1606-08-18)18 August 1606
El Escorial, Spain
Died13 May 1646(1646-05-13) (aged 39)
Linz, Austria
SpouseFerdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
IssueFerdinand IV, King of the Romans
Mariana, Queen of Spain
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Names
Template:Lang-es
HouseHabsburg
FatherPhilip III of Spain
MotherMargaret of Austria
ReligionRoman Catholicism
House of Habsburg
Spanish line
Emperor Charles V
(King Charles I)
Children
Philip II of Spain
Maria, Holy Roman Empress
Joan, Princess of Portugal
Don John (illegitimate)
Margaret of Parma (illegitimate)
Philip II
Children include
Carlos, Prince of Asturias
Isabella, Lady of the Netherlands
Catherine Michaela, Duchess of Savoy
Philip III of Spain
Maria of Spain
Philip III
Children include
Anne, Queen of France
Philip IV of Spain
Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress
Infante Carlos
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Philip IV
Children include
Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias
Maria Theresa, Queen of France
Margaret, Holy Roman Empress
Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias
Charles II of Spain
Charles II

Infanta Maria Anna of Spain (18 August 1606 – 13 May 1646)[1] was a Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia by marriage to Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor.[2] She acted as regent on several occasions during the absences of her spouse.

Daughter of King Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria, prior to her Imperial marriage she was considered a possible wife for Charles, Prince of Wales; the event, later known in history as the "Spanish Match", provoked a domestic and political crisis in the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. In the imperial court in Vienna she continued to be strongly influenced by her native Spanish culture (from clothes to music) and also to promote the strengthening of relations between the Imperial and Spanish branches of the House of Habsburg.

Life

Early years

Infanta Maria Anna of Spain was born in the Palace of El Escorial, near Madrid, on 18 August 1606 as the fourth child and third (but second surviving) daughter of King Philip III of Spain and his wife Margaret of Austria, Archduchess of the Inner Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg. Of her seven siblings, only four survived infancy: Anna (later wife of King Louis XIII of France), Philip IV of Spain, Charles (who died young in 1632) and Ferdinand (the later known Cardinal-Infante and Governor of the Spanish Netherlands).[3] Maria Anna's parents had a close kinship: her father was her mother's first cousin once-removed. On her father's side she was the granddaughter of King Philip II of Spain, and his fourth wife and niece Archduchess Anne of Austria, and on her mother's side she was the granddaughter of Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria and his wife Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria.[4]

Betrothal

From early childhood, Maria Anna has played an important role in the matrimonial projects of her father. In adolescence she was betrothed to Archduke John-Charles, eldest son and heir of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife Maria Anna of Bavaria. Her fiance was her first cousin, being the son of her mother's brother. The marriage never took place due to Archduke John-Charles' early death in 1618.[5]

In 1622, King James I of England received an offer from the Spanish King Philip IV to strengthen the relations of their countries through a dynastic marriage between Charles, Prince of Wales, and Infanta Maria Anna. London and Madrid began active negotiations. The possible marriage between the Prince of Wales and the Spanish Infanta, was known in history under the name "Spanish Match", and caused an internal political crisis in both England and Scotland. In 1623 the Prince of Wales, accompanied by George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, visited Madrid to meet his intended bride.[6] However, Maria Anna did not wish to marry a Protestant and Charles would not convert to Catholicism. At the end, the wedding never took place not only for political reasons but also because of the reluctance of the new Spanish King to conclude a dynastic marriage with the House of Stuart.[7][8][9][10] Charles eventually married Henrietta Maria of France.

Marriage

At the end of 1626, Maria Anna was betrothed to Ferdinand, the younger brother of her first fiancé, and the new heir of Emperor Ferdinand II. Ferdinand was her first cousin, being the son of her mother's brother. The formal engagement was preceded by a series of negotiations which were conducted in 1625. That same year, Prince Ferdinand was crowned King of Hungary, and in 1627 King of Bohemia. In the negotiations were included all the life aspects of the Infanta at the court of her future spouse. Despite the desire of the groom that Maria Anna's confessor would be the Jesuit Ambrosio Penalosa, the appointment eventually went to Capuchin Diego Quiroga. In the marriage contract signed by both parties in 1628, it was noted that Maria Anna could retain her rights of inheritance over the Spanish throne, while her older sister Infanta Anna, married to King Louis XIII of France in 1615, was forced to renounce to her rights.[7][9][11]

Maria Anna had left Madrid for Vienna in December 1629, fully three years after her engegement, and nearly five years after the proposal for marriage was first mooted. The journey, once embarked upon, took more than a year to complete. En route by sea, in Genoa complications arose due to an epidemic of the plague that erupted in the Italian Peninsula. For this reason, the party was unable to stop in Bologna, where Cardinal Antonio Barberini (nephew of Pope Urban VIII), was waiting for the Infanta to give her the Golden Rose. The party moved to Naples, where Maria Anna finally received the award. Leaving the Kingdom of Naples, the Infanta crossed the Papal States, having made a pilgrimage to the Basilica della Santa Casa. On this section of her journey, Maria Anna was accompanied by Roman aristocracy, led by another nephew of Pope Urban VIII, Taddeo Barberini, Prince of Palestrina. On 26 January 1631, she arrived in Trieste, where she met Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, her future brother-in-law, who would first stand in for his brother at a wedding-by-proxy and then escort the Infanta to Vienna.[12][13] That very day, Maria Anna was married to King Ferdinand of Hungria-Bohemia per procura with Archduke Leopold Wilhelm serving as the proxy.

Before the official wedding, King Ferdinand, not trusting the previous portraits that he had seen of the Infanta, decided to secretly view his bride. The Royal oberhofmeister asked for an audience with Maria Anna; on this visit, he was accompanied by some nobles, among whom was her groom. Struck by the beauty of the Infanta, King Ferdinand immediately revealed his identity and began a conversation with Maria Anna in Spanish.[14] The love and respect that the future emperor felt for his wife lasted throughout their marriage. He was never unfaithful to her and never had any illegitimate children.[15]

In Vienna on 20 February 1631,[1] Maria Anna was married to King Ferdinand of Hungary-Bohemia. The festivities lasted a whole month. The marriage was described as friendly. Maria Anna was described as happy-tempered, friendly, and intelligent, and she was able to relieve the feelings of the rather melancholic Ferdinand.

Holy Roman Empress and German Queen

Detail of the portrait of Infanta Maria Ana of Austria by Felipe Diricksen, 1630 (Portland Art Museum)

Maria Anna arrived at the Imperial court in Vienna with the Spanish fashion, theatre, dance and music (including the first sounded guitar). As the wife of the heir, she maintained good relations with all the members of her husband's family; however, she had a complicated relationship with Ferdinand's stepmother, the Empress Dowager Eleonora Gonzaga, mainly because between both began a competition for influence at the Imperial court. Maria Anna also paid much attention to the arts, especially painting. She collected works of Italian, Spanish and Flemish painters of the late Renaissance and early Baroque.[7][16]

In Regensburg on 22 December 1636 Ferdinand was elected as King of the Romans, and a week later he was crowned by the Archbishop of Mainz. Maria Anna was crowned Queen of Germany one month later, on 21 January 1637. After his father's death on 15 February 1637, Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor under the regnal name of Ferdinand III and also became sovereign King of Hungary and Bohemia. As his wife, she received the titles of Holy Roman Empress and sovereign Queen. Her coronation as Queen of Hungary took place in Pressburg during the Hungarian Diet of 1637–1638.[17][18]

Maria Anna, being active in politics as the adviser of her spouse, was an important mediator between the Emperor and their Spanish relatives. Despite the fact that she always defended the interests of her husband, she did not forget the interests of her brothers King Philip IV and the Cardinal-Infante.[19] In her court, which was consisted mainly of Spaniards, frequent guests were the Spanish ambassador and diplomats. The Emperor, during his absences from the Imperial court in Vienna, appointed his wife as regent, for example in 1645 during the Thirty Years' War, when he was in the Kingdom of Bohemia.[15]

Death

In March 1645 Maria Anna and her children left Linz, due to the approach of the Protestant Swedish army, and moved to Vienna. By April it was ready to cross the Danube there and threatened to occupy the city. The Imperial family fled instead temporarily to Graz.[20] After returning to Vienna, they were forced to move again to Linz because of the plague. The Empress' sixth pregnancy became known in January 1646; four months later, on 12 May at Linz Castle, Maria Anna suddenly felt ill with fever and heavy bleeding and died the next morning. Her unborn child, a girl, was taken out alive from her womb. She was named Maria after her mother, but only lived a few hours. On 24 May both mother and daughter in the same coffin were moved to Vienna and buried in the Imperial Crypt, which already contained the coffins with the remains of the two sons of the Empress who died earlier. The funeral cortege was accompanied by the Spanish ambassador and the Empress' maid of honor. Very upset by the death of his wife and child, the Emperor was unable to attend the funeral.[21][22] However, after returning to Vienna in late August he finally paid his respects to the remains of Maria Anna, and in September he announced the engagement of their eldest daughter Maria Anna with Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias. However, the Prince died the following month shortly after the announcement. The Spaniards courtiers members of the late Empress' household who came with her from Spain, including her confessor and the maids of honor of the late Empress, stayed at the Imperial court in Vienna and lived there for a few more years after her death.[23]

Issue

During her marriage, Maria Anna gave birth to six children:[4][24]

  • Ferdinand IV (8 September 1633 – 9 July 1654), King of the Romans and titular King of Hungary and Bohemia.
  • Maria Anna (22 December 1634 – 16 May 1696), who married her maternal uncle King Philip IV of Spain.
  • Philip August (15 July 1637 – 22 June 1639), Archduke of Austria.
  • Maximilian Thomas (21 December 1638 – 29 June 1639), Archduke of Austria.
  • Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705).
  • Maria (born and died 13 May 1646), Archduchess of Austria.

Ancestors

Depictions in art

Jowitt views the character of princess Donusa in Massinger's 1624 play The Renegado as an allegory of the Infanta during the failed marriage attempt.[39]

In 1634, the Spanish poet and playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca, in honor of the victory of the Spaniards and Austrians over the Swedes in the Battle of Nördlingen, set in Madrid a performance in which Maria Anna with her husband was one of the actors.[40]

Save a few portraits of Maria Anna as child, almost all of them are included in the collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. In the earliest of these paintings, made by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz, she is shown at one year of age.[41] The collection of the Portland Art Museum includes a 1630s portrait of Maria, painted by Felipe Diriksen. A portrait of the Infanta Maria Anna, then Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, made by Diego Velázquez, court painter at Madrid, was part of the collection of the Museo del Prado.[42] Portraits of the Empress made by Frans Luycx (painter at the court in Vienna), Bartolomé González y Serrano, Rodrigo de Villandrando, Justus Sustermans, Juan van der Hamen and other unknown authors are also stored in the collections of the Kunsthistorisches Museum,[43] Museo del Prado,[44] the gallery of the Schloss Esterházy in Eisenstadt[45] and the Musée Fesch in Ajaccio.[46]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Eduard Heydenreich: Handbuch Der Praktischen Genealogie, p. 52, BoD – Books on Demand 2012 - 448 p. [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  2. ^ "Ferdinand III". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  3. ^ Lundy, Darryl (5 March 2007). Felipe III von Habsburg, Rey de España. ThePeerage.Com. cites Louda, Jirí; MacLagan, Michael (1999). Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.). London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company. table 49. von Redlich, Marcellus (1999). Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants, volume I (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.: Genealogical Publishing Company. page 58.
  4. ^ a b Lundy, Darryl (7 March 2007). Maria Anna von Habsburg, Infanta de España. ThePeerage.Com. cites Louda, Jirí; MacLagan, Michael (1999). Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.). London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company. table 80.
  5. ^ Ludwig Albrecht Gebhardi: Genealogische Geschichte der erblichen Reichsstände in Teutschland; Halle: Johann Jacob Gebauer, 1779, vol. II, p. 519. [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  6. ^ Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 23 – via Wikisource.
  7. ^ a b c Beatrix Bastl, Jose Luis Colomer: Dos infantas españolas en la corte imperial [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  8. ^ Pauline Gregg: King Charles I - The Spanish Match, pp. 72–89. [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  9. ^ a b Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 144.
  10. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 57.
  11. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 57, 64.
  12. ^ Francesca Quatrini: Eleonora d’Austria, Maria Anna d’Asburgo-Spagna e Maria Ludovica Gonzaga Nevers – tre regine in viaggio nell’Europa moderna. Sigla del settore scientifico-disciplinare Archived 15 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  13. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 85.
  14. ^ Hengerer 2012, pp. 85–86.
  15. ^ a b Hengerer 2012, pp. 130–131.
  16. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 146–148.
  17. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 172.
  18. ^ R. Bireley: Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578 — 1637. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2014, p. 302 ISBN 978-1-10-706715-8.
  19. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 152.
  20. ^ Hengerer 2012, pp. 230–231.
  21. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 247.
  22. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 141–142.
  23. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 249.
  24. ^ Martin Mutschlechner: Ferdinand III – Ehen und Nachkommen [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  25. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp III." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 120 – via Wikisource.
  26. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 13 – via Wikisource.
  27. ^ a b Kurth, Godefroid (1911). "Philip II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  28. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – via Wikisource.
  29. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 352 – via Wikisource.
  30. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 20 – via Wikisource.
  31. ^ a b c d Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  32. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Elisabeth (Isabella von Portugal)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 169 – via Wikisource.
  33. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maximilian II." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 103 – via Wikisource.
  34. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Spanien" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 19 – via Wikisource.
  35. ^ Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  36. ^ a b Obermayer-Marnach, Eva (1953), "Anna Jagjello", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 299; (full text online)
  37. ^ a b Goetz, Walter (1953), "Albrecht V.", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 158–160; (full text online)
  38. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – via Wikisource.
  39. ^ Jowitt, C. (2004); Massinger's The Renegado (1624) and the Spanish marriage, Cahiers Elisabethains, 65, p 45–53
  40. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 107.
  41. ^ Infantin Maria Anna (1606-1646), Kaiserin, im Alter von 4 bis 5 Monaten, Bildnis in ganzer Figur in: www.khm.at [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  42. ^ Doña María de Austria, reina de Hungría in: www.museodelprado.es [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  43. ^ Die Habsburger — Maria Anna von Spanien, Kaiserin in: www.khm.at [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  44. ^ Doña María Ana de Austria, reina de Hungría in: www.museodelprado.es [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  45. ^ Ez világ, mint egy kert... in: esterhazy.at Archived 27 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  46. ^ Spanish Baroque Art in: www.spanishbaroqueart.com [retrieved 01 November 2016].

References

Maria Anna of Spain
Born: 18 August 1606 Died: 13 May 1646
Royal titles
Preceded by Empress of the Holy Roman Empire
German Queen, Archduchess consort of Austria
1637–1646 		Vacant
Title next held by
Maria Leopoldine of Austria
Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia
1631–1646

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