1998 Philippine presidential election
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| Turnout | 86.5%  11.0% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Presidential election results per province. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Philippines portal |
The Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections of 1998 were held on May 11, 1998. In the presidential election, Vice President Joseph Estrada won a six-year term as President by a landslide victory. In the vice-presidential race, Senator Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo won a six-year term as Vice President, also by a landslide victory. This was the third election where both the president and vice president came from different parties.
Results
The 10th Congress canvassed the votes in joint session for a number of days before declaring Estrada and Arroyo as the winners; with Senate President Neptali Gonzales and Speaker De Venecia announcing the victors.
While the official canvassing did not start a fortnight after Election Day, the National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) held a parallel and unofficial quick count which was released days after the election and was updated at irregular intervals. NAMFREL based their tally from the seventh copy of the election returns given to them.
In theory, the totals for the official canvassing (derived from the certificates of canvass, which are then derived from the election returns) and the completed NAMFREL quick count should be equal.
For president
Estrada carried the majority of the provinces, his hometown of San Juan City, and Metro Manila.
De Venecia carried his home province of Pangasinan as well as Baguio, Roco carried his home province of Camarines Sur and the rest of the Bicol Region (excluding Masbate), and Osmeña got his foothold over his home province of Cebu and other provinces in the South.
Other candidates also carried their home provinces such as De Villa of Batangas and Siquijor, Enrile of Cagayan and Iloilo City, and Defensor-Santiago of Iloilo Province, as well as Tawi-Tawi and Bacolod. Lim was the only major candidate who did not carry any provinces (with the exception of Batanes) and failed to capture his hometown of Manila.
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joseph Estrada | Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino | 10,722,295 | 39.86 | |
| Jose de Venecia Jr. | Lakas–NUCD–UMDP | 4,268,483 | 15.87 | |
| Raul Roco | Aksyon Demokratiko | 3,720,212 | 13.83 | |
| Lito Osmeña | PROMDI | 3,347,631 | 12.44 | |
| Alfredo Lim | Liberal Party | 2,344,362 | 8.71 | |
| Renato de Villa | Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma–Lapiang Manggagawa | 1,308,352 | 4.86 | |
| Miriam Defensor Santiago | People's Reform Party | 797,206 | 2.96 | |
| Juan Ponce Enrile | Independent | 343,139 | 1.28 | |
| Santiago Dumlao | Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago | 32,212 | 0.12 | |
| Manuel Morato | Partido Bansang Marangal | 18,644 | 0.07 | |
| Total | 26,902,536 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 26,902,536 | 91.86 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes[a] | 2,383,239 | 8.14 | ||
| Total votes | 29,285,775 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 33,873,665 | 86.46 | ||
| Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[1] | ||||
- ^ Includes 232,714 votes for Imelda Marcos (Kilusang Bagong Lipunan) who withdrew after the ballots were printed.
NAMFREL quick count
Take note that Manuel Morato had a higher number of votes in the NAMFREL quick count than in the official congressional canvass.
| Candidate | Party | Results | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Diff* | |||
| Joseph Estrada
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #ffa500;" data-sort-value="Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino" | |
LAMMP | 8,239,823 | 39.47% | −0.39% | |
| Jose de Venecia
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #B0E0E6;" data-sort-value="Lakas-NUCD-UMDP" | |
Lakas | 3,247,067 | 15.55% | −0.32% | |
| Raul Roco
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #9683EC;" data-sort-value="Aksyon Demokratiko" | |
Aksyon | 2,923,842 | 14.00% | 0.17% | |
| Emilio Osmeña
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #000040;" data-sort-value="Probinsya Muna Development Initiative" | |
PROMDI | 2,454,432 | 11.76% | −0.68% | |
| Alfredo Lim
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #f0e68c;" data-sort-value="Liberal Party (Philippines)" | |
Liberal | 1,815,664 | 8.70% | −0.01% | |
| Renato de Villa
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #F8F9FA;" data-sort-value="Partido ng Demokratikong Reporma-Lapiang Manggagawa" | |
Partido ng Demokratikong Reporma-Lapiang Manggagawa | 1,028,854 | 4.93% | 0.07% | |
| Miriam Defensor Santiago
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #F08080;" data-sort-value="People's Reform Party" | |
PRP | 584,633 | 2.80% | −0.16% | |
| Juan Ponce Enrile
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC;" data-sort-value="Independent (politician)" | |
Independent | 297,801 | 1.43% | 0.15% | |
| Imelda Marcos (withdrew)
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FE0000;" data-sort-value="Kilusang Bagong Lipunan" | |
KBL | 232,714 | 1.11% | N/A | |
| Santiago Dumlao | Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago | 29,327 | 0.14% | 0.02% | |
| Manuel Morato | Partido Bansang Marangal | 23,208 | 0.07% | 0.04% | |
| Votes | 20,877,365 | 100.00% | — | ||
*Difference from the NAMFREL quick count from the official congressional canvass.
Voter demographics
| 1998 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic subgroup | Estrada | de Venecia | Roco | Osmeña | Other | % of total vote | |||
| Total vote | 39 | 16 | 13 | 12 | 20 | 100 | |||
| Region | |||||||||
| NCR | 33 | 11 | 28 | 4 | 24 | 9 | |||
| CAR | 47 | 24 | 12 | 0 | 17 | 5 | |||
| Region I - Ilocos | 33 | 61 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 6 | |||
| Region II - Cagayan | 44 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 38 | 5 | |||
| Region III - Central Luzon | 50 | 15 | 17 | 1 | 17 | 7 | |||
| Region IV - Southern Tagalog | 45 | 10 | 12 | 1 | 32 | 12 | |||
| Region V - Bicol | 14 | 8 | 75 | 0 | 3 | 5 | |||
| Region VI - Western Visayas | 40 | 12 | 3 | 9 | 36 | 9 | |||
| Region VII - Central Visayas | 20 | 12 | 5 | 52 | 11 | 7 | |||
| Region VIII - Eastern Visayas | 48 | 18 | 1 | 23 | 10 | 4 | |||
| Region IX - Western Mindanao | 39 | 19 | 4 | 20 | 18 | 6 | |||
| Region X - Northern Mindanao | 33 | 20 | 3 | 31 | 13 | 5 | |||
| Region XI - Southern Mindanao | 44 | 12 | 3 | 30 | 11 | 8 | |||
| Region XII - Central Mindanao | 52 | 18 | 3 | 15 | 12 | 6 | |||
| ARMM | 63 | 25 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 6 | |||
Source: Exit polls conducted by Social Weather Stations on May 12, 100% total (margin of error: 1.3%)[3]
For vice-president
Arroyo also carried most of the provinces including her home province of Pampanga. Other candidates also carried their home provinces such as Angara of Aurora, Tatad of Catanduanes and Sueno of South Cotabato.
Only Orbos of Pangasinan and Osmeña of Cebu, as well as independent candidate Baldomero Falcone (running mate of Enrile), failed to capture the votes of their home provinces.
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Lakas–NUCD–UMDP | 12,667,252 | 49.56 | |
| Edgardo Angara | Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino | 5,652,068 | 22.11 | |
| Oscar Orbos | Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma–Lapiang Manggagawa | 3,321,779 | 13.00 | |
| Serge Osmeña | Liberal Party | 2,351,462 | 9.20 | |
| Francisco Tatad | Grand Alliance for Democracy | 745,389 | 2.92 | |
| Ismael Sueno | PROMDI | 537,677 | 2.10 | |
| Irene Santiago | Aksyon Demokratiko | 240,210 | 0.94 | |
| Camilo Sabio | Partido Bansang Marangal | 22,010 | 0.09 | |
| Reynaldo Pacheco | Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago | 21,422 | 0.08 | |
| Total | 25,559,269 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 25,559,269 | 87.28 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 3,726,506 | 12.72 | ||
| Total votes | 29,285,775 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 33,873,665 | 86.46 | ||
NAMFREL quick count
Take note that Reynaldo Pacheco had a higher number of votes in the NAMFREL quick count than the official Congressional canvass.
| Candidate | Party | Results | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Diff* | |||
| Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #B0E0E6;" data-sort-value="Lakas-NUCD-UMDP" | |
Lakas | 9,624,397 | 48.85% | −0.71% | |
| Edgardo Angara
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0000CD;" data-sort-value="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino" | |
LDP | 4,380,991 | 22.24% | 0.13 | |
| Oscar Orbos
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #F8F9FA;" data-sort-value="Partido ng Demokratikong Reporma-Lapiang Manggagawa" | |
Partido ng Demokratikong Reporma-Lapiang Manggagawa | 2,651,184 | 13.46% | 0.46 | |
| Sergio Osmeña III
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #f0e68c;" data-sort-value="Liberal Party (Philippines)" | |
Liberal | 1,183,998 | 9.21% | 0.01 | |
| Francisco Tatad
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #F08080;" data-sort-value="People's Reform Party" | |
PRP/Gabay Bayan | 582,548 | 2.96% | 0.05 | |
| Ismael Sueno
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #000040;" data-sort-value="Probinsya Muna Development Initiative" | |
PROMDI | 409,966 | 2.08% | −0.02 | |
| Irene Santiago
style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #9683EC;" data-sort-value="Aksyon Demokratiko" | |
Aksyon | 196,386 | 1.00% | 0.07 | |
| Reynaldo Pacheco | Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago | 23,107 | 0.12% | 0.04 | |
| Camilo Sabio | Partido Bansang Marangal | 19,555 | 0.10% | 0.01 | |
| Votes | 19,702,132 | 100.00% | — | ||
*Difference from the NAMFREL quick count from the official Congressional canvass.
Voter demographics
| 1998 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic subgroup | Arroyo | Angara | Orbos | Osmeña | Other | % of total vote | |||
| Total vote | 50 | 21 | 12 | 10 | 7 | 100 | |||
| Region | |||||||||
| NCR | 32 | 21 | 33 | 12 | 2 | 9 | |||
| CAR | 60 | 19 | 17 | 3 | 1 | 5 | |||
| Region I - Ilocos | 53 | 15 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |||
| Region II - Cagayan | 62 | 26 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 5 | |||
| Region III - Central Luzon | 66 | 16 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 7 | |||
| Region IV - Southern Tagalog | 45 | 29 | 17 | 7 | 2 | 12 | |||
| Region V - Bicol | 48 | 14 | 4 | 5 | 29 | 5 | |||
| Region VI - Western Visayas | 46 | 28 | 4 | 15 | 7 | 9 | |||
| Region VII - Central Visayas | 45 | 17 | 2 | 25 | 11 | 7 | |||
| Region VIII - Eastern Visayas | 67 | 18 | 1 | 13 | 1 | 4 | |||
| Region IX - Western Mindanao | 59 | 18 | 5 | 15 | 3 | 6 | |||
| Region X - Northern Mindanao | 58 | 21 | 3 | 16 | 2 | 5 | |||
| Region XI - Southern Mindanao | 50 | 20 | 5 | 13 | 12 | 8 | |||
| Region XII - Central Mindanao | 56 | 21 | 3 | 9 | 11 | 6 | |||
| ARMM | 58 | 30 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 6 | |||
Source: Exit polls conducted by Social Weather Stations on May 12, 100% total (margin of error: 1.4%)[4]
See also
- Commission on Elections
- Politics of the Philippines
- Philippine elections
- President of the Philippines
- 11th Congress of the Philippines
References
- ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. - ^ a b "Report on the Philippine General Elections 1998" (PDF). NAMFREL.com.ph. Retrieved 2011-03-17.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "COMPARING SWS EXIT POLL RESULTS WITH NAMFREL COUNT BY REGION". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
- ^ "VICE-PRESIDENTIAL VOTES FOR THE MAY 11, 1998 ELECTIONS: SWS Day-of-Election 'Exit Poll'". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 1 February 2014.