Norwegian krone

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Norwegian krone
norsk krone (Norwegian)
File:Norwegian coins as of 2015.png
Coin denominations in circulation as of 2015, ranging from 1 kr to 20 kr
ISO 4217
CodeNOK (numeric: 578)
Subunit0.01
Unit
Pluralkroner
Symbolkr‎
Denominations
Subunit
 1/100øre
Plural
 øreøre
Banknotes50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 kr
Coins1, 5, 10, 20 kr
Demographics
User(s) Norway
5 territories
Issuance
Central bankNorges Bank
 Websitewww.norges-bank.no
Valuation
Inflation2.3% (2018)
 SourceNorges bank

The krone [ˈkrùːnə] (sign: kr; code: NOK), plural kroner, is the currency of Norway and its dependent territories. It is subdivided into 100 øre, which have existed only electronically since 2012. The name translates into English as crown.

The krone was the thirteenth-most-traded currency in the world by value in April 2010, down three positions from 2007.[1]

History

A 20-crown gold coin. The text '124 Stk. 1 Kil. f. G.' means that 124 pieces gave one kilogram of pure gold.

The krone was introduced in 1875, replacing the Norwegian speciedaler/spesidaler at a rate of 4 kroner = 1 speciedaler. In doing so, Norway joined the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which had been established in 1873. The Union persisted until 1914.[citation needed] After its dissolution, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden all decided to keep the names of their respective and since then separate currencies.

Within the Scandinavian Monetary Union, the krone was on a gold standard of 2,480 kroner = 1 kilogram of pure gold (1 krone = 403.226 milligrams gold). This gold standard was restored between 1916 and 1920 and again in 1928.[citation needed] It was suspended permanently in 1931,[citation needed] when a peg to the British pound of 19.9 kroner = 1 pound was established.[citation needed] (The previous rate had been 18.16 kroner = 1 pound).[citation needed] In 1939, Norway pegged the krone temporarily to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 4.4 kroner = 1 dollar.[citation needed] Nonetheless, Norway would continue to hold the Kingdom's gold reserves.

During the German occupation (1940–1945) in the Second World War, the krone was initially pegged to the Reichsmark at a rate of 1 krone = 0.6 Reichsmark, later reduced to 0.57.[citation needed] After the war, a rate of 20 kroner = 1 pound (4.963 kroner = 1 U.S. dollar) was established.[citation needed] The rate to the pound was maintained in 1949, when the pound devalued relative to the U.S. dollar, leading to a rate of 7.142 kroner = 1 U.S. dollar.[citation needed] In December 1992, the Central Bank of Norway abandoned the fixed exchange rate in favor of a floating exchange rate (managed float) due to the heavy speculation against the Norwegian currency in the early 1990s, which lost[clarification needed] the central bank around two billion kroner in defensive purchases of the NOK through usage of foreign currency reserves for a relatively short period of time.

Coins

In 1875, coins were introduced (some dated 1874) in denominations of 10 and 50 øre and 1 and 10 kroner. These coins also bore the denomination in the previous currency, as 3, 15, and 30 skillings and 2½ specidaler. Between 1875 and 1878, the new coinage was introduced in full, in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 øre and 1, 2, and 10 kroner. The 1, 2, and 5 øre were struck in bronze; the 10, 25, and 50 øre and 1 and 2 kroner, in silver; and the 10 and 20 kroner, in gold.

The last gold coins were issued in 1910; silver was replaced by cupro-nickel from 1920. Between 1917 and 1921, iron temporarily replaced bronze. 1917 also saw the last issuance of 2-kroner coins. During the German occupation of Norway in the Second World War, zinc was used in place of cupro-nickel in 10-, 25-, and 50-øre coins, and production of the 1-krone piece was suspended.

  • The obverse of a 1940 Norwegian krone.
    The obverse of a 1940 Norwegian krone.
  • The reverse of the 1940 krone.
    The reverse of the 1940 krone.

In 1963, 5-kroner coins were introduced. Production of 1- and 2-øre coins ceased in 1972. The following year, the size of the 5-øre coin was reduced; production of the denomination ceased in 1982, along with minting of the 25 øre. Ten-kroner coins were introduced in 1983. In 1992, the last 10-øre coins were minted.

Between 1994 and 1998, a new coinage was introduced, consisting of 50 øre, 1, 5, 10, and 20 kroner. These are the only coins which are currently legal tender, with the exception of the 50-øre coin which was withdrawn on 1 May 2012. It was withdrawn because it was no longer circulating as an ordinary coin used for payment.[2] However, banks in Norway will still exchange 50-øre coins for higher values until 2022.

Currently circulating coins
Image Value Technical parameters Description Issued since
Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse
1 krone 21 mm 1.7 mm 4.35 g Cupronickel
75% Cu, 25% Ni 		Smooth Harald V's monogram a fowl 1997
5 kroner 26 mm 2 mm 7.85 g Milled St. Olav's Order acanthi leaves 1998
10 kroner 24 mm 2 mm 6.8 g 81% Cu, 10% Zn, 9% Ni Interrupted milling Harald V stave church roof 1995
20 kroner 27.5 mm 2.2 mm 9.9 g Smooth Viking ship 1994
For table standards, see the coin specification table.

The 10- and 20-kroner coins carry the effigy of the current monarch. Previously the 1- and 5-kroner coins also carried the royal effigy, but now these denominations are decorated only with stylistic royal or national symbols. The royal motto of the monarch (King Harald's motto is Alt for Norge, meaning "Everything for Norway") is also inscribed on the 10-kroner coin.

Coins and banknotes of the Norwegian krone are distributed by the Central Bank of Norway.

Up to 25 coins of any single denomination is considered tvungent betalingsmiddel—a legally recognized method of payment, in which the intended recipient can not refuse payment, according to Norwegian law.[3]

Use of 10 Syrian pound coins in Norway

The characteristics of the 10 Syrian pound (10 SYP) coin have been found to so closely resemble the 20 Norwegian kroner (20 NOK) coin that it can fool vending machines, coins-to-cash machines, arcade machines, and any other coin-operated, automated service machine in the country. Whilst they are hardly similar to the naked eye, machines are unable to tell the coins apart, owing to their almost identical weight and size.

As of mid February 2017, 10 Syrian pounds were worth 39 øre, making the 20-kroner coin 51.5 times more valuable than the 10-pound coin. While not easy to find in Norway, the Syrian coins are still used in automated machines there with such frequency that Posten Norge, the Norwegian postal service, decided to close many of their coins-to-cash machines on 18 February 2006, with plans to develop a system able to differentiate between the two coins. In the summer of 2005, a Norwegian man was sentenced to 30 days, suspended, for having used Syrian coins in arcade machines in the municipality of Bærum.[4]

Banknotes

Main article: Banknotes of the Norwegian krone

In 1877, Norges Bank introduced notes for 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 kroner. In 1917, 1-krone notes were issued, and 2-kroner notes were issued between 1918 and 1922. Because of metal shortages, 1- and 2-kroner notes were again issued between 1940 and 1950. In 1963, 5-kroner notes were replaced by coins, with the same happening to the 10-kroner notes in 1984. Two-hundred-kroner notes were introduced in 1994.

Current series
Image Value Dimensions
(millimeters)		 Main Color Design First issue
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse
50 kr 126 × 70 Green Utvær Lighthouse Stylized lighthouse beacon 2018
100 kr 133 × 70 Red Gokstad ship Stylized Container ship and Orion 2017
200 kr 140 × 70 Blue Codfish Stylized fishing boat 2017
500 kr 147 × 70 Orange Rescue vessel RS 14 "Stavanger" Stylized oil platform 2018
1000 kr 154 × 70 Purple Wave in the sea Stylized horizon 2019
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Summary of denominations issued

Denomination Notes Coins
Printed Invalid Comments Minted Invalid Comments
1 øre — 1876–1972 1988 Bronze, iron 1918–1921 & 1941–1945
2 øre — 1876–1972 1988 Bronze, iron 1917–1920 & 1943–1945
5 øre — 1875–1982 1988 Bronze, iron 1917–1920 & 1941–1945
10 øre — 1874–1991 2003 Silver 1874–1919, cupro-nickel 1920–92 (holed 1924–51), zinc 1941–1945
25 øre — 1876–1982 1988 Silver 1876–1919, cupro-nickel 1921–82 (holed 1921–50), zinc 1943–1945
50 øre — 1874–2012 2012 Silver 1874–1919, cupro-nickel 1920–96 (holed 1920–49), zinc 1941–1945, bronze 1996–2012
1 krone 1917–1925
1940–1950		 1926
1999 		War time "coin notes" 1875– — Silver 1875–1917, cupro-nickel 1925– (holed 1925–1951, 1997–)
2 kroner 1918–1925
1940–1950 		1926
1999		 War time "coin notes" 1876–1917 1922 Silver 1878–1917
5 kroner 1877–1963 1999 Replaced by coin 1963 1963– — Cupro-nickel (holed 1998–)
10 kroner 1877–1984 1999 Replaced by coin 1984 1983– — Nickel-brass
20 kroner — 1994– — Nickel-brass
50 kroner 1877– —   —
100 kroner 1877– —   —
200 kroner 1994– —   —
500 kroner 1877– —   —
1000 kroner 1877– —   —

Sources:[5][6][7][8][9]

Exchange rates

Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[10]
Rank Currency Code Symbol Proportion of daily volume Change
(2019–2022)
April 2019 April 2022
1 U.S. dollar USD US$ 88.3% 88.5% Increase 0.2pp
2 Euro EUR € 32.3% 30.5% Decrease 1.8pp
3 Japanese yen JPY ¥ / 円 16.8% 16.7% Decrease 0.1pp
4 Sterling GBP £ 12.8% 12.9% Increase 0.1pp
5 Renminbi CNY ¥ / 元 4.3% 7.0% Increase 2.7pp
6 Australian dollar AUD A$ 6.8% 6.4% Decrease 0.4pp
7 Canadian dollar CAD C$ 5.0% 6.2% Increase 1.2pp
8 Swiss franc CHF CHF 4.9% 5.2% Increase 0.3pp
9 Hong Kong dollar HKD HK$ 3.5% 2.6% Decrease 0.9pp
10 Singapore dollar SGD S$ 1.8% 2.4% Increase 0.6pp
11 Swedish krona SEK kr 2.0% 2.2% Increase 0.2pp
12 South Korean won KRW ₩ / 원 2.0% 1.9% Decrease 0.1pp
13 Norwegian krone NOK kr 1.8% 1.7% Decrease 0.1pp
14 New Zealand dollar NZD NZ$ 2.1% 1.7% Decrease 0.4pp
15 Indian rupee INR ₹ 1.7% 1.6% Decrease 0.1pp
16 Mexican peso MXN MX$ 1.7% 1.5% Decrease 0.2pp
17 New Taiwan dollar TWD NT$ 0.9% 1.1% Increase 0.2pp
18 South African rand ZAR R 1.1% 1.0% Decrease 0.1pp
19 Brazilian real BRL R$ 1.1% 0.9% Decrease 0.2pp
20 Danish krone DKK kr 0.6% 0.7% Increase 0.1pp
21 Polish złoty PLN zł 0.6% 0.7% Increase 0.1pp
22 Thai baht THB ฿ 0.5% 0.4% Decrease 0.1pp
23 Israeli new shekel ILS ₪ 0.3% 0.4% Increase 0.1pp
24 Indonesian rupiah IDR Rp 0.4% 0.4% Steady
25 Czech koruna CZK Kč 0.4% 0.4% Steady
26 UAE dirham AED د.إ 0.2% 0.4% Increase 0.2pp
27 Turkish lira TRY ₺ 1.1% 0.4% Decrease 0.7pp
28 Hungarian forint HUF Ft 0.4% 0.3% Decrease 0.1pp
29 Chilean peso CLP CLP$ 0.3% 0.3% Steady
30 Saudi riyal SAR ﷼ 0.2% 0.2% Steady
31 Philippine peso PHP ₱ 0.3% 0.2% Decrease 0.1pp
32 Malaysian ringgit MYR RM 0.2% 0.2% Steady
33 Colombian peso COP COL$ 0.2% 0.2% Steady
34 Russian ruble RUB ₽ 1.1% 0.2% Decrease 0.9pp
35 Romanian leu RON L 0.1% 0.1% Steady
36 Peruvian sol PEN S/ 0.1% 0.1% Steady
37 Bahraini dinar BHD .د.ب 0.0% 0.0% Steady
38 Bulgarian lev BGN BGN 0.0% 0.0% Steady
39 Argentine peso ARS ARG$ 0.1% 0.0% Decrease 0.1pp
… Other 1.8% 2.3% Increase 0.5pp
Total[a] 200.0% 200.0%
The cost of one Euro in Norwegian krone (from 1999)

The value of Norwegian krone compared to other currencies varies considerably from one year to another, mainly based on changes in oil prices and interest rates. In 2002 the Norwegian krone grew to record high levels against the United States dollar and the Euro. On 2 January 2002, 100 NOK were worth US$11.14 (US$1 = 8.98 NOK). In July 2002, the krone hit a high at 100 NOK = US$13.7 (US$1 = 7.36 NOK). In addition to the high level of interest, which increased further on 4 July 2002, to 7 per cent, the price of oil was high. At the time Norway was the world's third largest oil exporter.

In 2005, oil prices reached record levels of more than 60 dollars per barrel. Although interest rates had decreased to around 2 per cent, the Norwegian krone grew even stronger.

However, in late 2007 and early 2008, the USD suffered a steady depreciation against all other major currencies. The Norwegian krone was gaining value at the same time; as a result, the Norwegian krone became stronger than ever compared to the USD, making the USD worth about 5 NOK in April 2008. By October 2008, the USD had recovered and was worth approximately 7 NOK. Following 2009, the NOK has once again seen strong growth, making the USD worth about 5.8 NOK as of the beginning of 2010. Since then, the USD has gone up further and as of October 2019 is worth about 9 NOK. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the NOK fell heavily, making one USD cost 12.00 NOK on 19 March 2020.

Current NOK exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR SEK DKK
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR SEK DKK
From XE.com: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR SEK DKK
From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR SEK DKK

Usage

The Norwegian krone is used in Norway including Svalbard. It is also informally accepted in many shops in Sweden and Finland that are close to the Norwegian border, and also in some shops in the Danish ferry ports of Hirtshals and Frederikshavn. Norwegians spent 14.1 billion NOK on border shopping in 2015 compared to 10.5 billion NOK spent in 2010. Border shopping is a fairly common practice amongst Norwegians, though it is seldom done on impulse. Money is spent mainly on food articles, alcohol and tobacco, in that order, usually in bulk or large quantities. This is due to considerably higher taxes and fees on tobacco and alcohol purchased domestically in Norway.[11][12]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Bank for International Settlements: Triennial Central Bank Survey p. 12
  2. ^ 50-øre coin to be withdrawn in 2012
  3. ^ Forsikringsselskap utbetalte forlik på 130 000 kroner i småmynt
  4. ^ Andersen, Øystein (18 February 2006). "Myntsvindlere herjer i Oslo". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). DB Medialab AS. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
  5. ^ Notes and coins—Norges Bank
  6. ^ Kroner og øre
  7. ^ Bergen Mynt og Seddel
  8. ^ Numisma Mynthandel
  9. ^ Lovdata
  10. ^ Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2022 (PDF) (Report). Bank for International Settlements. 27 October 2022. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2022.
  11. ^ "Mest mat i handlekurven" (in Norwegian Bokmål). ssb.no. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  12. ^ "NOK 14.1 billion in cross border trade". ssb.no. Retrieved 12 April 2016.

External links


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