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April 1921

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April 11, 1921: Britain creates Emirate of Transjordan east of Jordan River
April 28, 1921: Capablanca defeats Lasker for World Chess Championship
April 10, 1921: Physicist Albert Einstein and Zionist activist Chaim Weizmann arrive in New York to lobby for Jewish state
April 15, 1921: Liberian President King visits U.S. President Harding

The following events occurred in April 1921:

April 1, 1921 (Friday)

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  • Eight people drowned in the sinking of the passenger ship SS Governor after it collided in the fog with the freighter SS West Harlland, but 232 others were safely rescued in the 20 minutes available before the ship sank.[1]
  • French pilot Adrienne Bolland made the first flight across the Andes by a woman, when she flew a Caudron G.3 from Mendoza, Argentina, to Santiago, Chile.[2]
  • Croatia's Republican Peasant Party launched the "Constitution of the Neutral Peasant Republic of Croatia".[3]
  • The lockout of striking coal miners in the United Kingdom began.[4]
  • An attempt to impeach Governor of Oklahoma J. B. Robertson failed when the state House of Representatives result was 42 for and 42 against, insufficient to pass the resolution for a trial.[5]
  • The cabinet of U.S. president Warren G. Harding issued a statement proclaiming that its members, individually, were in sympathy with the Allied Powers regarding Germany's indemnity payments.[5]
  • Born: Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, US country musician (died 2014)[6]

April 2, 1921 (Saturday)

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Colonel Pessian

April 3, 1921 (Sunday)

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  • Coal rationing began in the United Kingdom.[9]
  • The U.S. State Department announced the first "Pan-Pacific Educational Conference", to be held in Honolulu in August, inviting the representatives of all nations on the Pacific Ocean with the exception of the Soviet Union and Mexico.[5]
  • The German classic horror silent film, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, had its U.S. premiere with English-language dialogue cards at the Capitol Theatre in New York.[10][11]
  • Italian rider Costante Girardengo won the 14th Milan–San Remo cycle race.[12]
  • Died: Annie Louise Cary, 79, American opera contralto[13]

April 4, 1921 (Monday)

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April 5, 1921 (Tuesday)

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April 6, 1921 (Wednesday)

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The King of Italy

April 7, 1921 (Thursday)

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April 8, 1921 (Friday)

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April 9, 1921 (Saturday)

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  • The Banco Nacional de Cuba, largest bank in Cuba, suspended operations after the collapse of the island's sugar export economy.[5]
  • In Georgia, white plantation owner Jasper S. Williams was convicted of the murder of an African-American employee.[5]
Ishar Singh
  • Striking miners in Scotland and Wales brought operations to a halt in 38 coal mines by abandoning pumps and allowing the pits to flood. The number of men walking off the job exceeded 100,000. After a truce was brokered by the British government between the labour unions and the mining companies, the pumping of water was resumed later in the day to prevent irreparable damage to the mines.[34]
  • Chaim Weizmann and Albert Einstein were welcomed in New York City by supporters of Zionism and the proposition of the return of Israel as a Jewish state in the Mandate of Palestine. A reception for the two men at the Metropolitan Opera House filled every seat, including the orchestra pit, and attracted hundreds more who were willing to stand.[35]
  • Ishar Singh, a soldier of the British Indian Army fighting as part of the British Empire as part of the Waziristan campaign, risked his life to protect the 28th Punjabis unit, an act which later earned him recognition as the first Sikh winner of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for bravery in the United Kingdom.
  • Born:

April 11, 1921 (Monday)

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Emir Abdullah of Transjordan[39]
Auguste Viktoria
  • The Emirate of Transjordan was created from the portion of the British Mandate for Palestine east of the River Jordan.[40] Abdullah, son of Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi, King of the Hejaz (now part of Saudi Arabia), was selected by the British to be the ruler of the emirate, now the Kingdom of Jordan.
  • Nineteen of the 22 crew on the U.S. cargo ship Colonel Bowie died when the ship foundered in the Gulf of Mexico.[41]
  • Iowa reversed a longtime ban on the sale of cigarettes as Governor Nathan E. Kendall signed a bill permitting adults to purchase tobacco starting on July 4, 1921, in any locality that chose the option of legalizing the product. Kendall commented that "The original statute was sufficiently rigorous to banish cigarettes utterly," but added that "the disregard of a restrictive law because it is unpopular entails discredit upon all laws of similar character."[42]
  • The Emperor of Japan sent a note of regret to U.S. president Harding, declaring that Crown Prince Hirohito would not be able to accept the President's invitation to visit the United States.[5]
  • Direct telephone service was established between the United States and Cuba.[5]
  • Born: Maura McNiel, American feminist, in Minneapolis (d. 2020)
  • Died: Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, 62, former Empress Consort of Germany, wife of Wilhelm II, German Emperor[43][44]

April 12, 1921 (Tuesday)

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  • Italy and Turkey revealed that they had entered into a secret military pact, with Italy vowing to prevent Greece from obtaining Turkish territory if successful in the ongoing war.[5]
  • U.S. president Harding delivered his first message to Congress by appearing in person before a joint session, and declared that his administration would support the creation of "a non-political association of nations", and a pact separate from the Treaty of Versailles to end the state of war with Germany and the states of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. He added that "In the existing League of Nations, world-governing with its super-powers, this Republic will have no part."[45][5]
  • First World War French General Joseph Gallieni, who died in 1916, was posthumously created a Marshal of France.[46]
  • France's Minister for the Colonies, Albert Sarraut, revealed his plans for a colonial development program, primarily affecting Niger and Indo-China.[47]
  • D. W. Griffith's silent film Dream Street with a two-hour run time, premiered at the Central Theatre in New York.[48] On May 2, it became the first feature-length film to experiment with Griffith's Photokinema process for sound.

April 13, 1921 (Wednesday)

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Istvan Friedrich

April 14, 1921 (Thursday)

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Teleki

April 15, 1921 (Friday)

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  • France's Cabinet of Ministers voted to have the French Army occupy the entire Ruhr region of Germany unless payment of one billion German marks was made by May 10.[55][53]
  • Britain's railway and transport unions reversed their position and announced that they would not go on a sympathy strike to follow the striking coal miners.[53] The event was referred to by the striking miners as "Black Friday".
  • President Charles D.B. King of Liberia was welcomed by U.S. president Warren G. Harding, after a U.S. loan of $5,000,000 to Liberia was almost completely repaid.[53]
  • Poland ratified its peace treaty with the Soviet Union and Ukraine, acquiring the district of Polesia from Ukraine, 3,000 square kilometers near Minsk, and 30,000,000 gold rubles.[53]
  • The United States announced the return from Europe of 14,852 bodies of American soldiers who had been buried in France, and that 75,882 remained overseas, including 13,000 whose families had reversed their original request for a return of their relatives to the U.S.[56]
  • Born: Georgy Beregovoy, Soviet cosmonaut and the earliest-born human being to orbit the Earth (on Soyuz 3 in 1968); in Fedorivka, Poltava Oblast, Ukrainian SSR (d. 1995).
  • Died: Antonin Dubost, 76, former president of the French Senate[57]

April 16, 1921 (Saturday)

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  • Tornadoes swept across five U.S. states in the Deep South, killing 97 people altogether, 66 of whom were in Hempstead County and Miller County in Arkansas. Late the night before, the tornados began in northeast Texas, and then swept along an eastward path over five U.S. states, ending up in northwest Georgia.[58][59]
  • Born: Peter Ustinov, English actor, writer, opera director and broadcaster of Ethiopian, Russian, and other European descent, in London[60] (d. 2004)

April 17, 1921 (Sunday)

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April 18, 1921 (Monday)

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April 19, 1921 (Tuesday)

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April 20, 1921 (Wednesday)

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April 21, 1921 (Thursday)

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April 22, 1921 (Friday)

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  • Peru's president Augusto B. Leguia suspended the South American nation's Congress and declared a dictatorship.[53]
  • Over 100 people were injured in the town of Bound Brook, New Jersey, and one died, when a cloud of phosgene gas began spreading over the city in the early morning hours, the result of a faulty valve of a storage tank at a paint factory in town. The intervention of four people stopped further escape of the phosgene, which had been used in concentrated form as a chemical weapon during World War One.[78]
  • A total lunar eclipse was visible in parts of the Americas and Pacific region.[79]
  • Died: Vibeke Salicath, 59, Danish feminist and women's rights activist.[80]

April 23, 1921 (Saturday)

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  • Service Employees International Union (SEIU) was founded in Chicago as a labor union for people working in health care, government employment and property services, initially as the Building Services Employees Union (BSEU).[81]
  • The U.S. Census Bureau announced that the total foreign-born population of the United States had increased by only 2.6% since 1910, for a total of 13,703,987 overall. From 1900 to 1910, the increase had been 30.7%. The Bureau ascribed the dramatic decrease in foreign population growth "to the almost complete cessation of immigration... and to considerable emigration" during World War One.[82] During World War One, the Bureau noted, over 800,000 German immigrants; 600,000 Austrians (over half of the Austrian-born U.S. population) 316,000 Irish and 203,783 Russians had left the United States.[83]
  • Died: John P. Young, 71, American journalist and historian[84]

April 24, 1921 (Sunday)

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  • In a plebiscite in the Austrian state of Tyrol, residents voted overwhelmingly to become part of Germany.[53][85]
  • Herbert Hoover's Near East Relief project announced that it had provided food relief to 561,970 people and spent $13,129,117 of its budget of $13.5 million.[53] The project had also distributed 300,000 garments.

April 25, 1921 (Monday)

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  • Japan's House of Peers rejected the measure adopted by the House of Representatives to authorize the participation of women in political associations.[53]
  • Following up on the French ultimatum to Germany, the Allied Reparations Commission demanded that Germany deposit one billion marks worth of gold into the Bank of France by April 30.[86]
  • Communists seized control of the government of Fiume after being defeated in voting.[53]
  • The U.S. state of Nebraska prohibited persons other than U.S. citizens from acquiring property.[53] The law did not affect the property already owned by alien residents.
  • Born: Karel Appel, Dutch painter, sculptor and poet, in Amsterdam[87] (d. 2006)
  • Died: Thomas Traynor, 39, Irish Republican Army, hanged at Mountjoy Prison in Dublin after conviction by a British Army court-martial of the ambush of two British cadets on March 14.[88]

April 26, 1921 (Tuesday)

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April 27, 1921 (Wednesday)

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April 28, 1921 (Thursday)

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April 29, 1921 (Friday)

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  • Plans for national airline of airships, designed to transport passengers between New York, Chicago and San Francisco before the end of 1922 were announced by U.S. engineer Fred S. Hardesty, who told reporters that fifty million dollars worth of stock would be sold to finance the construction of dirigibles 757 feet (231 m) long. Hardesty said further that the new dirigibles would be able carry 52 passengers at speeds of up to 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), with service between New York and Chicago to start by the spring of 1922.[106]
  • The Portuguese ocean liner Mormugao, with 448 passengers and crew ran aground and was stranded near Block Island off of the coast of the U.S. state of Rhode Island, prompting a two-day rescue effort by the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Navy.[107] Women and children were brought to New Bedford, Massachusetts later in the day and the remaining 148 male passengers were rescued the next day.[108]
  • The Fascist Party staged a countercoup in Fiume and drove out the Communists.[53]
  • Died: Arthur Mold, 57, English cricketer[109]

April 30, 1921 (Saturday)

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Benedict XV

References

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  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o The American Review of Reviews Volume 63 (May, 1921) pp472-475
  6. ^ Colin Larkin (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Country Music. Virgin. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-7535-0236-5.
  7. ^ Levon Chorbajian, et al., The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh (Zed Books, 1994) p.133
  8. ^ "An Experiment in Revolutionary Nationalism: The Rebellion of Colonel Muhammad Taqi Khan Pasyan in Mashhad, April–October 1921", by Stephanie Cronin, Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (October 1997) pp. 693–750
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  10. ^ "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari: Expressionism and Cinema", by Anton Kaes, in Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema (Indiana University Press, 2006) p41
  11. ^ "The Screen", The New York Times, April 4, 1921. p.5
  12. ^ "1921 Milano - San Remo". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
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  26. ^ The Hotel World: The Hotel and Travelers Journal. 1921. p. 28.
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  29. ^ Robert Stallaerts, Historical Dictionary of Croatia (Scarecrow Press, 2009) pp. 6-8
  30. ^ "Missing Naval Balloon Is Found in Gulf; But There Is No Trace of the Five Pilots", The New York Times, April 10, 1921
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  34. ^ "Most British Mines Saved by Truce; Recruiting Goes On", The New York Times, April 11, 1921, p1
  35. ^ "Fervid Reception to Zionist Leaders", The New York Times, April 11, 1921, p9
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  42. ^ "Cigarettes Win in Iowa", The New York Times, April 12, 1921, p5
  43. ^ Anne Commire; Deborah Klezmer (1999). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Yorkin Publications. p. 625. ISBN 978-0-7876-4080-4.
  44. ^ "Ex-Kaiserin Dies in Her Son's Arms", The New York Times, April 12, 1921, p3
  45. ^ "Harding Rejects League Outright; Wants Altered Versailles Treaty and a Modified Peace Resolution", The New York Times, April 13, 1921, p1
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  50. ^ "Ex-Premier Accused in Tisza Murder Trial", The New York Times, April 14, 1921, p2
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  56. ^ "Only 2 Unclaimed Soldier Dead Here", The New York Times, April 16, 1921, p1
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  68. ^ West Virginia Blue Book. 1984. p. 814.
  69. ^ "Anna Lee Aldred". Montrose Press. June 16, 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
  70. ^ "Colombian Treaty Ratified 69 to 19; Amendments Lost", The New York Times, April 21, 1921, p1
  71. ^ "Harding Rejects Germany's Plea That He Mediate and Fix Total Amount of Reparations She Must Pay; Suggests Making New Offer He Might Send to the Allies", The New York Times, April 22, 1921, p1
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  78. ^ "5,000 Saved, One Dead, from Phosgene Gas; 100 Hurt as Fumes Sweep Bound Brook", The New York Times, April 23, 1921, p1
  79. ^ Listing of Eclipses of cycle 130
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  81. ^ Lowell Turner and Daniel Cornfield, Labor in the New Urban Battlegrounds: Local Solidarity in a Global Economy (Cornell University Press, 2007) p. 240
  82. ^ "Foreign Born Total Is Put at 13,703,987", The New York Times, April 24, 1921, p7
  83. ^ "Census Shows Gain Among Alien Born— But Last Decade's Increase of 358,442, or 2.6 Per Cent., Is Smallest on Record", The New York Times, April 25, 1921, p4
  84. ^ Commonwealth Club of California (1921). Transactions. p. 492.
  85. ^ Angus Professor Department of Political Science Michael Brecher; Michael Brecher; Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. p. 581. ISBN 0-472-10806-9.
  86. ^ "New Note Demands Billion Marks Gold", The New York Times, April 26, 1921, p1
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  89. ^ "Chamber Gives Briand Big Confidence Vote", The New York Times, April 27, 1921, p1
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  91. ^ "Tornado Kills Twelve in Mississippi Town", The New York Times, April 26, 1921, p12
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  104. ^ Stephen Kinzer (March 17, 2012). "Simin Daneshvar, Eminent Iranian Author, Dies at 90". The New York Times.
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  106. ^ "Passenger Airships To Run Between New York and Chicago", Baltimore Sun, April 30, 1921, p2
  107. ^ "Take Off 300 From Liner Ashore on Block Island— War Vessels Assist Steamer Mormugao", Boston Globe, April 30, 1921, p1
  108. ^ "All Rescued From Stranded Steamer", The New York Times, May 1, 1921, p6
  109. ^ Pardon, Sydney (1922). "Arthur Mold (Obituary)". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. London: John Wisden & Co. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  110. ^ "Senate Votes Peace With Germany; Knox Plan Wins, 49 to 23", The New York Times, May 1, 1921, p1
  111. ^ Teodolinda Barolini (25 August 2009). Dante and the Origins of Italian Literary Culture. Fordham Univ Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8232-2705-1.
  112. ^ "Tove Maës". Det Danske Filminstitut. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
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