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BAC Jet Provost

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Jet Provost
Jet Provost
Role Military trainer aircraft
First flight 26 June 1954
Introduction 1955
Retired 1993
Status mostly retired, some examples flown privately[1]
Primary user Royal Air Force
Produced 1958–1967
Number built 734[2]
Developed from Percival Provost
Variants BAC Strikemaster

The BAC Jet Provost is a British jet trainer aircraft that was in use with the Royal Air Force (RAF) from 1955 to 1993. It was originally developed by Hunting Percival from the earlier piston engine-powered Percival Provost basic trainer, and later produced by the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). In addition to the multiple RAF orders, the Jet Provost, sometimes with light armament, was exported to many air forces worldwide. The design was also further developed into a more heavily armed ground attack variant under the name BAC Strikemaster.

Development

In early 1951, Hunting Percival began work on the design studies that would ultimately lead to the Jet Provost.[3] At the time, the company in the process of establishing mass production for the earlier piston-engined Percival Provost basic trainer, but had anticipated that demand for a jet-powered trainer aircraft would be on the horizon. The design team aimed to produce an aircraft capable of equaling the handling characteristics of operational jet fighters of the era while also possessing modest approach and stall speeds and remaining simple to handle, as opposed to aiming to obtain maximum performance.[3]

The prototype Jet Provost T.1 with the initial longer undercarriage at the Farnborough Air Show in 1954

During the early design process, a series of increasingly frequent liaisons with RAF Flying Training Command took place, helping to gauge the considerations required to succeed in aspects of the proposed aircraft's design, such as instructional processes and maintenance requirements.[3] During development, Hunting Percival had intentionally reused as many existing components and subsystems of the Percival Provost as possible, including the tail surfaces, main planes and main undercarriage legs, to speed development through to the prototype stage.[3] The initial design work was performed as a private venture, independent of any service requirement; in March 1953, sponsorship from the British Government to support the development was made available as a result of interest from the Ministry of Supply.[3] That same month, an order for service-test quantity of Jet Provosts was received.[4]

On 16 June 1954, the prototype XD674 conducted its maiden flight from the factory at Luton Airport, flown by Dick Wheldon.[3] A series of seven flights were flown in quick succession over the following three days. By early November 1954, a total of 123 flying hours had been accumulated by the prototype during Hunting Percival's own flight test program, after which the prototype was submitted for official trials at RAF Boscombe Down.[3] While testing proved the overall performance of the Jet Provost to be satisfactory, refinements such as shortening the legs of the landing gear for a smoother ride when deployed at semi-prepared airstrips.[3]

On 19 February 1955, the first of ten pre-production aircraft, designated as the Jet Provost T1, performed its first flight.[3] In May 1955, three of the pre-production aircraft were assigned for the first stage of service trials with the Central Flying School (CFS) of the RAF to determine the value of the Jet Provost in the ab initio training role and to develop a syllabus for the training program. During the second stage of CFS trials using the same three aircraft, actual students were introduced to the type for practical evaluation purposes, which was performed at RAF Hullavington until the successful completion of trials on 2 July 1956.[5] According to feedback from CFS examiners, the Jet Provost had noticeably improved the performance of students during its trial deployment.[6]

Preserved BAC Jet Provost T5a in formation with a Percival Provost T1

As a result of the results and responses produced from the trials performed using the pre-production aircraft, Hunting Percival proceeded to develop and incorporate several different improvements upon the design. Amongst the changes made was an overall smoothening of the fuselage lines, hydraulic systems being substituted for pneumatic counterparts, and the addition of a dorsal fillet; the new model was designated as the Jet Provost T2.[6] On 1 September 1955, the first Jet Provost T2 made its first flight. This variant was used only for development work; in addition to seeing use at Hullavington, three Jet Provost T2s were dispatched overseas for winterization trials in Scandinavia and a series of sales tours across Europe, Canada, the United States of America, and Latin America.[6]

In June 1957, a production order was placed for the first 40 of the developed Jet Provost T3, featuring a more powerful Armstrong Siddeley Viper jet engine, ejector seats, a redesign of the airframe, and a shortened and strengthened version of the retractable tricycle undercarriage.[3] Percival built a single example, which was used purely for structural tests throughout the development stages, giving the designers valuable research into what could be achieved with the basic design.[7] On 22 June 1958, the first Jet Provost T.3 conducted its first flight.[2] In total, 201 T3s were delivered between 1958 and 1962.

The T4 followed in 1960, fitted with a more powerful variant of the Viper engine and first flown on 15 July, and this was followed by the pressurised T5 in 1967.[8] The T51 was an armed export version, sold to Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Kuwait and Sudan. It was armed with two 7.7-mm (0.303-inch) machine guns. The T52 was another export version sold to Iraq, South Yemen, Sudan and Venezuela, with the same armament as the T51. The T55 was the final armed export version which was sold to Sudan.[citation needed] A more heavily armed variant of the airframe was developed as the BAC Strikemaster.

Design

ex-RAF BAC Jet Provost T5 lands at RAF Fairford, England, in 2008

The BAC Jet Provost is a dedicated jet-powered trainer aircraft; according to aviation publication Flight International, it has the distinction of being the first ab initio jet trainer to be standardised by any air force.[3] As designed, it was intended for the Jet Provost to replace, rather than accompany, the use of piston-engine trainer aircraft.[9] The Jet Provost incorporates numerous features to support students during training. The aerodynamic design deliberately avoids speed, instead focusing on favourable handling characteristics and ease of recovery from stall and spin conditions. An emphasis was placed on flexibility, enabling use of the type throughout a range of training operations.[10]

The cockpit of the Jet Provost, and much of the operational equipment fittings, is essentially identical to that of the preceding Percival Provost.[11] It features a side-by-side seating arrangement, both positions being fitted with duplicated flight controls and instrumentation, which is well suited to the pupil-instructor pairing.[12] The dual flight controls employs conventional manually-controlled flight control surfaces via a cable-and-tie rod arrangement. A key feature for the era amongst the fittings in the cockpit is the Centralized Warning Panel, which alerts the pilots in the event of a number of unfavourable or hazardous conditions being detected, such as icing conditions, fire, and oxygen failure.[13] The high-flying capabilities of the Jet Provost necessitated the addition of an oxygen system in the cockpit, which was unpressurised on early production aircraft.[14]

The Jet Provost has an uncomplicated structure, the airframe being based on the Percival Provost, albeit being strengthened in key areas such as the main wing spar and featuring a substantially different undercarriage arrangement.[15] It possesses an all-metal stressed-skin fuselage built in two sections, the forward section stretching from the rear of the engine bay to the nose comprises a double-frame to absorb the wing and engine loads, while the rear fuselage section uses an orthodox semi-monocoque structure.[16] Major loads across the fuselage are supported by a combination of four longerons and a single longitudinal beam across the upper-center line.[17] The ailerons, elevators, and rudder are all attached to the airframe via two inset hinges each.[12] The nose contains a hinged metal assembly, housing the radio, batteries, and other electronic equipment, and is easily serviceable by ground crew.[18] All fuel tankage is housed within the wings.[9] Where possible, all components used were designed to maximized interchangeability and to conform with international standardisation; a total of 49 service panels across the aircraft's exterior provides access for maintenance and servicing.[12][13]

The Jet Provost is equipped with a single Armstrong Siddeley Viper 101 turbojet engine, which is mounted behind the cockpit in a roomy stainless steel-lined engine bay upon a secondary steel-tube structure.[19] Air is fed to the engine by a pair of ram-air intakes set on either side of the aircraft's forward fuselage connected via sharply-curving ducts to converge just forward of the engine itself.[20] As supplied, each engine is delivered as a compact engine-change unit, comprising the engine itself, accessories, and oil tank.[17] Both the hydraulic and electrical systems were driven via a fuselage-mounted accessories gearbox connected to the Viper engine by a telescopic drive.[9] One particular favourable aspect of the Viper engine is the low maintenance demands imposed for the era.[6] Engine ignition is achieved via an electric starter system, the engine controls have been described as being of a conventional nature.[9]

Operational service

Operational Jet Provost T3 of No.6 Flying Training School, RAF, in 1967

The Jet Provost proved to be a capable trainer. After successful acceptance trials of the T1 during late 1955 at No. 2 Flying Training School at RAF Hullavington, the RAF formally accepted the type in 1957. The first production version was the T3, powered by the Viper 102, and this entered service with No. 2 FTS, now relocated to RAF Syerston, during June 1959, when deliveries commenced from the Hunting Aircraft factory at Luton airport. The T3 was also operated by Central Flying School at RAF Little Rissington, the Royal Air Force College at RAF Cranwell, Lincolnshire, and by No. 1 Flying Training School at RAF Linton-on-Ouse, Yorkshire, 3FTS at RAF Leeming, Yorkshire, 6FTS at RAF Acklington, Northumberland, and 7FTS at RAF Church Fenton, Yorkshire.

The later T4 was fitted with the more powerful Viper A.S.V. 11 of 2,500 lbs static thrust and first flew on 15 July 1960. It quickly entered service with the units listed above.

The T5 variant was further developed and fitted with the Viper 201 and cockpit pressurisation. These developments encouraged the RAF to utilise the Jet Provost in a number of different roles besides basic training. With a top speed of 440 mph, excellent maneuverability, mechanical reliability and low operating costs, the Jet Provost was utilized as an aerobatic aircraft, air warfare and tactical weapons training as well as advanced training. The first T5 made its maiden flight on 28 February 1967 and deliveries from BAC's Warton factory commenced on 3 September 1969. Operators of the T 5 included the RAFs Central Flying School and No. 1, No. 3 and No. 6 Flying Training Schools.[21]

Jet Provost T52 of the Iraq Air Force at the Farnborough Air Show in 1964

Besides service with the RAF, the Jet Provost found success in export markets. A single Jet Provost T2 was exported to Australia and was operated by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) to evaluate the type for the purpose of providing 'all-through' jet-based training.[22] Following a six-month evaluation period, the RAAF ultimately decided to retain the de Havilland Vampire to fulfill its requirements for a jet-powered trainer, and later replaced its Vampires with the Italian-built Aermacchi MB-326 during the late 1960s instead. The sole aircraft itself was retained, being presented to the Sydney Technical College for use as an instructional airframe, and was later preserved.[22][23]

The Jet Provost was withdrawn from RAF service during the early 1990s, having been replaced by the newer turboprop-powered Short Tucano. The Jet Provost remains popular among private operators and enthusiasts; being an inexpensive jet, many have been acquired and maintained in a flightworthy condition by collectors and private individuals. Some are flown at airshows, whilst roughly equal numbers are maintained in ground-runnable condition at various locations, many of these being in the United Kingdom.

Variants

Operational Jet Provost T.5 of No.6 Flying Training School in 1977
Jet Provost training frame with cutaway sections at RAF Cosford, 2004
Model Number built Manufacturer Comments
Jet Provost T1 12 Hunting Percival Initial production batch for the RAF.
Jet Provost T2 4 Hunting Percival Development aircraft only.
Jet Provost T3 201 Hunting Aircraft Main production batch for the RAF.
Jet Provost T3A (70) Hunting Modified T3 with improved avionics for the RAF.
Jet Provost T4 198 BAC Variant with more powerful engine for the RAF.
Jet Provost T5 110 BAC Pressurised version for the RAF.
Jet Provost T5A (93) BAC Modified T5 with improved avionics and a rough grey coating on the wing to break up the smooth airflow and give the trainee pilot an early indication of the onset of a stall (the T5's original clean wing gave the pilot little warning).[24]
(Jet Provost T5B) (13) BAC Unofficial designation: a T5 fitted with tip-tanks used for navigator training.
Jet Provost T51 22 Hunting Aircraft Export version of the T3 (12 built for Ceylon, four built for Sudan, and six built for Kuwait).
Jet Provost T52 43 BAC Export version of the T4 (20 built for Iraq, 15 built for Venezuela, eight built for Sudan).
Jet Provost T52A ? BAC Export version of the T4 (? built for South Yemen).
Jet Provost T55 5 BAC Export version of the T5, built for Sudan.
BAC Strikemaster 146 BAC Ground attack version of the T5.
BAC 166 1 BAC Private venture trial variant of the T4 with a Viper 522 engine.

Operators

ex-RAF Jet Provost T3a on display at Kemble Air Day 2008, England
A BAC Jet Provost at Front Range Airport, Colorado, 2006
Underside of a preserved BAC Jet Provost in period RAF markings, 2013
 Australia
 Ceylon
 Iraq
 Kuwait
 Portugal
 Singapore
 South Yemen
  • South Yemen Air Force
 Sudan
 United Kingdom
 Venezuela

Aircraft on display

ex-RAF BAC Jet Provost T3A in private ownership

Specifications (T Mk. 5)

Open cockpit and nose cone of a Jet Provost
Head-on view of a BAC Jet Provost

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72,[46] Flight International,[14] BAE Systems[2]

General characteristics

  • Crew: Two

Performance Armament

  • Guns: 2× 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns (Mark 55)
  • Rockets:
    • 6× 60 lb (27 kg) or
    • 12× 25 lb (11 kg) or
    • 28x 68 mm SNEB rockets in four pods
  • Bombs: ** 4× 540 lb (245 kg)

See also

External videos
video icon A pair of preserved Jet Provosts performing an aerial display in formation
video icon Footage of an Jet Provost being serviced at RAF Linton-on-Ouse in 1985
video icon In-cockpit view of low-level flight in a Jet Provost

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Citations

  1. ^ Warbird Alley entry
  2. ^ a b c "Heritage – Product – Jet Provost." Archived 8 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine BAE Systems, Retrieved: 23 April 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Flight International 13 June 1958, p. 795.
  4. ^ Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 587.
  5. ^ Flight International 13 June 1958, pp. 795–796.
  6. ^ a b c d Flight International 13 June 1958, p. 796.
  7. ^ Flight International 13 June 1958, pp. 796–798.
  8. ^ "The Jet Provost T.5". Flight International. 9 March 1967. p. 379.
  9. ^ a b c d Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 586.
  10. ^ Flight International 13 June 1958, p. 798.
  11. ^ Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 582-585.
  12. ^ a b c Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 583.
  13. ^ a b Flight International 13 June 1958, p. 799.
  14. ^ a b Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 585.
  15. ^ Flight International, 6 May 1955, pp. 582–583.
  16. ^ Flight International 13 June 1958, pp. 798–799.
  17. ^ a b Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 582.
  18. ^ Flight International, 6 May 1955, pp. 583–584, 586.
  19. ^ Flight International, 6 May 1955, pp. 582, 585–586.
  20. ^ Flight International, 6 May 1955, pp. 584, 586.
  21. ^ Thetford, pp. 91–95
  22. ^ a b c "A99 Jet Provost." RAAF Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  23. ^ a b http://www.adf-serials.com.au/2a99.htm
  24. ^ "Percival Hunting P.84 Jet Provost". All-aero.com. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  25. ^ UK Civil Aviation Authority Aircraft Register – Entry for former Singapore AF Jet Provost T52 registered G-PROV
  26. ^ Andrade 1982, page 192
  27. ^ "Jet Provost T52 registered G-JETP." UK Civil Aviation Authority Aircraft Register. Retrieved: 3 July 2010.
  28. ^ "Aircraft." Solway Aviation Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  29. ^ "British Aircraft Corporation Jet Provost T5A." RAF Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  30. ^ "BAC Jet Provost T.4 (XP627)." North East Aircraft Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  31. ^ "Powered Aircraft, Gliders & Aircraft Cockpit Sections." Brooklands Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  32. ^ "Hunting Percival Jet Provost T.4." Yorkshire Air Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  33. ^ "Jet Provost T4 XP557." Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  34. ^ "Aircraft on Display." East Midlands Airport, Retrieved: 29 April 2016.
  35. ^ "Jet Provost T3A XM412." Flickr, Retrieved: 6 March 2017.
  36. ^ "Jet Provost T3A XM414." Ulster Aviation Society, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  37. ^ "BAC Jet Provost." Archived 6 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine Jet Aircraft Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  38. ^ "BAC Jet Provost T5A." Archived 22 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine National Transport & Toy Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  39. ^ [1] Hartlepool College of Further Education, Retrieved: 9 August 2016.
  40. ^ "Aircraft." Tillamook Air Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  41. ^ "Sri Lanka Air Force Museum". www.airforcemuseum.lk. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  42. ^ "XN458". 458 Club. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012.
  43. ^ "Aircraft Data XN458, 1960 Hunting P-84 Jet Provost T.3 C/N PAC/W/10137". Airport-data.com. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  44. ^ "Jet Provost lands in Yorkshire pub beer garden". BBC News. 10 August 2018.
  45. ^ "Vintage jet in beer garden!". Harrogate Advertiser. 26 May 2005. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  46. ^ Taylor 1971, p. 181.
  47. ^ "Hunting (BAC) Jet Provost" Warbird Alley. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  48. ^ with tip tanks.

Bibliography

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