Cloxacillin
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| Clinical data | |
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| Trade names | Cloxapen, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
| Routes of administration | by mouth, IM |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 37 to 90% |
| Protein binding | 95% |
| Elimination half-life | 30 minutes to 1 hour |
| Excretion | kidney and biliary |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.468 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C19H18ClN3O5S |
| Molar mass | 435.88 g/mol g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Cloxacillin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This includes impetigo, cellulitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, and otitis externa.[1] It is not effective for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).[2] It is used by mouth and by injection.[1]
Side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis.[1] Clostridium difficile diarrhea may also occur.[2] It is not recommended in people who have previously had a penicillin allergy. Use during pregnancy appears to be relatively safe.[1] Cloxacillin is in the penicillin family of medications.[2]
Cloxacillin was patented in 1960 and approved for medical use in 1965.[3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[4] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.16 USD per day for the pills.[5] It is not commercially available in the United States.[2]
Mechanism of action
It is semisynthetic and in the same class as penicillin. Cloxacillin is used against staphylococci that produce beta-lactamase, due to its large R chain, which does not allow the beta-lactamases to bind. This drug has a weaker antibacterial activity than benzylpenicillin, and is devoid of serious toxicity except for allergic reactions.
Society and culture
Cloxacillin was discovered and developed by Beecham.[6]
It is sold under a number of trade names, including Cloxapen, Cloxacap, Tegopen and Orbenin.
See also
References
- ^ a b c d WHO Model Formulary 2008 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2009. pp. 110, 586. ISBN 9789241547659. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d "Cloxacillin (Professional Patient Advice)". www.drugs.com. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
- ^ Fischer, Janos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 490. ISBN 9783527607495.
- ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ "Cloxacillin Sodium". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ David Greenwood (2008). Antimicrobial drugs: chronicle of a twentieth century medical triumph. Oxford University Press US. pp. 124–. ISBN 978-0-19-953484-5. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
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