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English Australians

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English Australians
Languages
Australian English
Religion
Christianity (Anglicanism • Catholicism)
Related ethnic groups
English diaspora
a. ^ [1][2][3]

English Australians, also known as Anglo-Australians,[5] are Australians of English descent, and are both the single largest ethnic group in Australia and the largest 'ancestry' identity in the Australian Census.[6] In the 2011 census, 7.2 million or 36.1% of respondents identified as "English" or a combination including English, such as English-Australian. The census also documented 911,592 residents of Australia as being born in England.[7][8] English Australians have more often come from the South than the North of England.[9]

English immigrants have been the largest group to migrate to Australia since the establishment of New South Wales as the first penal colony in 1788.[10]

History of English Australians

Statue of Captain Arthur Phillip in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Founder of the British penal colony that later became the city of Sydney, Australia.[11]
Main article: History of Australia (1788–1850)

Sydney was founded by the British government as a penal colony. Visitors described the English character of Sydney for at least the first 50 years after 1788, noting the traditional English appearance of the churches overlooking the convict barracks. First-generation colonial Sydney residents were predominantly English. 160,000 convicts came to Australia between 1788 and 1850.[12] Between 1788 and 1840, 80,000 English convicts were transported to New South Wales, with the greatest numbers coming between 1825 and 1835. The New South Wales Census of 1846 accounted for 57,349 born in England, 47,547 born in Ireland, and 14,406 born in Scotland.[3]

Notable English convicts transported to Australia

3

1850-present

England-born in colonial Australia 1846 - 1891
Year Population % of all
foreign-born 		Ref
1846 58,011 [14]
1851 51,122 [14]
1856 74,298 [14]
1861 84,152 [14]
1871 87,334 [14]
1881 107,574 [14]
1891 149,232 [14]
Source: The New South Wales Census.
The 1846, 1856 census includes those born in England and Wales.

Until 1859, 2.2 million (73%) of the free settlers who immigrated were British.[15]

Many more English people immigrated to Victoria by the gold rush of the 1850s. By 1854 there were 97,943 England-born people in Victoria. Immigration policies and assistance schemes helped maintain high levels of immigration from England. Of the 1 million immigrants who arrived between 1860 and 1900, just over half came from England.[16]

When transportation ended, convicts made up 40 percent of Australia's English-speaking population.[17] Between 1840 and 1870 there were more Irish than English assisted migrants which did not change until the 1870s, when there were more English.[3]

At least 75 per cent of all overseas-born people in Australia during the nineteenth century were from the British Isles. The proportion who had been born in England or Wales remained quite stable (at about 47 per cent) from 1861 to 1911, as did the proportion born in Scotland (about 12 per cent).[18]

Australians born in England or of English ancestry made up more than 50 percent of the population at the time of Federation (1901).[19] From 1922 the Empire Settlement Act assisted thousands of migrants from England. After World War II, even as immigration from other countries expanded dramatically, English citizens had almost unrestricted entry into Australia. Arthur Calwell, Minister for Immigration, wanted nine out of ten new immigrants to be UK-born.[16] The majority of England-born migrants received assisted passages until the scheme was abolished in 1982. In 2006 the English were still the largest group of overseas-born in Victoria, with over 3% of Victorians born in England.[16]

England-born population in Australia 1911 - 2014
Year Population % of all
overseas-born 		Ref
1911 346,030 50% [20]
1921 446,124 [21]
1933 486,831 [22]
1947 381,592 [23]
1954 478,411 [24]
1961 556,478 [24]
1966 681,526 [24]
1971 842,032 [25]
1976 874,055 [26]
1981 889,124 [27]
1986 880,890 [28]
1991 896,336 [29][30]
2001 847,365 [31]
2006 856,940 [32]
2011 911,592 [32]
2014 1,009,090 28% [33]

Among the notable English-born were politicians such as Henry Parkes, and Joseph Cook; in retailing and media: John Norton, Anthony Hordern and John Fairfax.[3]

Surges of English immigration in the 1880s, between 1910 and 1914, again in the 1920s and, most of all, in the 1950s and 1960s, sustained the English-born as the largest single immigrant group.[3] In 1978 Australians born in England or Australians of predominantly English ancestry made up over 45 per cent of the population.[34] English ancestry was reported by 6.6 million people (46%) in 1986, and 6.4 million (37%) in 2001.[35]

The English continue to be well-represented among immigrants to Australia, the overall decline of English immigration to Australia since the 1980s has meant that the England-born component of the population as a whole is falling. With over 200 years of English settlement, however, Australian society continues to be influenced by its strong English heritage.[10]

English ancestry in Australia
Year Ethnic group Population Percent of pop. Ref
1901 Estimate British 98.0% [36][37]
1930 Estimate British 80.0% [38]
1947 Estimate Anglo-Celtic 89.8% [39]
1986 Census English 6,607,228 42.3% [40]
2001 Census English 6,358,880 33.9% [40]
2006 Census English 6,283,647 31.6% [41]
2011 Census English 7,238,533 33.7% or 36.1% [41][42]

Influence

English migrants and English Australians were by far the single most influential ethnic group in colonial Australia.[43] The founding of Australia by English people is still evident in place names, buildings and street layouts, and that 80 percent of the population speak English as their mother tongue and the Low Church hegemony in the Anglican Diocese of Sydney, the biggest in the country.

In Sydney, at least 50 suburban names are derived directly from 20 English counties, of which the largest numbers are from Kent, Surrey, and London. Among the best known are Surry Hills, Croydon, Hornsby, Penrith, Chipping Norton, Brighton-le-Sands, Bexley, Canterbury, Ryde, Kensington, Epping, St Ives, Lewisham and Penshurst.[5]

Prime Ministers of English descent

English Australians
Further information: List of Prime Ministers of Australia

Many of the Prime Ministers of Australia have English ancestry. The extent of English Heritage varies, with earlier Prime Ministers being predominantly of English stock.

  1. Edmund Barton, 1st Prime Minister 1901–1903 (English parents.[44])
  2. Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister 1903–1904, 1905–08, 1909–10 (English parents.[45])
  3. Joseph Cook, 6th Prime Minister 1913–14 (Born in Silverdale, Staffordshire, England.)
  4. Earle Page, 11th Prime Minister 1939 (Father from London, England.[46])
  5. Harold Holt, 17th Prime Minister 1966–67 (English descent.)
  6. John Gorton, 19th Prime Minister 1968–71 (English father.[47])
  7. Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister 1972–75 (English descent.[19])
  8. Bob Hawke, 23rd Prime Minister 1983-91 (English descent.)
  9. John Howard, 25th Prime Minister 1996–2007 (English descent.)
  10. Kevin Rudd, 26th Prime Minister 2007–10, 2013 (His 4th great-grandparents, convicts Thomas Rudd from London and Mary Cable from Essex, England.)
  11. Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister 2013-2015 (English father; born in London, England of English, Dutch, Scottish and Welsh descent[48])
  12. Malcolm Turnbull, 29th Prime Minister 2015–present (His maternal grandmother, May Lansbury (née Morle), was born in England.[49][50])

See also

References

  1. ^ "From Hope to Disillusion? A Literary and Cultural History of the Whitlam Period, 1966–1975, Chapter 1: Reading Whitlam and Whitlamism: The Role of Ideology" (PDF). Victoria University. Retrieved 4 February 2014. The main characters of all three novels [The Solid Mandala, The Vivisector, and The Eye of the Storm] are explicitly English-Australians, suggesting White's central identification with this cultural grouping..
  2. ^ "In pictures: famous poms in Australia". The Daily Telegraph. London. 7 November 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Dictionary of Sydney: The English".
  4. ^ (Ancestry) The 2011 Australian Census reports 7,238,500 people of English ancestry.
  5. ^ a b The English in Sydney, Sydney Journal, 2008
  6. ^ "Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  7. ^ "Australia 2011 census demographic breakdown table, Bloomberg.com".
  8. ^ 2006 Census QuickStats : Australia. censusdata.abs.gov.au
  9. ^ J. Jupp, The English in Australia, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 103
  10. ^ a b History of immigration from England museumvictoria.com.au
  11. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (22 May 1944). "The Gilberts & Marshalls: A distinguished historian recalls the past of two recently captured Pacific groups". Life Magazine. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  12. ^ "Australia's founding felons get a long-delayed pardon". The New York Times. 19 November 1982.
  13. ^ D. Richards 'Transported to New South Wales: medical convicts 1788–1850' British Medical Journal Vol 295, 19–26 December 1987, p. 1609
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Australian Historical Population Statistics Choose "Country of Birth" file.
  15. ^ HISTORICAL RECORDS REVEAL OZ ANCESTORS OF 16 MILLION BRITS
  16. ^ a b c "History of immigration from England, Immigration Museum, Melbourne, Australia".
  17. ^ Ancestry.com Launches Largest Online Collection of Records Documenting Australia's Convicted 'Founding Fathers'
  18. ^ CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1986 CENSUS 86 MULTICULTURAL AUSTRALIA (Page: 8)
  19. ^ a b James Jupp (1 October 2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Cambridge University Press. pp. 336–. ISBN 978-0-521-80789-0. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  20. ^ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA TAKEN FOR THE NIGHT BETWEEN THE 2nd and 3rd APRIL, 1911. VOLUME II. (Page: 115-116)
  21. ^ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA TAKEN FOR THE NIGHT BETWEEN THE PART 3rd and 4th April, 1921. (Page: 49-50)
  22. ^ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 30th JUNE, 1933. BIRTHPLACE
  23. ^ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, 1947. BIRTHPLACE of PERSONS: Census, 30th June, 1947.
  24. ^ a b c CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1966 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA No. I.-Population, by Birthplace: Australia, Censuses, 1921 to 1966 (Page: 13)
  25. ^ CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1971 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA TABLE 4. POPULATION BY BIRTHPLACE (Page: 2)
  26. ^ CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1976 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Population by Birthplace (Page: 2)
  27. ^ CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1981 SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS AND DWELLINGS AUSTRALIA
  28. ^ CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1986 CENSUS 86 - AUSTRALIA IN BRIEF (Page: 8)
  29. ^ 1901 - Australian Bureau of Statistics
  30. ^ CENSUS CHARACTERISTICS OF AUSTRALIA 1991 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING Birthplace (countries)
  31. ^ Making Australia's Communities Count
  32. ^ a b The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census Australia: 2011 and 2006 Census
  33. ^ Towards a super connected Australia understanding Australia’s most connected generation (Page: 7)
  34. ^ The Australian encyclopaedia, Volume 4, Grolier Society of Australia, 1983, p. 35
  35. ^ Australian Social Trends, 2003
  36. ^ Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia By William J. Lines
  37. ^ W. Lines, Taming of the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia, 1991, p. 140
  38. ^ Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy. By Peter Neville
  39. ^ www.environment.gov.au An Australian Context.
  40. ^ a b The Transformation of Australia's Population: 1970-2030 edited by Siew-An Khoo, Peter F. McDonald, Siew-Ean Khoo.
  41. ^ a b www.omi.wa.gov.au The people of Australia.The People of Australia - Statistics from the 2011 Census (Page:55)
  42. ^ 2011 Census data shows more than 300 ancestries reported in Australia.
  43. ^ Cronin, Mike, and David Mayall, eds. Sporting Nationalisms: Identity, Ethnicity, Immigration and Assimilation. Routledge, 2005, p. 22.
  44. ^ Edmund Barton. Nma.gov.au. Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
  45. ^ Australia's Prime Ministers. Primeministers.naa.gov.au (1902-03-18). Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
  46. ^ Earle Christmas Grafton Page. Adbonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
  47. ^ Christopher Zinn Obituaries: Sir John Gorton. The Guardian. 21 May 2002
  48. ^ Tony Abbott. Retrieved on 2013-10-2013.
  49. ^ "Biography – Coral Magnolia Lansbury – Australian Dictionary of Biography". anu.edu.au. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  50. ^ "Will privilege drown his message?". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 September 2008.
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