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Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota

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UH-72 Lakota
UH-72 Lakota
Role Light utility helicopter
National origin Multinational
Manufacturer Eurocopter
Built by American Eurocopter
First flight 2006
Introduction 2007
Status In service
Primary users United States Army
United States Navy
Produced 2006–present
Number built 300[1]
Developed from Eurocopter EC145

The Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota is a twin-engine helicopter with a single, four-bladed main rotor. The UH-72 is a militarized version of the Eurocopter EC145 and was built by American Eurocopter (now Airbus Helicopters), a division of EADS North America. Initially marketed as the UH-145, the helicopter was selected as the winner of the United States Army's Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) program on 30 June 2006. In October 2006, American Eurocopter was awarded a production contract for 345 aircraft to replace aging UH-1H/V and OH-58A/C helicopters in the U.S. Army and Army National Guard fleets.

Development

Background

The U.S. Army's LHX program began in the early 1980s, proposing two helicopter designs with a high percentage of commonality of dynamic components. One was a light utility version ("LHX-U") for assault and tactical movement of troops and supplies, the other was a light scout/attack version ("LHX-SCAT") to complement the growing development of the AH-64 Apache. As the program was developed, the light utility version was dropped and focus was placed on the light attack reconnaissance version,[2] which eventually became the RAH-66 Comanche.[3]

In 2004, the Department of Defense and the U.S. Army made the decision to terminate the RAH-66 program. As part of the termination, the service was allowed to keep the future years' funding programmed for the Comanche.[4] To replace the capability that the Comanche was supposed to offer, the U.S. Army planned several programs, including three new aircraft. The Army Staff decided that these three aircraft, the Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter (ARH), the Light Utility Helicopter (LUH), and the Future Cargo Aircraft (FCA) (later renamed Joint Cargo Aircraft, or JCA), were to be existing, in-production commercial aircraft modified for Army service.

LUH Program and UH-145

The LUH program was initiated in early 2004, with an initial stated requirement for 322 helicopters to conduct homeland security, administrative, logistic, medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) and support of the army test and training centers missions. The LUH contract was released in late July 2005. At least five proposals were received. The competitors included the Bell 210 and Bell 412, MD Explorer and AW139. EADS North America (EADS NA) marketed the UH-145 variant of the EC 145 for the program.[5]

On 30 June 2006, the U.S. Army announced that the EADS NA entry as the winner of the $3 billion LUH contract. In August, the UH-145 was officially designated by the Department of Defense as the UH-72A. The award was confirmed in October 2006 following protests from losing bidders. Despite a four-month delay due to the protests, the first UH-72 was delivered on time in December, at which time the name Lakota was also formally announced for the type, following the service's tradition of giving its helicopters Native American names. The LUH marked EADS NA's largest DoD contract to date.[citation needed]

On 23 August 2007, the UH-72A received full-rate production (FRP) approval, allowing the procurement of a planned fleet of 345 aircraft through 2017 as of June 2008.[6] The UH-72A is produced at Airbus Helicopters's facility in Columbus, Mississippi; production transitioned from local assembly of kits received from Eurocopter Deutschland to full local production in 2009.[7] In December 2009, the service ordered 45 more UH-72As.[8] The 100th Lakota was delivered in March 2010,[9] the 250th UH-72 was delivered in April 2013.[10] That month, the U.S. Army opted to halt procurement after 2014 due to budget cuts;[11] at this point, a total of 312 Lakotas were on order by the service.[12] In January 2014, Congress gave the Army $171 million to procure 20 additional UH-72As.[13] The 300th UH-72 was delivered to the Army in May 2014.[1]

In May 2013, Congress questioned why the UH-72 had not been considered for the armed scout role. The Army Chief of Staff General Ray Odierno stated that the UH-72A was developed for domestic operations and is not considered to be operationally deployable to combat zones. The UH-72 is employed by the U.S. Army National Guard in a utility role in the U.S., releasing UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters to deploy overseas.[14] On 21 June 2013, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Frank Kendall stated in a letter to Congress that UH-72 combat modifications were "presently unaffordable." Fleet-wide combat modifications would reportedly cost $780 million and add 774 lb (351 kg) of weight per helicopter; changes would include passive and active survivability systems, hardened engines and drive train, external lighting and communications upgrades.[15]

Use as trainers

As of December 2013, the U.S. Army is considering retiring its OH-58 Kiowa fleet and transferring all National Guard and U.S. Army Reserve AH-64 Apaches to the active Army to serve as scout helicopters. All 100 active Army UH-72s along with 104 Army National Guard UH-72s would be transferred to use as training helicopters, replacing the TH-67 Creek at the United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence at Fort Rucker. Some active Army UH-60 Black Hawks would be transferred to Army Reserve and Army National Guard units for homeland defense and disaster response missions. The proposals aim to retire older helicopters to substantially reduce costs while retaining crucial capabilities.[16] With the prospect of most UH-72s being repurposed as training helicopters, the Army is requesting funds to buy 100 more Lakotas to add to the training fleet. The FY 2015 budget would cover 55 helicopters, and FY 2016 funds would complete the purchase.[17]

On 4 September 2014, the Army issued a notice that they intended to buy up to 155 EC145/UH-72 helicopters to use as training platforms "on an other than full and open competitive basis." Following this, AgustaWestland launched a judicial bid to halt the acquisition and ultimately get it declared illegal. On 19 September, AgustaWestland claimed at a hearing that the EC145 did not offer the best value for the money and that its "restricted flight maneuver envelope" impeded its training utility. The company claims that an EC145's unit price of $7.5 million and per hour operating cost of $2,500 was excessive compared to their offerings, namely the single-engine AW119 costing $3.25 million per unit and $900 per hour, and the twin-engine AW109 costing $4.75 million per unit and $1,800 per hour. Airbus defended the Army's position, noting their previous selection and use of the EC145 platform, claiming AgustaWestland's figures were exaggerated and that its unit cost is actually $5.5 million, and that the Lakota is currently being used in training roles.[18]

Armed Aerial Scout

EADS AAS-72X concept

The Armed Scout 645 (EC645) was a proposed armed version of the UH-72 for the U.S. Army's Armed Aerial Scout OH-58D replacement program offered by EADS and Lockheed Martin. The companies announced a teaming agreement for the Armed Scout 645 on 4 May 2009.[19][20] Three flight demonstrator aircraft named AAS-72X were built in 2010. They began flight testing in late 2010.[21] In September 2012, EADS began voluntary flight demonstrations of the aircraft. Over the next two weeks they flew an AAS-72X and an EC145 T2 at high altitudes.[22] Flying took place from September 24 to October 3, and the aircraft met performance requirements.[23] Two versions of the aircraft were being offered for the program: the AAS-72X, an armed version of the UH-72; and the AAS-72X+, an armed military version of EADS subsidiary Eurocopter's civilian EC-145T2.[24] The Army ended the AAS program in late 2013.[25]

CVLSP

In May 2012, the UH-72A was entered as a candidate in the U.S. Air Force's Common Vertical Life Support Platform (CVLSP) program to replace the UH-1N Twin Huey helicopter. As with the U.S. Army, the Lakota can operate in permissive environments, such as ICBM site support and security under the Air Force Global Strike Command and personnel transport in the National Capital Region by the Air Mobility Command's 89th Airlift Wing. Advantages over the UH-1N include 30 percent more speed, range, and loiter time, enhanced reliability and crashworthiness, night vision compatibility, modern avionics, and being cheaper to operate.[26] In August 2013, the Air Force said it planned to sustain the UH-1N for six to ten years.[27] On 16 September 2013, acting Air Force Secretary Eric Fanning received a letter from the chairman and CEO of EADS North America, arguing that to refit and maintain the Hueys would cost more than acquiring and operating the UH-72A; the letter also urged the Air Force to act soon, as Army orders were almost complete and the production line was winding down. The air service said they have little money and can risk using the Hueys for some years, EADS North America stated that the Lakota "will lower the risk to the U.S. Air Force nuclear enterprise, and will save taxpayers the considerable cost of future recapitalization."[28] Reportedly, buying Lakotas would cost as much as upgrading 62 Hueys, but the long-term operating costs would be much lower.[29]

Design

See also: Eurocopter EC 145 § Design

The UH-72 is designed to take on a range of missions, from general support and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) to personnel recovery and counter-narcotics operations. They are planned to replace the UH-1 and OH-58A/C, which are older light utility helicopters, and supplant other types in domestic use, primarily those in Army National Guard service. The UH-72 is being procured as a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) product, which simplifies logistics support of the fleet.[30] EADS NA has teamed with Sikorsky to provide Contractor Logistics Support (CLS) for the UH-72, through its Helicopter Support, Inc. (HSI)/Sikorsky Aerospace Maintenance. (SAM) subsidiaries.[31]

The basic UH-72A is simply a commercial EC145 helicopter that has a U.S. Army color scheme and is fitted with an AN/ARC-231 radio. Other than utility transport, the Lakota can be configured for medical evacuation, VIP transport, security and support, and opposing forces training. It is described as the best military aircraft in the inventory for domestic operations, used by the Army National Guard for state support, disaster relief, and homeland defense and by non-deployed active units for MEDEVAC and training.[32] Compared to the previous UH-1 Huey used in those roles, the twin-engine Lakota flies faster (145 kn or 269 km/h or 167 mph versus 124 kn or 230 km/h or 143 mph), has an external hoist system, and has a fully integrated computerized cockpit. The Huey has an advantage in the MEDEVAC role, being able to carry three patients compared to the Lakota's two-patient load, but an average evacuation typically deals with two or less patients.[33] The Security & Support Mission Equipment Package (S&S MEP) is a version of the UH-72A for homeland security, counter drug, and border patrol missions. It is equipped with an electro-optical/infrared sensor and laser pointer turret, moving map system and touch-screen displays, video management system, digital video recorded and datalink, searchlight, and rescue hoist from the MEDEVAC package.[34]

Operational history

The first two Army National Guard UH-72As at Tupelo, Mississippi

The first aircraft was delivered to the U.S. Army on 11 December 2006 in Columbus, Mississippi.[35] On 12 December 2006, General Richard A. Cody, Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, and Joe Red Cloud, a chief of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, Lakota nation, accepted the first UH-72A in an official ceremony.[36] The service estimated that delivery of the planned 345 aircraft would continue until 2017.[6]

The first production helicopters were sent to the National Training Center (NTC), Fort Irwin, California for medical evacuation missions in January 2007. On 20 June 2007, the NTC's U.S. Army Air Ambulance Detachment (USAAAD) became the first operational unit to field the Lakota.[37] On 10 July 2007, the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Flight Detachment at Fort Eustis, Virginia became the second U.S. Army unit fielded with the UH-72A.[38]

A report published in August 2007 by the Operational Test and Evaluation Directorate (DOT&E) noted that although the Lakota "...is effective in the performance of light utility missions," it was prone to overheating during operations in the desert conditions of Fort Irwin when not equipped with air conditioning systems.[39] In response, vents were added in the doors to increase cabin air flow; air conditioning has been installed on some Medical and VIP versions, as well as added air conditioning units for crew comfort.[40]

The Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) located at Fort Polk, Louisiana received their first aircraft on 7 September 2007. On 16 January 2009, the United States Military Academy received two UH-72As, replacing two UH-1H helicopters for VIP transport to and from the academy. The helicopters also support the cadet parachute team and cadet training missions.[41] The U.S. Naval Test Pilot School received the first of five UH-72As in September 2009. The UH-72A replaced the TH-6B Cayuse as the prime training aircraft for the test pilot school's helicopter curriculum.[42]

A UH-72A at the Pentagon, 2010

By March 2010, the Lakota entered service in Puerto Rico, Kwajalein Atoll, and the U.S. Army’s missile test range in Germany.[43] On 20 December 2010, a UH-72A assigned to the Puerto Rico Army National Guard became the first UH-72A to experience a fatal accident. The aircraft crashed at sea off the coast of Puerto Rico and all six personnel aboard were killed.[44]

On 18 July 2012, the U.S. Army's Aviation Flight Test Directorate received three UH-72As at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama; they are used for general support and as chase aircraft to support aviation development testing. With this delivery, the service has received over 200 UH-72As.[45] On 22 September 2012, the Oregon Army National Guard's Detachment 1, C Company, 1-112 Aviation, received the first of four UH-72A helicopters during a roll-out ceremony at Camp Rilea in Warrenton, Oregon.[46]

Export

On 7 June 2013, Thailand requested the sale of six UH-72A Lakotas with associated equipment, training, and support for an estimated cost of $77 million.[47] On 9 October 2013, the Thai government approved $55 million in funds to support the Royal Thai Army's acquisition of six UH-72A helicopters from 2013 to 2015.[48] On 28 March 2014, the Thai Army awarded a $34 million contract to Airbus Helicopter for six UH-72As, they are to be fitted with a mission equipment package including the AN/ARC-231 airborne radio terminal; deliveries are to begin by April 2015.[49] On 29 September 2014, Congress was notified of a Thailand request for the sale of another nine UH-72 Lakotas, related equipment, and support.[50][51]

Variants

UH-72A Lakota
An unarmed utility military version of the EC 145.
UH-72B Lakota
Proposed upgrade of the UH-72A with possible introduction in 2017; this new configuration is based on the upgraded civilian Eurocopter EC145T2.[52]
AAS-72X
A proposed armed version of the UH-72 for the US Army's Armed Aerial Scout OH-58D replacement program offered by EADS and Lockheed Martin.[19]
AAS-72X+
An armed military version of the Eurocopter EC145T2 also proposed for the Armed Aerial Scout program.[24] It was equipped with more powerful engines with an extra 200 horsepower each, a fenestron shrouded tail rotor, and a fully digital glass cockpit.[53][54]

Operators

 Thailand
 United States

Specifications (UH-72A)

Data from UH-72 specifications,[57] Eurocopter EC 145 data[58]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1 or 2 pilots
  • Capacity: 9 troops or 2 stretchers and medical crew

Performance

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

  1. ^ a b Airbus Group Delivers 300th On-Time, On-Budget UH-72A Lakota Helicopter to U.S. Army - Reuters.com, 14 May 2014
  2. ^ "US Army set new LHX Timetable". Fight International, 27 February 1988.
  3. ^ "From LHX to Comanche". Globalsecurity.org, 25 March 2008.
  4. ^ "Briefing on the Restructure and Revitalization of Army Aviation". U.S. Department of Defense, 23 February 2004.
  5. ^ "EADS North America to Offer the UH-145 for the U.S. Army's light utility helicopter (LUH) mission". EADS North America, 24 August 2005.
  6. ^ a b "The UH-72A “comes home” to its new Army assignment in Mississippi". EADS North America, 7 June 2008.
  7. ^ "EADS underscores commitment to U.S. production". Reuters, 9 May 2008.
  8. ^ "EADS North America receives $247 million contract for Light Utility Helicopter program". EADS North America, 10 December 2009.
  9. ^ Trimble, Stephen (4 March 2010). "How long before UH-72 gets militarized?". flightglobal.com.
  10. ^ EADS North America Delivers 250th UH-72A Lakota Helicopter to U.S. Army - EADS North America press release, April 25, 2013
  11. ^ Army Trimming Light Utility Helicopter Program - Aviationweek.com, 10 April 2013.
  12. ^ The Last Of The Lakotas Strategypage.com, 29 May 2013.
  13. ^ US Army to acquire 20 more Lakotas Flightglobal.com, 17 January 2014.
  14. ^ Cox, Matthew. "Army Defends GCV, Keeps Lakota Stateside". DoDBuzz.com, 9 May 2013.
  15. ^ "Upgrading UH-72As for combat conditions 'unaffordable', Pentagon says." Jane's, 27 June 2013.
  16. ^ "Army Plans To Scrap Kiowa Helo Fleet". MarineCorpstimes.com, 9 December 2013.
  17. ^ US Army Seeks To Purchase 100 Lakota Helicopters - Defensenews.com, 27 February 2014
  18. ^ Rotorcraft rivals trade blows over US Army trainer buy - Flightglobal.com, 29 September 2014
  19. ^ a b "EADS North America selects Lockheed Martin as Mission Equipment Package integrator for new Armed Scout Helicopter". Eurocopter, 4 May 2009.
  20. ^ Armed Scout fact sheet. EADS NA/Lockheed Martin, Retrieved: 4 June 2011.
  21. ^ Warwick, Graham (April 4, 2010). "Army's Aerial Scout Options Expand". Aviation Week.
  22. ^ EADS starts voluntary US Army flight demo of AAS-72X+. Flightglobal.com, September 26, 2012
  23. ^ EADS urges US Army to buy new scout helicopter. Flightglobal.com, October 18, 2012
  24. ^ a b AAS versions. AOL.Defense.com, October 18, 2012
  25. ^ Outgoing General: US Army Must Continue To Fund Research and Development - Defensenews.com, 14 January 2014
  26. ^ UH-72 Lakota Could Be a Candidate for Air Force Duty - Defensemedianetwork.com, March 10, 2013
  27. ^ air force planning decade-long Huey extension - Militarytimes.com, 22 August 2013
  28. ^ EADS Urges Air Force’s Fanning To Buy Lakota Helos For Nuke Mission - Breakingdefense.com, 16 September 2013
  29. ^ EADS Targets U.S. Air Force As Next UH-72 Lakota Customer - Aviationtoday.com, 1 December 2013
  30. ^ Jesmain, Andrew. "DIIG Current Issues No.7: Case Study: The Drivers of a Successful COTS Acquisition". Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2009.
  31. ^ "Sikorsky Contractor Logistics Support" Sikorsky. April 2007
  32. ^ Stateside Lakota deliveries let Black Hawks go to theater - Army.mil, 22 April 2011
  33. ^ 'Huey' takes historic last ride at Yakima Training Center - Army.mil, 3 February 2011
  34. ^ New Lakota variant packs punch for Guard - Army.mil, 29 September 2011
  35. ^ Sims, Paul. "Ready for flight. Eurocopter delivers first UH-72A to U.S. Army as world's media watches." Starkville Daily News, 12 December 2006.
  36. ^ US Army unveils UH-72A Lakota. US Army, 11 December 2006.
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  38. ^ Dinklage, Lindy. "Lakotas mark transition in Army aviation". U.S. Army, Fort Eustis Public Affairs, 15 October 2007. Retrieved: 28 June 2009.
  39. ^ Davis, Aaron C. for Associated Press. "New Army chopper overheats". encyclopedia.com, 10 November 2007.
  40. ^ "UH-72 Lakota: Hot n’ High". defenseindustrydaily.com, 18 November 2007.
  41. ^ "USMA takes possession of new helicopters". Mid-Hudson News Network, 17 January 2009.
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  44. ^ Tremble, Stephen. "UH-72A crashes off Puerto Rico in first major mishap". Flight International, 22 December 2010.
  45. ^ http://www.al.com/42/index.ssf/2012/07/army_fields_three_uh-72a_lakot.html#incart_river_business
  46. ^ http://www.albanytribune.com/20092012-oregon-national-guard-to-roll-out-new-uh-72a-lakota-helicopters%E2%80%8F/
  47. ^ "Thailand Seeks Six UH-72A Lakota Helicopters" - Deagel.com, 20 June 2013.
  48. ^ Thai government approves funds for helicopter procurement - Janes.com, 9 October 2013
  49. ^ a b Thailand finalises purchase of Lakota helicopters - Janes.com, 31 March 2014
  50. ^ "Thailand – UH-72A Lakota Helicopters". Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 29 September 2014.
  51. ^ "FMS: Thailand Wants Nine UH-72A Lakota Helicopters". Deagel.com, 29 September 2014.
  52. ^ "US Army considers B-model upgrade for UH-72A Lakota fleet". Flight International, 5 March 2013.
  53. ^ "Scout Helicopter Competitors to Army: It’s Time for a Flyoff". Nationaldefensemagazine.com, December 2012
  54. ^ "EADS urges US Army to buy new scout helicopter". Flight International
  55. ^ a b c "World Air Forces 2014" (PDF). Flightglobal Insight. 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  56. ^ "U.S. Naval Test Pilot School UH-72A Lakotas have arrived". navy.mil. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  57. ^ UH-72A Lakota specifications. Airbus Helicopters, Inc.
  58. ^ Eurocopter EC 145 Technical Data. Eurocopter
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