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Gosforth

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For the village in Cumbria, see Gosforth, Cumbria. For the suburb of the City of Maitland, in Australia, see Gosforth, New South Wales.
"South Gosforth" redirects here. For the Metro station, see South Gosforth Metro station.

Gosforth
The junction of High Street and Church Road. A terrace of stone fronted buildings, with a curved corner building fronted in white, from the mid-late 19th century. The modern shop fronts are not in keeping the original style of the buildings. It is set back from the road by modern paving. The far section of the building is the old fire station building (formerly Urban District offices).
Gosforth High Street
Population23,620 (2001 Census)
OS grid referenceNZ250699
Metropolitan borough
Metropolitan county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townNEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
Postcode districtNE3
Dialling code0191
PoliceNorthumbria
FireTyne and Wear
AmbulanceNorth East
List of places
UK
England
Tyne and Wear

Gosforth is an affluent,[1] well established area of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. situated to the north of the city centre. Gosforth constituted an urban district from 1895 to 1974, when it became part of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne. It has a population of 23,620.[2]

There are two electoral wards that bear the Gosforth name, East Gosforth and West Gosforth, and modern-day Gosforth includes other wards such as Parklands.

History

The origin of the area's name is thought to have come from the title Gese Ford, meaning "the ford over the Ouse", referring to a crossing over the local River Ouse or Ouseburn, but others think that it comes from the Old English Gosaford, meaning "a ford where the geese dwell", and it is first recorded as Goseford in 1166.[3] Richard Welford notes that the names of North and South Gosforth come from the north and south of the River Ouse.[4] Gosforth is first mentioned in 1166, and thus some think the settlement developed at this time[5] and South Gosforth dates back past 1319, when it has been noted that the English Army retreated there from a siege on Berwick.[6] According to the 19th century publication, A Topographical Dictionary of England, the township of Gosforth was held of the crown by the Surtees family from 1100 to 1509, when it passed by marriage to Robert Brandling.[7]

Parishes and urban districts

In 1777, Gosforth contained 7 townships of North Gosforth, South Gosforth, Coxlodge, Kenton, Fawdon, East Brunton and West Brunton.[4] By order of the Local Government Board on 20 September 1872, the parishes of South Gosforth and Coxlodge were constituted into a district, governed by the South Gosforth Local Board. After the 1894 Local Government Act, it became the South Gosforth Urban District Council. A year later, by a Northumberland County Council order dated 14 March 1895, the title was changed again to Gosforth Urban District Council.[8]

On 15 July 1903, the District Council applied for an order from Northumberland County Council, to extend its boundaries to include the parishes of North Gosforth, East Brunton, West Brunton, Fawdon and the greater part of Kenton. On 9 September 1903, an inquiry was held into the Gosforth Scheme, but the proposal was refused. The parishes of Coxlodge and South Gosforth were amalgamated into the parish of Gosforth in 1908. Gosforth then extended its boundaries after the County of Northumberland Review Order 1935, to include part of Castle Ward Rural District. This comprised parts of East Brunton, Fawdon and North Gosforth civil parishes. The Gosforth Urban District Council was finally abolished on 1 April 1974 to become part of the City of Newcastle Metropolitan Borough Council.[8]

Mining

In the 19th century, Gosforth was the location of a number of collieries, including Gosforth[9] and Coxlodge Collieries.[10] Gosforth Colliery was located in South Gosforth, while Coxlodge Colliery was west of the Great North Road. Coxlodge Colliery comprised two pits; the Regent pit, where the Regent Centre now stands, and the Jubilee pit further west on Jubilee Road.

Bulman Village

The modern-day centre of Gosforth, straddling the Great North Road (here called Gosforth High Street), originated in 1826 as a settlement known for several decades as Bulman Village. It originally consisted of a number of properties large enough to qualify occupiers for the franchise (so-called 'forty shilling freeholders' (£2)), built by the Bulman family in an attempt to provide voters for their cause in the 1826 elections. A stone bearing the name 'Bulman Village' survives and was incorporated in the façade of a later building, the Halifax Bank building north of the Brandling Arms public house.

The Blacksmith's Arms public house on Gosforth High Street stands on the site of the original blacksmith's forge.

Population

At the 2001 census there were 23,620 people living in Gosforth. In the 19th century Gosforth's population was largely deemed by the coal trade. In 1801 there were 1,385 inhabitants, most of whom lived in Kenton, and were employed in the colliery there. In 1831 the population had risen to 3,546, partly due to the opening of the Fawdon and Coxlodge collieries. Between 1831 and 1871 the population only grew by a very small amount to 3,723, due to the pits at Fawdon and Kenton having ceased to function.[4]

Archaeological finds

There have been a number of archaeological finds in Gosforth,[11] with the earliest piece being a prehistoric flint flake that was found in 1959.[12] In 1863 a 2nd-century Greek Colonial coin was found in a garden in Bulman Village.[13] A Roman altar was found in North Gosforth.[14]

Landmarks

A roundabout with a number of 1970s office blocks and green landscaping
Some of the Regent Centre buildings

It has a large business complex called the Regent Centre, which houses organisations including HM Revenue & Customs. Gosforth's main high school is Gosforth Academy, and some of the private schools in Gosforth are Westfield School and Newcastle School for Boys. St Nicholas Hospital is also located in Gosforth, which houses the Jubilee Theatre, a Victorian Theatre built in 1899.[15]

Areas of Gosforth

Apart from South Gosforth, many residential districts of Gosforth are suffixed "Park". There is Bridge Park, Brunton Park, Gosforth Park (including Newcastle Racecourse), Grange Park, Greystoke Park, Grove Park, Melton Park, Newcastle Great Park and Whitebridge Park. East of the Great North Road, Garden Village was developed on 'garden suburb' lines in the 1920s to house workers at the nearby LNER electric train depot (now the Metro depot).

Areas of Gosforth have been used as a filming locations for television shows and films. Gosforth Park was used as a location in 1971's Get Carter[16] and Whitebridge Park which was used in an episode of Wire in the Blood. Melton Park has the ruins of a chapel which dates back to early medieval or late Norman times. It may have been built on the site of a Roman fort.[17]

Brunton Park is a neighbouring estate to the Newcastle Great Park. The oldest parts in the estate have existed since the early 1930s. The rest of the estate was built during the 1940s and 1950s. It contains a number of local convenience shops. One of the newest expansions of Newcastle is the Great Park to the north of Gosforth.

Sports and entertainment

A swimming pool and gym complex behind a road and trees
Gosforth Swimming Pool

Gosforth has sports facilities such as Gosforth Swimming Pool among others. Famous sportsmen from Gosforth include footballer Alan Shearer and athlete Jonathan Edwards. The swimming pool was given a slight revamp during early 2011.[18] Newcastle Racecourse is based in Gosforth Park.

Gosforth has had a long connection with local rugby football, currently being home to the Northern Rugby Club (founded 1875)[19] and namesake of the nearby current incarnation of the Gosforth Rugby Club (originally formed in 1877). The city's rugby club, the Newcastle Falcons, was also originally based in Gosforth, also originally being called Gosforth Rugby Club, and later Newcastle Gosforth.[20] Gosforth Central Park has two bowling greens with a women's and a men's club, two tennis courts, a basketball court and a fenced play area.[21]

Gosforth has a number of golf courses including the City of Newcastle Golf Club, High Gosforth Golf Course and Gosforth Golf Course, which is a 90-acre (360,000 m2) golf course that opened in 1906.[22] Gosforth has been home to the South Northumberland Cricket Club since 1892,[23] which is home itself to the South North Bulls team.

Gosforth formerly had two cinemas, the Royalty Cinema on the High Street and the Globe Cinema on Salters Road. The Royalty Cinema opened on 17 October 1934 and closed on 30 December 1981.[24] A video documentary, Last Reel at the Royalty, viewable online was produced about the cinema's history. The Globe Cinema later became a bingo hall and is now Poon's Gosforth Palace Chinese restaurant.

The ground on which the Asda supermarket stands was formerly the Gosforth Greyhound Stadium until the late 1980s and the home of Northumberland RFU. The stadium had also previously been a Speedway Track from 1929–30.[25][26]

The Opus Art Gallery is located just off the High Street.[27]

Business

A semi-circular cylinder shaped tower building that is ten storeys tall, faced in glass and sandstone
Partnership House, originally intended as the new headquarters of Northern Rock prior to its collapse, now primarily used by Carillion Energy Services
A number of black/grey buildings and taller sandstone and glass building, used as the headquarters of the Northern Rock bank
Virgin Money savings and mortgages business headquarters, formerly Northern Rock

Many businesses have offices in the Regent Centre complex, near the High Street, as well as other business parks including Gosforth Industrial Estate, located near the Metro train sheds, and Gosforth Business Park, located between Gosforth Park and nearby Longbenton.

Gosforth houses Northern Rock House, the headquarters of the savings and mortgages business of Virgin Money, formerly the Northern Rock bank, which are next to the Regent Centre development on Regent Farm Road. In September 2008 Northern Rock was nationalised due to the problems it has experienced during the credit crunch and later in January 2012 it was bought by Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Money. Virgin has promised that no compulsory redundancies are to be made to any current Northern Rock employees and has vowed to keep the headquarters to the new savings and mortgages business in the former Northern Rock buildings.

Northern Rock had a landmark tower building, built in the 1960s, which in the 2000s was replaced with a 10 storey office building; Partnership House, as it is now known since being sold by the bank, houses the Real Partnership, a coalition between Newcastle City Council and Carillion (formerly Eaga). Other resident companies of Regent Centre include the National Health Service (NHS) and the Department for Transport among others.

Greggs, the largest national retail bakery, originally started with John Gregg's single shop on Gosforth High Street in 1951; initially Greggs was known as Greggs of Gosforth.[28] In 1968 Greggs opened their first large-scale bakery on the Gosforth Industrial Estate, but in 2011 moved to a £16.5 million site in Gosforth Business Park on Gosforth Park Way.[29] In 2012 the Greggs on the High Street was given a concept makeover depicting their 'Greggs the Bakery' format.[30]

Procter & Gamble PLC formerly had their UK head office in Newcastle, at Hedley House, Gosforth, that was developed in the 1950s. The principal building in this complex, Hedley House itself (c. 1953) was designed by Sidney Burn, staff architect to Thos. Hedley & Co., soap manufacturers, in association with consultant architect Anthony Chitty. In 1963/64 an addition to the site included a computer block by Sir Basil Spence (1963/64). The landscape setting was designed by B. Hackett. The 1994 extension to the site (now demolished) won the 1994 New Building Category in the Lord Mayor’s Design Awards. Procter & Gamble left the site in 2001 to move to Cobalt Business Park, near the eastern city boundary with North Tyneside, and the Gosforth land is now used for residential properties.[31]

The Sage Group have their headquarters in North Park which is just north of Gosforth and in the Great Park developments; another office building occupied by the NHS is also located near the Great North Park. In 2004 Sage moved its headquarters to this location from a site in Benton.

Shopping

A 1970s monolithic shopping centre, mostly grey/brown in colour. In the foreground the busy high street with a number of travelling cars.
Gosforth Shopping Centre, showing Sainsbury's

Gosforth High Street has been home to local shops for over a hundred years.[32] Shops on the High Street include a branch of Boots, Thorpes (a well established local hardware store), estate agents, hairdressers and banks, among many others. In 1979 the Gosforth Shopping Centre opened on the High Street and connects to Gosforth Central Park; shops here include a Sainsbury's and a WHSmith. There is also a branch of Virgin Money and a Cancer Research charity shop. The park was created on the site of a former nursery for £10,000 and opened on 6 August 1932.[33] A theatre stood on part of the site of the Gosforth Shopping Centre. The stage faced the park and a huge door could be opened to entertain an outdoor audience. The theatre was damaged in a fire shortly before the Shopping Centre was built.

Many shops have come and gone from Gosforth High Street over the years, including familiar names such as: Robinson's Pet Shop which was near Elmfield Road; Boydell's Toys on the corner of Hawthorn Road; Maynard's sweet shop, the Toddle Inn Cafe and Laidlaw's hardware and decorating store – all of which were situated opposite the junction with St. Nicholas Avenue; and Moods – a stationery and gift shop – which stood where the Gosforth Centre is now, opposite Ivy Road.

The High Street had a Woolworths store,[34] which closed on 3 January 2009, due to the company being in administration. On 10 December the former Woolworths store reopened as a Co-operative Food store,[35] after plans to change the store into an Italian restaurant were rejected.

The car park on the corner of the High Street and Salters Road is the former site of a school.[31]

As of spring 2009 local councillors, Trinity Church and Gavin Black (agent for Gosforth Shopping Centre) are working on a strategy for developing Gosforth High Street. Gavin Black are wishing to use a covered entrance near Trinity, bring the entrance of the shopping centre forward. This is hoped to tie in with the Trinity Square development, on the area of land in front of the church. Trinity Square is to be the focal point of the High Street, giving a space for farmers' markets, street theatre and other community activities. There may be a raised paved link across to the shopping centre. This project may cost around £400,000, meaning this may be a long term plan. There was to be a mall refurbishment costing £600,000 in 2010. As of late 2009 units 22 and 23 are currently under discussion for a possible restaurant site. Nick Cott, Councillor for West Gosforth ward, noted that current discussions were about transport issues and environmental improvements.

Gosforth Shopping Centre is owned by Graham Wylie, co-founder of the Sage Group, which itself is headquartered just outside Gosforth in the North Park development.[36]

Supermarkets

A 1980s medium-sized supermarket building, viewed from across the Great North Road
Asda Gosforth was built on the site of a greyhound stadium in the 1980s.

Opposite Regent Centre interchange is a 24-hour Asda, which lies on the site of a former dog-racing track. The Asda supermarket was refurbished and extended[37] in 2007 to include a photographic service centre and restaurant. It was extended again in 2014 to include a new petrol station.

Gosforth is also host to many smaller-type supermarkets, designed for quick "Essentials" service, such as the Cooperative Food store in the Regent Farm estate, there is also a smaller Asda store (former Netto), which was built on the ground of a former Kwik Save store. A Marks & Spencer Food store opened in late 2014 which stands on the site of the Multi York furniture shop opposite the Regent Centre Interchange.[38]

In 2008, Sainsbury's opened a store in Gosforth High Street's Gosforth Shopping Centre, on the site of a former Kwik Save/Somerfield store. Nearby Kingston Park houses one of the country's largest Tesco supermarkets, which is known as a "Tesco Extra" superstore.[39]

Newcastle City Council reported to Great Park residents in a meeting that it has outline planning permission in 2007/08 for a new supermarket. However no such location has yet been confirmed.

Coffee shops and public houses

In addition to local cafés such as Trinity Cafe, Rosie's and Great Coffee, the high street also has chain cafés including a Caffè Nero and a Costa Coffee.

The Brandling Arms pub on the High Street has its own local edition of My Monopoly, using Gosforth locations. Other pubs on Gosforth High Street are the Gosforth Hotel, the Queen Victoria (known for a short time as Northern Lights), the Blacksmith's Arms, Barca (formally Earl Grey) and the Job Bulman, a branch of Wetherspoons located in the former 1920s post office building on St. Nicholas Avenue, and named after the founder of Bulman Village. The County Hotel, towards the southern end of the centre of Gosforth, is the southernmost High Street pub famed for its large selection of real ale. Former public houses in Gosforth include the Collingwood in Regent Farm, and the Royal George in Brunton Park which closed in June 2009. The Three Mile Inn, which includes Scalini's (an Italian restaurant), is located north of the High Street on the historic Great North Road.

South Gosforth has three pubs: The Millstone on Haddricksmill Road; the Brandling Villa at the corner of Haddricksmill Road and Station Road; and The Victory on Killingworth Road.

Transport, communication and amenities

Transport

A 1980s multi-storey car park with a large tarmac bus area and light railway station. Two buses can be seen in the station. A red coloured roof is over a section of the bus and metro station and the metro station has its own roof coloured in cadmium yellow.
Regent Centre Interchange

Gosforth is served by five Tyne and Wear Metro stations: Ilford Road, South Gosforth, Regent Centre, Wansbeck Road and Fawdon. The control centre for the Metro system is located at South Gosforth station, and the main depot and car sheds are nearby. Regent Centre's Transport Interchange also contains a large bus station and multi-storey car park.

In 1902 Gosforth was linked by tramway to Wallsend, then Newcastle a year later; this tramway has long since been removed as other travel links evolved.[32] The Gosforth Park Light Railway extended the tramlines from the High Street to the gates of Gosforth Park; this service ceased in 1930.[40] In the late 1850s, prior to horse trams, a resident by the name of Mark Frater established an omnibus service connecting Gosforth and Newcastle.[41]

In 1864 Gosforth was connected to the Blyth and Tyne Railway.[42] In 1905 the Ponteland Railway was opened from Gosforth to Ponteland. Three stations in Gosforth were on this route, South Gosforth (the 1864 station renamed), West Gosforth and Coxlodge.[43] With the opening of the Metro system in the 1980s the locations of these stations were used for the modern South Gosforth, Regent Centre and Fawdon stations respectively.

In 2009 Newcastle City Council agreed to £9.6 million worth of plans to revamp roads around Gosforth, including the High Street and the Great North Road. With the proposed improvements there would be up to 13 months of roadworks, starting in 2012. The High Street is to have bus lanes, and other traffic is to be confined to one lane in each direction. The city council aims to get 90% of the funding for the congestion improvements from the Department for Transport.[44]

Communications

NE3 is the postcode area for Gosforth and BT landlines start with (0191) 213, 217, 223, 226, 236, 255, 279, 284 and 285.

Cable, provided by Virgin Media, does not fully cover Gosforth. For example, it is not available to homes covered by the Wideopen Telephone Exchange in the north of the suburb, or in Garden Village to the east of the Asda superstore, or the Regent Farm area. ADSL and ADSL2+ are widely available in Gosforth, and BT Infinity broadband was activated in 2011. Gosforth is currently a pilot area for the G.fast DSL technology.[45]

Amenities

In the late 19th century a volunteer fire brigade was started in Gosforth,[41] later in 1894 a fire station was built on Gosforth High Street and since 1990 Gosforth has been served by Gosforth Community Fire Station, located on Jubilee Road.[46] Gosforth's first police station opened in 1857, with 4 policemen, due to the County Constabulary Act of 1856.[4] Its last police station, on Hawthorn Road,[47] closed in the 1990s and Gosforth is now served from Etal Lane Police Station.

Gosforth has a number of post offices, however on 1 July 2008 the Post Office announced the next set of post offices which would close; the Gosforth Garden Village branch and a nearby branch in Kenton closed.[48] A public meeting was held about the closure the Garden Village post office on the evening of 28 July. Postal facilities had first been introduced in Gosforth in around 1840.[4]

Whilst the fire brigade was stationed in Gosforth there was a siren that used to alert motorists and public alike that they would be leaving the hidden entrance. The alert was the original All Clear Siren from Second World War.

An unattended mortuary was situated in what was at one time quite an isolated rural spot to the east of the Three Mile Bridge. This small single-storey red-brick building with green doors was surrounded by trees and a crooked metal fence and was used for people who had died from infectious diseases or had been killed in road traffic accidents. Residents of nearby Burnside Road (built in the late 1950s) would hear ambulances pass down the lane in the middle of the night and see undertakers arrive to collect bodies during the day. This continued into the 1960s. When a housing estate was built in the 1980s, the site of the mortuary was not built on and is currently a small car parking area.[49]

Gosforth Library

A 2007 two storey library building. The lower floor is brown brick and the upper floor is finished in white square tiles. Above the offset entrance on the left there is a section finished in green. The upper floor has large square windows.
The new Gosforth Library

Gosforth has a public library which was re-built in 2007. In November 2006, the old Gosforth Library was closed and moved to a nearby temporary location. The single-storey building was subsequently demolished and has been replaced by a new two-storey building. The new Library and Customer Service Centre, costing £2.8 million opened on 17 December 2007. The library was officially opened on 8 February 2008 by John Grundy, a local television presenter; music pupils from the then Gosforth High School also performed at the opening.[50]

In 2014 the Gosforth Customer Service Centre closed and the space is now occupied by part of Newcastle City Learning.[51] The new building will also incorporate 'public art' to give the centre an identity and a connection with the local area. The library is also used as a polling station.[52]

Gosforth Civic Hall

The current civic hall in Gosforth is on Regent Farm Road and was built in the 1970s as a replacement for the old Central Hall on the High Street. A Second World War plaque is located in the hall. As of 2011 the hall is not regularly used and the council are looking at other potential community uses for the building.

Education

Religious sites

  • Parish church. The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas and was built in 1799 to the design of John Dodds, replacing an earlier church building. The architect John Dobson was responsible for some alterations to the church in 1818–20. The eastern half was added in 1913, to the designs of Hicks and Charlewood. A new vestry was added in 1959, partly as a war memorial, designed by F.W. Harvey. The church's predecessor was mentioned in 1170, when the advowson changed hands. In 1220 Gosforth was also mentioned, according to Brand's History of Newcastle. The earliest parish register is dated 1697.[41][53]
  • St Charles' (Roman Catholic) . The parish of St. Charles' came into being at Coxlodge in 1861. The land on which the church now stands in Gosforth was donated by George Dunn Jnr. in 1896. An iron church was opened on 20 December 1896. It measured 25½ yards by 10 yards. Building of the current church began with the blessing and laying of a foundation stone by the Right Rev. Richard Collins, Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle, on 14 August 1910, and the new church was dedicated in 1911. The solemn opening was a Pontifical High Mass celebrated by Bishop Collins on 3 December 1911. In 2003, work commenced on the construction of a new parish centre on the land adjacent to the church on the north side, formerly occupied by the original St. Charles' Primary School, and this was officially opened in September 2004 by Canon Bob Spence.[54]
  • All Saints', West Avenue. The church was designed by the Diocesan Architect, Mr. Robert J. Johnson. Building work at the church commenced in 1855, and the prominent west tower was added in 1896. All Saints’ Church was consecrated on 2 October in 1887 and is a fine example of Gothic Revival architecture. The tower of the church houses ten bells and it is surmounted by a battlement and flagstaff.[55]
  • Trinity Church. This church was formed from an amalgamation of three non-conformist chapels on the west side of Gosforth High Street. The building was formerly known as West Avenue Methodist Church.[56]
  • Gosforth Presbyterian Church. This church has been amalgamated into Trinity Church. The premises are now (2015) occupied by Loch Fyne Fish Restaurant.
  • Woodbine Road Primitive Methodist. This church has been amalgamated into Trinity Church. The premises are now (2015) occupied by the Northern Rock Foundation.
  • South Gosforth Methodist Church was on Freeman Road near the Freeman Hospital. It is now Trinity Christian Community Centre, administered by Trinity Church, Gosforth.
  • Regent Chapel. In 1938 a group of Christian families living in the Gosforth area felt the need for a Bible-based church for weekly services. The church was able to rent premises above the Co-operative Society on the Great North Road in Gosforth, and the new church began to meet there and take shape. In 1960, the present site in Regent Farm Road became available and with some imaginative planning a new building which cost £7,500 was built on the site.[57]

Notable people

Born in Gosforth

Residents of Gosforth

Listed buildings

There are a number of buildings with listed status in Gosforth:[31]

  • The Stables, The Drive (Grade II)
  • The Lodge, 2 The Drive (Grade II)
  • Burnstead, Broadway East (Grade ll)
  • All Saints' Church, West Avenue (Grade II)
  • West Avenue Methodist Church (now Trinity Church) (Grade II)
  • The County Inn, High Street (Grade II)
  • 1–2 Roseworth Terrace (Grade II)
  • 32–36 and 38–52 High Street (Grade II)
  • 7–21 and 23–33 The Grove (Grade II)
  • 39–73 Graham Park Road flats (Grade II)
  • The Queen Victoria, High Street (Grade ll)
  • The Gosforth Hotel, High Street (Grade ll)
  • 31–49 Moor End, Moor Crescent (Grade ll)
  • Yard House, Roseworth Crescent (Grade ll)
Gosforth High Street
  • A terrace of stone fronted buildings, with a curved corner building fronted in white, from the mid-late 19th century
    North end of High Street
  • A 19th-century public house building and shops behind a road and pavement
    Gosforth Hotel and shops on Gosforth High Street
  • A church building on the left and shopping centre on the right. In the middle a busy road.
    High Street taken from in between the two churches
  • A busy road with shops on both sides
    Southern approach to High Street
  • The side entrance of a 1970s brown shopping centre. A post office and charity shop can be seen.
    Side of Gosforth Shopping Centre
  • A two-storey brick public house, formerly used as a post office
    Job Bulman pub, a former post office building

References

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  30. ^ "Philip Watts creates new Greggs concept". Design Week. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
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