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{{Main|Holden VB Commodore}}
{{Main|Holden VB Commodore}}


[[File:1978-1980 Holden VB Commodore 3.3 sedan 03.jpg|thumb|left|Holden VB Commodore]]
[[File:1978-1980 Holden VB(named after Victoria Bitter because the designer was a drunk!!!) Commodore 3.3 sedan 03.jpg|thumb|left|Holden VB Commodore]]


Introduced in October 1978,<ref>[[#Bebbington (1998)|Bebbington (1998)]], p. 59.</ref> the Holden VB Commodore development covered a period with the effects of the [[1973 oil crisis]] still being felt.<ref name = "Robinson (2006), p. 24">[[#Robinson (2006)|Robinson (2006)]], p. 24. "Australia, protected from the ravages of the first 1973 energy crisis, felt the full force of [[OPEC]]’s decision to raise oil prices by 140 per cent […]. Petrol shortages, rationing and dramatic fuel price increases, forced the global car industry into what was quickly dubbed 'downsizing' […]. Holden had already downsized, now the rest of the automotive world shuddered and began what seemed an inexorable move towards smaller cars."</ref> Hence, when Holden decided to replace the successful [[Full-size car|full-size]] [[Holden Kingswood#HZ|HZ Kingswood]] with a new model line, they designed the new car to be smaller and more fuel efficient.<ref>[[#Whelan (1978)|Whelan (1978)]], p. 22. "It had to be a family car, which meant it needed similar interior dimensions to the Holden Kingswood, but it had to be fuel- and space efficient, which meant it had to be smaller and sleeker overall."</ref> Originally, Holden looked at developing a new [[Holden Kingswood#WA|WA Kingswood]], however, this project was later dismissed.<ref>[[#Robinson (2006)|Robinson (2006)]], p. 21. "Holden planned to replace the HQ with the WA but management indecision meant the project was discarded."</ref> With no replacement in development and at the urging of GM headquarters, Holden looked towards [[Opel]] for providing the foundations of the VB, basing it loosely on the four-cylinder [[Opel Rekord|Rekord E]] bodyshell with the front grafted on from the [[Opel Senator|Opel Senator A]]. This change was necessitated to accommodate the larger [[Holden motor|Holden six-]] and [[Holden V8 engine|eight-cylinder engines]].<ref>[[#Robinson (2006)|Robinson (2006)]], p. 22. "It accepted Opel’s Rekord, knowing the four-cylinder required re-engineering to […] accommodate the local in-line six-cylinder and V8 engines. […] The VB mixed the nose of the longer six-cylinder Opel Senator, […] to the cabin and rearward of the cheaper Rekord."</ref> Holden also adopted the name "Commodore" from Opel, which had been using the name since 1967.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://media.gm.com/intl/opel/en/download/doc/history/opel_historie_all_pics.doc | format = [[DOC (computing)|DOC]] | title = Opel History | publisher = [[General Motors]] | accessdate = 2009-07-14}}</ref> Opel went on to use Holden’s Rekord-Senator hybrid as a foundation for its new generation [[Opel Commodore#Commodore C (1977–1982)|Commodore C]], slotting in between the two donor models.<ref>[[#Tuckey (1999)|Tuckey (1999)]], p. 33. "The Rekord with the Senator nose job […] was so well proportioned that Opel later picked up the bastard child to fit between its Rekord and Senator on the European market and named it – guess what? – Commodore."</ref> Using GM’s [[rear-wheel drive]] [[GM V platform (RWD)|V-body platform]] as used by the Rekord and Senator,<ref>[[#Bebbington (1998)|Bebbington (1998)]], p. 59. "The Commodore was [...] based on the Opel V-car using components from the German GM subsidiary’s Rekord, Commodore and Senator models.</ref> the VB retained 96&nbsp;percent of the preceding HZ Kingswood's interior space, despite being 14&nbsp;percent smaller in overall dimensions, although five&nbsp;percent larger than the [[Holden Torana|Torana]].<ref>[[#Robinson (2006)|Robinson (2006)]], p. 23. "The footprint of the Commodore was five per cent bigger than the Torana, but 14 percent smaller than the Kingswood. Yet, […] the cabin enclosed 96 per cent of the older model’s interior space."</ref> With the Commodore dropping a full class below the Kingswood and its [[Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]] competitor, the smaller Commodore was predictably more fuel-efficient.<ref>[[#Wright (1998)|Wright (1998)]], p. 254. "The [[Ford Falcon (Australia)|Falcon]] was in a superior class to the Commodore—in Fordspeak a D class (large) car rather than a C class (medium) car. […] The only Holden to directly compete with the [[Ford XD Falcon|XD Falcon]] was the aged Kingswood."</ref> This downsizing was first seen as a major disadvantage for Holden, as they had effectively relinquished the potential of selling Commodores to the [[Fleet vehicle|fleet]] and [[Taxicab|taxi]] industries.<ref>[[#Wright (1998)|Wright (1998)]], p. 265. "The taxi industry put interior space at a premium and so, in many cases, did government and private industry fleet buyers. Every Commodore not sold into a fleet—because the car was perceived as too small, too expensive, or both—generally meant the sale of a Ford instead."</ref> These sales losses were thought to be unrecoverable; however, the [[1979 energy crisis]] saw Australian oil prices rise by 140&nbsp;percent, putting substantial strain on the automotive industry to collectively downsize. To Holden’s advantage, the change had already been done, thus giving them a niche in the marketplace.<ref name = "Robinson (2006), p. 24"/>
Introduced in October 1978,<ref>[[#Bebbington (1998)|Bebbington (1998)]], p. 59.</ref> the Holden VB Commodore development covered a period with the effects of the [[1973 oil crisis]] still being felt.<ref name = "Robinson (2006), p. 24">[[#Robinson (2006)|Robinson (2006)]], p. 24. "Australia, protected from the ravages of the first 1973 energy crisis, felt the full force of [[OPEC]]’s decision to raise oil prices by 140 per cent […]. Petrol shortages, rationing and dramatic fuel price increases, forced the global car industry into what was quickly dubbed 'downsizing' […]. Holden had already downsized, now the rest of the automotive world shuddered and began what seemed an inexorable move towards smaller cars."</ref> Hence, when Holden decided to replace the successful [[Full-size car|full-size]] [[Holden Kingswood#HZ|HZ Kingswood]] with a new model line, they designed the new car to be smaller and more fuel efficient.<ref>[[#Whelan (1978)|Whelan (1978)]], p. 22. "It had to be a family car, which meant it needed similar interior dimensions to the Holden Kingswood, but it had to be fuel- and space efficient, which meant it had to be smaller and sleeker overall."</ref> Originally, Holden looked at developing a new [[Holden Kingswood#WA|WA Kingswood]], however, this project was later dismissed.<ref>[[#Robinson (2006)|Robinson (2006)]], p. 21. "Holden planned to replace the HQ with the WA but management indecision meant the project was discarded."</ref> With no replacement in development and at the urging of GM headquarters, Holden looked towards [[Opel]] for providing the foundations of the VB, basing it loosely on the four-cylinder [[Opel Rekord|Rekord E]] bodyshell with the front grafted on from the [[Opel Senator|Opel Senator A]]. This change was necessitated to accommodate the larger [[Holden motor|Holden six-]] and [[Holden V8 engine|eight-cylinder engines]].<ref>[[#Robinson (2006)|Robinson (2006)]], p. 22. "It accepted Opel’s Rekord, knowing the four-cylinder required re-engineering to […] accommodate the local in-line six-cylinder and V8 engines. […] The VB mixed the nose of the longer six-cylinder Opel Senator, […] to the cabin and rearward of the cheaper Rekord."</ref> Holden also adopted the name "Commodore" from Opel, which had been using the name since 1967.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://media.gm.com/intl/opel/en/download/doc/history/opel_historie_all_pics.doc | format = [[DOC (computing)|DOC]] | title = Opel History | publisher = [[General Motors]] | accessdate = 2009-07-14}}</ref> Opel went on to use Holden’s Rekord-Senator hybrid as a foundation for its new generation [[Opel Commodore#Commodore C (1977–1982)|Commodore C]], slotting in between the two donor models.<ref>[[#Tuckey (1999)|Tuckey (1999)]], p. 33. "The Rekord with the Senator nose job […] was so well proportioned that Opel later picked up the bastard child to fit between its Rekord and Senator on the European market and named it – guess what? – Commodore."</ref> Using GM’s [[rear-wheel drive]] [[GM V platform (RWD)|V-body platform]] as used by the Rekord and Senator,<ref>[[#Bebbington (1998)|Bebbington (1998)]], p. 59. "The Commodore was [...] based on the Opel V-car using components from the German GM subsidiary’s Rekord, Commodore and Senator models.</ref> the VB retained 96&nbsp;percent of the preceding HZ Kingswood's interior space, despite being 14&nbsp;percent smaller in overall dimensions, although five&nbsp;percent larger than the [[Holden Torana|Torana]].<ref>[[#Robinson (2006)|Robinson (2006)]], p. 23. "The footprint of the Commodore was five per cent bigger than the Torana, but 14 percent smaller than the Kingswood. Yet, […] the cabin enclosed 96 per cent of the older model’s interior space."</ref> With the Commodore dropping a full class below the Kingswood and its [[Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]] competitor, the smaller Commodore was predictably more fuel-efficient.<ref>[[#Wright (1998)|Wright (1998)]], p. 254. "The [[Ford Falcon (Australia)|Falcon]] was in a superior class to the Commodore—in Fordspeak a D class (large) car rather than a C class (medium) car. […] The only Holden to directly compete with the [[Ford XD Falcon|XD Falcon]] was the aged Kingswood."</ref> This downsizing was first seen as a major disadvantage for Holden, as they had effectively relinquished the potential of selling Commodores to the [[Fleet vehicle|fleet]] and [[Taxicab|taxi]] industries.<ref>[[#Wright (1998)|Wright (1998)]], p. 265. "The taxi industry put interior space at a premium and so, in many cases, did government and private industry fleet buyers. Every Commodore not sold into a fleet—because the car was perceived as too small, too expensive, or both—generally meant the sale of a Ford instead."</ref> These sales losses were thought to be unrecoverable; however, the [[1979 energy crisis]] saw Australian oil prices rise by 140&nbsp;percent, putting substantial strain on the automotive industry to collectively downsize. To Holden’s advantage, the change had already been done, thus giving them a niche in the marketplace.<ref name = "Robinson (2006), p. 24"/>

Revision as of 06:10, 14 October 2009

Holden Commodore
2006–2007 Holden VE Calais V sedan.
Overview
ManufacturerHolden
Also calledChevrolet Lumina
Chevrolet Omega
Holden Berlina
Holden Calais
Opel Calais
Pontiac G8
Toyota Lexcen
Production1978–present
AssemblyDandenong, Victoria, Australia (1978–1988)
Elizabeth, South Australia, Australia (1980–present)
Pagewood, New South Wales, Australia (1978–1980)
Trentham, New Zealand (1978–1990)
Body and chassis
ClassMid-size (1978–1988)
Full-size (1988–present)
Body style2-door utility
4-door sedan
5-door station wagon
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel drive
PlatformGM V (1978–2006)
GM Zeta (2006–present)
Chronology
PredecessorHolden Kingswood

The Holden Commodore is an automobile manufactured by the Holden division of General Motors (GM) in Australia, and, formerly, in New Zealand. In the mid-1970s, Holden established proposals to replace the long-serving Kingswood nameplate with a smaller, Opel-based model. Opel continued to provide the basis for future generations until the launch of the fourth generation in 2006. This came to be Holden's most expensive project yet, deploying an all-Australian design.

Initially introduced as a single sedan body style, the range expanded in 1979 to include a station wagon, with utility and long-wheelbase Holden Statesman/Caprice derivatives following in 1990. The foundations for a revived Monaro coupé, four-door Crewman utility, and all-wheel drive Adventra crossover were provided by the now discontinued third generation architecture. From 1984, Holden began branding the flagship Commodore model as Holden Calais; the Holden Berlina and Holden Ute followed in 1988 and 2000, respectively. These were known previously as the Commodore Berlina and Commodore utility.

To combat increasing sales erosion and the limitations of the small Australian market, Holden has broadened the Commodore's export plans. Commodores are sent abroad as the Chevrolet Lumina, Chevrolet Omega, Pontiac G8 and Vauxhall VXR8, while also having been previously sold as the Toyota Lexcen in Australia, and the Opel Calais in Malaysia and Singapore. Rivalry has come predominantly from the Ford Falcon—also locally-built, however, prior to the 1988 onward second generation Commodore, the Holden was positioned a full class below the full-size Falcon. To a lesser degree, competition has also come from Toyota, and previously Mitsubishi Motors, with their mid-size cars.

First generation

VB (1978–1980)

Main article: Holden VB Commodore
File:1978-1980 Holden VB(named after Victoria Bitter because the designer was a drunk!!!) Commodore 3.3 sedan 03.jpg
Holden VB Commodore

Introduced in October 1978,[1] the Holden VB Commodore development covered a period with the effects of the 1973 oil crisis still being felt.[2] Hence, when Holden decided to replace the successful full-size HZ Kingswood with a new model line, they designed the new car to be smaller and more fuel efficient.[3] Originally, Holden looked at developing a new WA Kingswood, however, this project was later dismissed.[4] With no replacement in development and at the urging of GM headquarters, Holden looked towards Opel for providing the foundations of the VB, basing it loosely on the four-cylinder Rekord E bodyshell with the front grafted on from the Opel Senator A. This change was necessitated to accommodate the larger Holden six- and eight-cylinder engines.[5] Holden also adopted the name "Commodore" from Opel, which had been using the name since 1967.[6] Opel went on to use Holden’s Rekord-Senator hybrid as a foundation for its new generation Commodore C, slotting in between the two donor models.[7] Using GM’s rear-wheel drive V-body platform as used by the Rekord and Senator,[8] the VB retained 96 percent of the preceding HZ Kingswood's interior space, despite being 14 percent smaller in overall dimensions, although five percent larger than the Torana.[9] With the Commodore dropping a full class below the Kingswood and its Ford Falcon competitor, the smaller Commodore was predictably more fuel-efficient.[10] This downsizing was first seen as a major disadvantage for Holden, as they had effectively relinquished the potential of selling Commodores to the fleet and taxi industries.[11] These sales losses were thought to be unrecoverable; however, the 1979 energy crisis saw Australian oil prices rise by 140 percent, putting substantial strain on the automotive industry to collectively downsize. To Holden’s advantage, the change had already been done, thus giving them a niche in the marketplace.[2]

During the VB’s development, Holden realised that when driven at speed over harsh Australian roads, the Rekord would effectively break in half at the firewall.[12] This forced Holden to rework the entire car for local conditions, resulting in only 35 percent commonality with the Opel. The Rekord’s MacPherson strut front suspension was accordingly modified,[13] and the recirculating ball steering was replaced with a rack and pinion type.[14] These modifications blew development costs beyond expectations to a reported AU$110 million[15]—a figure close to the cost of developing a new model independently.[16] With such a large sum consumed by the VB development programme, Holden was left with insufficient finances to resource the development of a station wagon variant.[17] Added that the Commodore architecture was considered an unsuitable base for utility and long-wheelbase models,[18] Holden was left with only a sedan, albeit one in three levels of luxury: a base, SL, and SL/E.[19] Desperate measures forced Holden to shape the Commodore front-end to the rear of the Rekord wagon, plaguing the it with inevitable component differences from the sedan.[17] In face of these issues, VB was praised for its value for money and sophistication, securing the Wheels Car of the Year award for 1978.[20]

VC (1980–1981)

Main article: Holden VC Commodore
Holden VC Commodore SL

The most significant change to the VC Commodore of March 1980 was the engine upgrading to "XT5" specification. Now painted blue and thus known as the Blue straight-sixes and Holden V8s, these replaced the Red units fitted to the VB and earlier cars.[21] Changes included a new twelve-port cylinder head, re-designed combustion chambers, inlet and exhaust manifolds, a new two-barrel carburettor and a Bosch electronic ignition system for the inline sixes.[22] Tweaks and changes to the V8s surrounded the implementation of electronic ignition, revised cylinder head and inlet manifold design and the fitment of a four-barrel carburettor on the 4.2 litre variant. These changes brought improved efficiency, increased outputs and aided driveability.[23] In response to increasing oil prices, a four-cylinder variant was spawned in June 1980. Displacing 1.9 litres, this powerplant known as Starfire was effectively Holden's existing straight-six with two cylinders removed.[24] The four's peak power output of 58 kilowatts (78 hp) and torque rated at 140 newton-metres (100 ft⋅lbf) meant it's performance was compromised.[25] Reports indicate that the need to push the engine hard to extract performance led to real-world fuel consumption similar to the straight-sixes.[26]

Holden’s emphasis on fuel economy extended beyond powertrains, with a fuel consumption vacuum gauge replacing the tachometer throughout the range, although this could be optioned back with the sports instrumentation package.[27] Visual changes were limited: the relocation of the corporate crest to the centre of the redesigned grille, black-coloured trim applied to the tail lamp surrounds on sedans, and the embossment of model badging into the side rubbing strips. The previously undesignated base car, was now the Commodore L, opening up the range for a new unbadged sub-level car.[28] This delete option model (opt. A9K), was de-specified and available only to fleet customers.[29] On the premium Commodore SL/E, a resurrected "Shadowtone" exterior paint option became available in a limited range of dark-over-light colour combinations,[30] a feature not seen on a Holden since the days of the FB Special introduced in 1960.[31] According to contemporary sources, changes made to the VC's steering produced a heavier feel and inclined understeer, while the revised suspension gave a softer ride and addressed concerns raised while riding fully laden.[32]

VH (1981–1984)

Main article: Holden VH Commodore
Holden VH Commodore SL/X

The 1981 VH series ended the Commodore's position as Australia's bestselling car for the first time, despite it being an evolution of the previous model. As the 1979 energy crisis drew to a close, buyers gravitated towards the larger Ford Falcon rival. The Holden's six-cylinder engine, which was carried over from the Kingswood, could trace its roots back to 1963 and was no longer competitive. Continual improvements made to the Falcon meant the Commodore was not significantly more fuel-efficient or better performing despite the smaller size. Holden also had to deal with the influx of their own new Camira, which presented comparable interior room and fuel savings, and for less than the Commodore pricing point.[33]

Moderately updated front bodywork, with new headlights and horizontally-slatted grille dominated the front-end of the VH Commodore, producing a lower yet wider look that was in the interest of aerodynamics. Sedans featured redesigned tail light clusters, the design of which borrowed from Mercedes-Benz models of the day, using a louvered design that prevented the build-up of dirt. The range-topping SL/E featured tail lamp extension reflectors to meet up with the license plate alcove and wrap-around chrome rear bumper extensions to the rear wheel arches.[34]

Mechanical specifications carried over, except for a new five-speed manual transmission, optional on the 1.9 litre four-cylinder and 2.85 litre six-cylinder versions.[34] In a desperate attempt to improve the dwindling sales of the straight-four engine, Holden spent considerable time improving its performance and efficiency. Substantial effort was also poured into the 2.85 litre six, and the powerplants managed to reduce fuel consumption by 12.5 and 14 percent correspondingly. At the same time, the nomenclature of the range was rationalised. The SL was now the base model, the SL/X was the mid-range and as before, SL/E was the top-of-the-line variant, while wagons were restricted to the SL and SL/X variants.[35] In 1982 the SS sports model was introduced, being a Commodore mainstay ever since.[36] The SS was fitted with Holden's 4.2 litre V8. Racing driver Peter Brock's HDT Special Vehicles business produced three upgrade versions, known as Group One, Group Two and Group Three, featuring a choice of 4.2 and 5.0 litre V8 engines.[37] To this day, Brock's modified VH Commodores are highly sought after, attracting high prices at auctions.[38]

VK (1984–1986)

Main article: Holden VK Commodore
Holden VK Commodore

Representing the first major change since the VB original, the VK model of 1984 introduced a six-window glasshouse, as opposed to the previous four-window design, to make the Commodore appear larger.[39] The revised design helped stimulate sales, which totalled 135,000 in two years. This did not put an end to Holden’s monetary woes. Sales of the initially popular Camira slumped due to unforeseen quality issues,[33] while the WB series Utility and Statesman were starting to show their age; their 1971 origins compared unfavourably with Ford’s more modern Fairlane.[40]

New names for the trim levels were also introduced, such as Commodore Executive (an SL with air conditioning and automatic transmission), Commodore Berlina (replacing SL/X) and Calais (replacing SL/E).[41] The 3.3 litre Blue straight-six engine was replaced by the Black specification, gaining computer-controlled ignition system on the carburettor versions and optional electronic fuel injection boosting power output to 106 kilowatts (142 hp).[42] The 5.0 litre V8 engine continued to power high specification variants, but was shrunk from 5044 cc to 4987 cc in 1985 due to new Group A racing homologation rules. The new unit cut its predecessor's weight by 75 kilograms (165 lb) and models were fitted with an upgraded braking system. As high oil prices became a thing of the past, Holden decided to drop the 2.85 litre six and 4.2 litre V8,[39] while the 1.9 litre four-cylinder was limited to New Zealand.[43]

VL (1986–1988)

Main article: Holden VL Commodore
Holden VL Commodore Vacationer

Marking a high point in terms of sales, the last-of-the-series VL Commodore sold in record numbers, finally managing to outsell the Ford Falcon in the private sector.[44] The 1986 VL represented a substantial makeover of the VK and would be the last of the mid-size Commodores. Designers distanced the Commodore further away from its Opel origins, by smoothing the lines of the outer body and incorporating a subtle tail spoiler. A thorough redesign of the nose saw the Commodore gain sleek, narrow headlamps and a shallower grille, while the Calais specification employed unique partially concealed headlamps.[45]

By this stage, Holden’s 30 year old six-cylinder was thoroughly outmoded and would have been difficult to re-engineer to comply with pending emission standards and the introduction of unleaded fuel. This led Holden to sign a deal with Nissan to import their RB30E engine.[46] This seemed a good idea in 1983 when the Australian dollar was strong; however by 1986 the once viable prospect became rather expensive.[47] The public quickly accepted what was at first a controversial move, as reports emerged of the improvements in refinement, 33 percent gain in power and 15 percent better economy over the carburettor version of the VK's Black straight-six.[44] An optional turbocharger appeared six months later and lifted power output to 150 kilowatts (200 hp).[48][49] In October 1986, an unleaded edition of Holden’s carburettored V8 engine was publicised.[44][50] Holden had originally planned to discontinue the V8 to spare the engineering expense of converting to unleaded. However, public outcry persuaded them to relent. VLs in New Zealand were also available with the 2.0 litre six-cylinder RB20E engine.[51]

The VL suffered from some common build quality problems, such as poor windshield sealing, that can lead to water leakages and corrosion. Awkward packaging under the low bonnet coupled with Holden's decision to utilise a cross-flow radiator (as opposed to the up-down flow radiator installed to the equivalent Nissan Skyline) meant the six-cylinder engine was especially susceptible to cracked cylinder heads, a problem not displayed on the Nissan Skyline with which it shares the RB30 engine.[52] The Used Car Safety Ratings, published in 2008 by the Monash University Accident Research Centre, found that first generation Commodores (VB–VL) provide a "worse than average" level of occupant safety protection in the event of an accident.[53]

Second generation

VN (1988–1991)

Main article: Holden VN Commodore
Holden VN Calais
Toyota Lexcen (T1) GLX

The Holden VN Commodore of 1988 and subsequent second generation models took their bodywork from the larger Opel Senator B and new Opel Omega A. However, this time, the floor plan was widened and stretched; now matching the rival Ford Falcon for size. Continuing financial woes at Holden meant the wider VN body was underpinned by narrow, carry-over VL chassis components in a bid to save development costs.[54] In the VN and succeeding models, the Commodore Berlina became known simply as the Berlina.[55] The range expanded in 1990 to include a utility variant, given the model designation VG. This was built on a longer-wheelbase platform that it shared with the station wagon and luxury VQ Statesman limousine released earlier in the year.[56] During this time, the rival Ford EA Falcon was plagued with initial quality issues which tarnished its reputation.[57] Buyers embraced the VN Commodore, helping Holden to recover and post an operating profit of AU$157.3 million for 1989. The team at Wheels magazine awarded the VN Car of the Year in 1988: the second Commodore model to receive this award.[56]

Changes in the relative values of the Australian dollar and Japanese yen made it financially impractical to continue with the well-regarded Nissan engine of the VL. Instead, Holden manufactured their own 3.8 litre V6 engine based on a Buick design, adapted from front- to rear-wheel drive.[33] The 5.0 litre V8 remained optional and received a power boost to 165 kilowatts (221 hp) courtesy of multi-point fuel injection.[58] Although not known for its refinement, the new V6 was nevertheless praised for its performance and fuel efficiency at the time.[59] A 2.0 litre Family II engine was also offered for some export markets including New Zealand and Singapore where it was sold as the Holden Berlina.[33] Accompanying the changes to engines, the VL's four-speed automatic transmission was replaced by the TH700 and a Borg-Warner five-speed manual.[60] A Series II update of the VN appeared in September 1989, featuring a revised V6 engine known internally as the EV6.[58] With the update came a power hike of rising to 127 kilowatts (170 hp) from 125 kilowatts (168 hp).[58]

Under an unsuccessful model sharing arrangement as part of the Hawke Labor government reforms in 1989, Toyota began badge engineering versions of the VN Commodore.[61] These disguised Commodores were sold as the Toyota Lexcen, named after Ben Lexcen, the designer of Australia II yacht which won the 1983 America's Cup. The original T1 Lexcen offered sedan and station wagon body forms in three levels of trim: the base, GL and GLX. These cars were offered with 3.8 litre V6 engine and automatic transmission combination only.[62]

VP (1991–1993)

Main article: Holden VP Commodore
Holden VP Commodore Executive
File:1991-1993 Toyota Lexcen (T2) CSi sedan 02.jpg
Toyota Lexcen (T2) CSi

The VP update of 1991 featured mainly cosmetic changes; the same revised 3.8 litre V6 and 5.0 litre V8 engines from the VN were carried over. The 2.0 litre straight-four engine previously available in New Zealand was discontinued.[63] Exterior cosmetic changes included a translucent acrylic grille on the base level Executive.[64] Semi-trailing arm independent rear suspension became standard on the Calais and SS, but was made an option on lower-end models in lieu of the live rear axle, improving ride and handling.[63]

A new wider front track was introduced to address issues with the previous carried-over VL chassis components.[65] In August 1992, anti-lock brakes were introduced as an option on the Calais and SS trim levels, later becoming optional on all Series II variants. This January 1993 update also included a colour-coded grille for the Executive and alloy wheels for the Commodore S.[64]

Toyota's pattern of updating their Lexcen model tended to follow Commodore’s model cycle. The T2 (VP) Lexcen from 1991 pioneered new specification designations: CSi, VXi and Newport. All future updates (T3 (VR), T4 (VS) and T5 (VS II) Lexcens) made use of the new naming system until 1997, when the badge engineering scheme ceased. To give further differentiation to the Lexcen from the Commodore, the Lexcens from the VP model onwards had unique front-end styling treatments.[66]

VR (1993–1995)

Main article: Holden VR Commodore
Holden VR Berlina
Toyota Lexcen (T3) CSi

The 1993 VR Commodore represented a major facelift of the second generation architecture leaving only the doors and roof untouched.[67] Approximately 80 percent of car was new in comparison to the preceding model. Exterior changes brought an overall smoother body, semicircular wheel arches and the "twin-kidney" grille—a Commodore styling trait which remained until the VY model of 2002.[68] The rear-end treatment saw raised tail lights, implemented for safety reasons, and a driver's side airbag was introduced as an option: a first for an Australian-built car.[69] Other safety features such as anti-lock brakes and independent rear suspension were only available with the new electronic GM 4L60-E automatic transmission.[67] Along with a driver's airbag and cruise control, these features were packaged into a new Acclaim specification level: a family-oriented safety spec above the entry-level Executive.[70] Holden's strong focus on safety can be seen in the Used Car Safety Ratings. The findings show that in an accident, VN/VP Commodores provide a "worse than average" level of occupant protection. However, the updated VR/VS models were found to provide a "better than average" level of safety protection.[53] Holden issued a Series II revision in September 1994 bringing audible warning chimes for the handbrake and fuel level among other changes.[67]

The latest revision of the Buick 3.8 litre V6 engine was fitted to the VR Commodore, featuring rolling-element bearings in the valve rocker arms and increased compression ratios.[71] These changes combined to deliver an increase in power to 130 kilowatts (170 hp) and further improvement in Noise, Vibration, and Harshness levels.[68] Wheels magazine awarded the VR Commodore Car of the Year in 1993.[72]

VS (1995–1997)

Main article: Holden VS Commodore
Holden VS II Commodore Equipe

The 1995 Holden VS Commodore served as a mechanical update of the VR, destined to maintain sales momentum before the arrival of an all-new VT model. The extent of exterior changes amounted to little more than a redesigned Holden logo and wheel trims.[73] An overhauled Ecotec (Emissions and Consumption Optimisation through TEChnology) version of the Buick V6 engine coincided with changes to the engine in the United States. The Ecotec engine packed 13 percent more power, an increase of 17 kilowatts (23 hp) over the VR, cut fuel consumption by 5 percent, increased the compression ratio from 9.0:1 to 9.4:1 and dramatically improved on its previous rough characteristics. Holden mated the new engine with a modified version of the GM 4L60-E automatic transmission, improving throttle response and smoothing gear changes.[73] The Series II update of June 1996 included elliptical side turn signals, interior tweaks and the introduction of a supercharged V6 engine for selected trim levels.[73] The new supercharged engine slotted between the existing V6 and V8 engines in the lineup and was officially rated at 165 kilowatts (221 hp), just 3 kilowatts (4.0 hp) below the V8.[74]

The VS Commodore was the last of which to be sold as Toyota Lexcens, as Holden and Toyota ended their model-sharing scheme.[75] The last Lexcens were built during 1997.[76] This model was also sold as the VS Commodore Royale in New Zealand. Similar in specification to the Calais also sold in New Zealand, the Royale featured a standard VS Commodore body with the front end from the VS Caprice and an Opel 2.6 litre 54-Degree inline six-cylinder engine. The Royale was also sold between 1995 and 1997 in small numbers to Malaysia and Singapore as the Opel Calais.[77]

Third generation

VT (1997–2000)

Main article: Holden VT Commodore
Holden VT Berlina

With the VT Commodore of 1997, Holden looked again to Opel in Germany for a donor platform. The proposal was to take the Opel Omega B and broaden the vehicle’s width and mechanical setup for local conditions. In the early days, Holden considered adopting the Omega as is, save for the engines and transmissions, and even investigated reskinning the existing VR/VS architecture.[78] Later on, the VT bodywork spawned a new generation of Statesman and Caprice limousines,[33] and even went as far as resurrecting the iconic Monaro coupé from the 1960s and 1970s.[79]

The VT heralded the fitment of semi-trailing arm independent rear suspension as standard across the range, a significant selling point over the rival Falcon.[80] However, when originally carried over from the Opel, the design was simplified by removing the toe control links,[33] standard equipment on the six-cylinder Omega since 1987.[33] This allowed distortions to the suspension camber angle and toe under heavy load, such as heavy towing or when travelling over undulated surfaces, leading to excessive rear tyre wear. Holden's performance arm HSV re-added the toe control link on the flagship GTS 300 model.[33] The 1999 Series II update replaced the venerable Holden 5.0 litre V8 engine with a new 5.7 litre Generation III V8 sourced from the United States.[33] The V8 was detuned to 220 kilowatts (300 hp) from the original US version, but would receive incremental power upgrades to 250 kilowatts (340 hp) throughout its time in the Commodore,[81] before finally being replaced by the related Generation 4 in the VZ.[82] The supercharged V6 was uprated to 171 kilowatts (229 hp) from the VS.[83] Safety wise, side airbags became an option for the Acclaim and higher models, a first for Holden.[84]

From the onset, parent company General Motors was interested in incorporating a left-hand drive Commodore in its Buick lineup, culminating in the unveiling of the Buick XP2000 concept car in 1996.[85] Although this idea was ultimately abandoned, the GM-funded project allowed Holden to enter into a range of left-hand export markets.[86] Thus began the Commodore's rapid expansion into parts of Indochina, the Middle East and South Africa badged as the Chevrolet Lumina, to Brazil as the Chevrolet Omega, and later on with the Monaro to the United States, where it was sold by Pontiac under the GTO nameplate.[87] In its home market, the VT Commodore was awarded its fourth Wheels Car of the Year for 1997.[88] It found ready acceptance in the market as many buyers steered away from the slow selling Ford AU Falcon, becoming the best selling Commodore to date and cementing its place as number one in Australian sales.[33]

VX (2000–2002)

Main article: Holden VX Commodore
Holden VX Calais

The VX update from 2000 advanced Holden's winning formula, featuring a revised headlamp design.[89] The VT's rear tail lamp panel was replaced by two separate light assemblies. Conversely, the luxury-oriented Berlina and Calais sedans continued using a full-width boot-lid panel incorporating the registration plate and tail lamps.[90] This series also introduced the first Holden Ute, designated VU. Earlier models were instead entitled "Commodore utility".[91] An updated Series II was launched in early 2002, featuring revised rear suspension system now equipped with toe control links to address the VT's issues.[92]

Safety played a substantial role in the development of the VX model. Bosch 5.3 anti-lock brakes were made standard on all variants, a first for an Australian manufactured car; and traction control was made available on vehicles equipped with manual transmission. Extensive research was undertaken to reduce the effects from a side-impact collision through modification of the B-pillars. The risk presented by a side-impact collision in a VX fitted without side airbags is reduced by 50 percent when compared to a similarly specified VT model.[93]

VY (2002–2004)

Main article: Holden VY Commodore
Holden VY Berlina

The AU$250 million VY mid-cycle update of 2002 represented the first major styling shift since the 1997 VT. Designers discarded the rounded front and rear styling of the VT and VX models, adopting more aggressive, angular lines.[94] The same approach was applied to the interior, whereby the curvaceous dashboard design was orphaned in favour of an angular, symmetrical design. Satin chrome plastic now dominated the façade of the centre console stack, and high-end models received fold-out cup holders borrowed from fellow GM subsidiary Saab.[95] Holden turned towards German electronics manufacturer Blaupunkt to source audio systems—an arrangement that remains in place today.[96]

Engineering wise, Holden kept the changes low key. A revised steering system and tweaked suspension tuning were among some of the changes to sharpen handling precision. Further improvements were made to the Generation III V8 engine to produce peak power of 235 kilowatts (315 hp) for sports variants.[97] In a bid to recapture the market for low-cost, high-performance cars, Holden created a new SV8 specification level. Based on the entry-level Executive, the SV8 inherited the V8 mechanical package from the SS but made do without the luxury appointments and was sold at a correspondingly lower price.[98] Holden also experimented by releasing a limited edition wagon version of its high-performance SS variant, of which only 850 were built.[99] The Series II update added a front strut bar as standard to the SS, which was claimed to increase rigidity and hence handling. As became the trend, the update raised V8 power, now up 10 kilowatts (13 hp).[100] Amendments in the remaining models were confined to new wheels, trims and decals, however, the Calais has taken on a sports-luxury persona as opposed to the discrete luxury character seen in previous models. This repositioning in turn affected the Berlina’s standing. The once second-tier model now became the sole luxury model, only overshadowed by the more expensive Calais.[101] Coinciding with the VY II models was the first four-door utility model dubbed the Holden Crewman. Crewman’s underpinnings and body structure while somewhat unique, shared a fair amount in common with the Statesman, One tonner and the two-door Ute.[102]

Sensing a new potential market, Holden developed an electronically-controlled all-wheel drive system for the VY platform dubbed Cross Trac at a cost of AU$125 million.[103] Unveiled after the Series II changes in 2003, the first application of the new system was the Holden Adventra, a raised VY wagon crossover. The system was only available in combination with the V8 and automatic transmission. Holden chose not to spend extra engineering resources on adapting the all-wheel drive system to the V6, due to be replaced in the upcoming VZ model. Unfortunately for Holden, the Adventra fell well short of expected sales, despite modest targets.[104]

VZ (2004–2006)

Main article: Holden VZ Commodore
Holden VZ Commodore Executive

The final chapter of the third generation series was the VZ Commodore. Debuting in 2004 with a new series of V6 engines known as the Alloytec V6, both 175 kilowatts (235 hp) and 190 kilowatts (250 hp) versions of the 3.6 litre engine were offered.[105] These were later upgraded to 180 and 195 kilowatts (241 and 261 hp) respectively in the VE model.[106] When compared to the previous Ecotec engines, the Alloytec benefits from increased power output, responsiveness and fuel efficiency.[105] The new engines were mated to a new five-speed 5L40E automatic transmission on the luxury V6 variants, and a new six-speed Aisin AY6 manual transmission on the six-cylinder SV6 sports variant.[105] However, the long serving four-speed automatic carried on in other variants, albeit with further tweaks in an attempt to address complaints about refinement. A new 6.0 litre Generation 4 V8 engine was added to the range in January 2006 to comply with Euro III emission standards. Compared to the American version, both Active Fuel Management and variable valve timing were removed.[82] The Alloytec V6 was also affected by the new standards, which saw the peak output reduced to 172 kilowatts (231 hp).[107]

Along with the new powertrain, Holden also introduced new safety features such as electronic stability control and brake assist.[105] The Used Car Safety Ratings evaluation found that VT/VX Commodores provide a "better than average" level of occupant protection in the event of an accident, with VY/VZ models uprated to "significantly better than average".[53] Interestingly, ANCAP crash test results rate the fourth generation VE lower in the offset frontal impact test than the third generation VY/VZ Commodore. The overall crash score was marginally higher than the outgoing model due to improved side impact protection.[108][109]

Fourth generation

VE (2006–present)

Main article: Holden VE Commodore
Holden VE Commodore Omega

Launched in 2006 after GM's 2003 abandonment of their last European rear-drive sedan, the Opel Omega, the VE is the first Commodore model designed entirely in Australia, as opposed to being based on an adapted Opel-sourced platform.[110] Given this and high public expectations of quality, the budget in developing the car reportedly exceeded AU$1 billion.[111] Underpinned by the new GM Zeta platform, the VE features more sophisticated independent suspension all round and near perfect 50:50 weight distribution, leading to improved handling.[112] Engines and transmissions are largely carried over from the previous VZ model.[113] However, a new six-speed GM 6L80-E automatic transmission was introduced for V8 variants, replacing the old four-speed automatic now relegated to base models.[114] The design of this new model included innovative features to help minimise export costs, such as a symmetrical centre console that houses a flush-fitting hand brake lever to facilitate its conversion to left-hand drive.[115] Internationally, the Commodore is again badge engineered as the Chevrolet Lumina and Chevrolet Omega, along with its new export market in the United States as the Pontiac G8.[116]

Since its release, the VE has garnered critical acclaim, including being awarded the prestigious Wheels Car of the Year, the fifth Commodore model to receive this.[117] Variants by Holden's performance arm, HSV, were released soon after the sedan's debut, followed by the long-wheelbase WM Statesman/Caprice models.[118] The VE Ute did not enter production until 2007 whilst the Sportwagon began production in July 2008.[119][120]

The September 2009 MY10 update to the VE Commodore platform introduces a new standard engine–a 3.0 litre Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI) V6 on the Omega and Berlina, with a 3.6 litre version of the same reserved for all other V6 variants.[121] The standard transmission is now a six-speed GM GL50 automatic, replacing the four-speed in Omega and Berlina models and the five-speed in higher luxury levels. A six-speed manual is still available in sport models.[122] Holden claims the new powertrains will provide better fuel economy than some smaller four-cylinder cars; the 3.0 litre version is rated at 9.3 L/100 km (25 mpg‑US; 30 mpg‑imp).[123]

Notes

  1. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 59.
  2. ^ a b Robinson (2006), p. 24. "Australia, protected from the ravages of the first 1973 energy crisis, felt the full force of OPEC’s decision to raise oil prices by 140 per cent […]. Petrol shortages, rationing and dramatic fuel price increases, forced the global car industry into what was quickly dubbed 'downsizing' […]. Holden had already downsized, now the rest of the automotive world shuddered and began what seemed an inexorable move towards smaller cars."
  3. ^ Whelan (1978), p. 22. "It had to be a family car, which meant it needed similar interior dimensions to the Holden Kingswood, but it had to be fuel- and space efficient, which meant it had to be smaller and sleeker overall."
  4. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 21. "Holden planned to replace the HQ with the WA but management indecision meant the project was discarded."
  5. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 22. "It accepted Opel’s Rekord, knowing the four-cylinder required re-engineering to […] accommodate the local in-line six-cylinder and V8 engines. […] The VB mixed the nose of the longer six-cylinder Opel Senator, […] to the cabin and rearward of the cheaper Rekord."
  6. ^ "Opel History" (DOC). General Motors. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
  7. ^ Tuckey (1999), p. 33. "The Rekord with the Senator nose job […] was so well proportioned that Opel later picked up the bastard child to fit between its Rekord and Senator on the European market and named it – guess what? – Commodore."
  8. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 59. "The Commodore was [...] based on the Opel V-car using components from the German GM subsidiary’s Rekord, Commodore and Senator models.
  9. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 23. "The footprint of the Commodore was five per cent bigger than the Torana, but 14 percent smaller than the Kingswood. Yet, […] the cabin enclosed 96 per cent of the older model’s interior space."
  10. ^ Wright (1998), p. 254. "The Falcon was in a superior class to the Commodore—in Fordspeak a D class (large) car rather than a C class (medium) car. […] The only Holden to directly compete with the XD Falcon was the aged Kingswood."
  11. ^ Wright (1998), p. 265. "The taxi industry put interior space at a premium and so, in many cases, did government and private industry fleet buyers. Every Commodore not sold into a fleet—because the car was perceived as too small, too expensive, or both—generally meant the sale of a Ford instead."
  12. ^ Tuckey (1999), p. 41. "They ran the cars […] somewhere where the roads weren’t made, and […] the first of the three real VB prototypes built in Germany by Opel and flown to Australia at the end of 1977 actually broke in two at the firewall."
  13. ^ Segal (1978), p. 34. "And in final analysis 65% of the new Commodore is wholly Australian Holden in origin. [...] On the Rekord Opel’s traditional double wishbone front suspension gave way at last to McPherson [sic] struts. The same system is used on the Holden, but a completely different design."
  14. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 59. "...rack-and-pinion steering system (Australian TRW) replaced the Opel’s old fashioned recirculating-ball steering box and linkage."
  15. ^ Tuckey (1999), p. 48. "In the end, it would have spent around $110 million on tools, facilities, development and start-up expenses for the VB."
  16. ^ Wright (1998), p. 232. "Initially, it looked as if it would be cheaper to modify the German car to take the Australian engines but it transpired that a major re-engineering job was necessary if the German car was to meet Holden standards. […] It cost almost as much to rework the Commodore as it would have done to introduce a new locally developed Holden."
  17. ^ a b Kenwright, Joe (2006-07-29). "Crossing the Lion". CarPoint. Retrieved 2007-06-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Tuckey (1999), p. 85. "The Commodore [VB] wasn’t considered a suitable base for a ute or a LWB vehicle."
  19. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 59. "Initially produced in one body style only, a four-door sedan, it was available in three trim levels: the Commodore, the Commodore SL and the top-of-the-range Commodore SL/E."
  20. ^ Davis, Kennedy, Kennedy (Part Two), p. 79
  21. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 61. "In March 1980, the VC Commodore was released. [...] The big news for the VC was the upgrading of all engines to XT5 specifications. Blue sixes and V8s replaced the Red units in the VB and earlier Holdens".
  22. ^ Gribble (1980), p. 23. "The L6 has a new cylinder head with separate ports (six inlet and six exhaust), larger valves and revised combustion chambers. Also new is a two-barrel Varajet carburettor and re-designed inlet and dual exhaust manifolds. [...] A Bosch high energy breakerless ignition system has been incorporated...".
  23. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 61. "The V8s received new heads, inlet manifold and electronic ignition (and four-barrel carburettor for the 4.2-litre). Major improvements were made to power output, driveability and economy."
  24. ^ Tuckey (1999), p. 90.
  25. ^ Robinson (1980), p. 28.
  26. ^ "Holden Commodore VC". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
  27. ^ Gribble (1980), p. 22. "Another indication of the fuel saving image is the fact that the vacuum gauge fuel meter becomes standard throughout the range, with a tachometer available only with the optional sports instrumentation package."
  28. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 61. "The model lineup was basically as before with the base Commodore now badged as the Commodore L. Externally, the VC could be identified by its egg-grate-style grille, with the lion and HOLDEN badge in the centre, black trim added to the sedan tail-lights and model badging now set into the leading edge of the rubbing strip on the front doors."
  29. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 62. "A9K fleet package (with many items deleted) available on L sedan and station wagon."
  30. ^ Jeeves (2008), p. 70. "The VC SL/E offered a Shadowtone dark over light paint finish..."
  31. ^ Wright (1998), p. 122.
  32. ^ Lake (1980), p. 22. "The General decided that the Commodore should have softer ride and, at the same time, improved handling while fully laden with passengers and luggage. [...] All who drove the VC found it heavier in the steering, [... and] the VC was more inclined to understeer".
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kenwright, Joe. "Holden VT/VX Commodore (1997-2002) AND Ford Falcon AU (1998-2002)". CarPoint. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
  34. ^ a b "Holden Commodore VH". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
  35. ^ Davis, Kennedy, Kennedy (Part Two), p. 85
  36. ^ "Holden Commodore VH Technical Specifications". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
  37. ^ Butler, Glenn; Short, Mark (2006-07-16). "History of Brock Commodores". Fairfax Media. Retrieved 2007-06-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ Stahl, Michael (2007). "Aussie Gold". Wheels magazine. ACP Magazines: 74. Retrieved 2008-04-21. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  39. ^ a b Butler, Dowling, Hagon, Newton, p. 155
  40. ^ "ZJ Fairlane / FC LTD". Falcon Facts. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
  41. ^ "Holden Commodore VK". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
  42. ^ Davis, Kennedy, Kennedy (Part Two), p. 89
  43. ^ "1984 Holden Commodore". Red Book. Automotive Data Services. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
  44. ^ a b c Davis, Kennedy, Kennedy (Part Two), p. 94
  45. ^ Butler, Dowling, Hagon, Newton, p. 156
  46. ^ "Holden Commodore VL". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
  47. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 25
  48. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 50. "Midway through 1986 saw the introduction of the lively 150kW turbocharged version of the same six-cylinder engine."
  49. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 51. "Release dates: Turbo 6: August 1986."
  50. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 51. "Release dates: V8: October 1986."
  51. ^ "1987 Holden Commodore". Red Book. Automotive Data Services. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
  52. ^ Kenwright, Joe (2004-11-01). "Holden VL Commodore (1986-88)". CarPoint. Retrieved 2007-06-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ^ a b c "Used Car Safety Ratings 2008" (PDF). Monash University. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
  54. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 23, 26–27
  55. ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 73. "Note that [VN] Berlina was not badged Commodore."
  56. ^ a b Davis, Kennedy, Kennedy (Part Two), p. 97–98
  57. ^ "Ford Falcon EA". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  58. ^ a b c "Holden Commodore VN Technical Specifications". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  59. ^ "Holden VN Commodore". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 1999-02-26. Retrieved 2007-07-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  60. ^ "Holden Commodore VN". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  61. ^ Earl (2002), p. 28
  62. ^ "Union ... and demarcation". Fairfax Media. 2000-05-26. Retrieved 2008-02-29. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  63. ^ a b "Holden Commodore VP". MyHolden.com.au. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  64. ^ a b "Holden Commodore VP". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  65. ^ Morley, David (2005-05-25). "Holden Commodore VX". Fairfax Media. Retrieved 2008-02-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  66. ^ "Toyota Lexcen". Red Book. Automotive Data Services. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
  67. ^ a b c "Holden Commodore VR". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  68. ^ a b Smith, Graham (2002-09-06). "1993 Holden VR Commodore". Herald Sun. News Limited. Retrieved 2008-02-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  69. ^ Davis, Kennedy, Kennedy (Part Three), p. 98
  70. ^ "Holden Commodore / Calais VR Series July 1993 - April 1995". Unofficial Holden Commodore Archive. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  71. ^ "Holden Commodore VR". MyHolden.com.au. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  72. ^ Butler, Dowling, Hagon, Newton, p. 157
  73. ^ a b c "Holden Commodore VS". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  74. ^ "Holden Commodore VS". MyHolden.com.au. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
  75. ^ "NRMA Used Car Review - Holden Commodore VS I & II". NRMA. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
  76. ^ "Toyota Lexcen". Red Book. Automotive Data Services. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
  77. ^ "Opel Calais". Red Book. Automotive Data Services. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  78. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 27
  79. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 29
  80. ^ "1997-99 Holden VT Commodore". Herald Sun. News Limited. 2003-01-10. Retrieved 2007-08-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  81. ^ Davis, Kennedy, Kennedy (Part Three), p. 107, 120
  82. ^ a b McDonald, Neil (2006-04-28). "Holden Commodore SS sedan". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 2007-08-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  83. ^ "Holden Commodore VT". MyHolden.com.au. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
  84. ^ "Holden Commodore VT". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
  85. ^ MacKenzie, Angus (2008-01-10). "Pontiac G8: What a long, strange trip it's been". Motor Trend. Retrieved 2008-03-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  86. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 38
  87. ^ "Holden Sets All-Time Vehicle Export Record". Next Car. 2005-01-21. Retrieved 2007-08-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  88. ^ Davis, Kennedy, Kennedy (Part Three), p. 107
  89. ^ Doak, Alastair (2001-03-15). "Styling edge tipped for new Commodore; Diesel on Holden's agenda". Fairfax Media. Retrieved 2007-05-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  90. ^ Lord (2000), p. 41. "Holden's taken a different tack with Berlina and Calais, separating these high line models from the pleb models with Magnaesque headlight and grille treatment. All VXs have new tail lights, but Berlina and Calais have a full width lense treatment while the rest have body coloured boots."
  91. ^ "Compare Two Vehicles: 2000 Holden Commodore and 2000 Holden Ute". Red Book. Automotive Data Services. Retrieved 2008-02-08.[dead link]
  92. ^ Edgar, Julian (2002-04-02). "New Car Test - Holden Commodore VX Series II Wagon". AutoWeb. Web Publications. Retrieved 2007-07-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  93. ^ Lord (2000), p. 37. "The VXs biggest improvement is in passive safety, through minor but extremely effective changes based on extensive research into side impacts. Modifications to the B-pillar improve side impact protection across the board. If you have a side-on collision in a VX not fitted with side airbags, risk of injury is halved compared to a similarly equipped VT. The addition of anti-skid brakes to standard equipment lists of Executive and S models means the entire Commodore range now has Bosch version 5.3 ABS. As well, traction control is now available in combination with manual transmission for the first time."
  94. ^ Bulmer, Ged (2002). "VY Commodore: Reinventing Australia's top seller". Wheels magazine. ACP Magazines: 74. Simcoe has added an aggressive new edge to the Commodore, taking to its familiar curves with an angle grinder and tin snips. There's new sheet metal up front […], while at the rear there are new quarter panels, boot lid and support structures. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  95. ^ Gover, Paul (2003-01-24). "2003 Holden VY Calais". Herald Sun. News Limited. Retrieved 2007-08-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  96. ^ Davis, Kennedy, Kennedy (Part Three), p. 115
  97. ^ Butler, Glenn (2002). "Holden VY Commodore". CarPoint. Retrieved 2007-08-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  98. ^ McCarthy, Mike (2002). "VY SV8: A no-frills hi-po Commodore V8". Wheels magazine. ACP Magazines: 78. Meet the stonkin' VY SV8; not so much a bent version of the traditional S pack as an Executive on steroids. Lightest of any 5.7-litre VY Commodore, the SV8 weighs just over 1600kg, wet and willing. This means it is only some 10kg leaner than the SS, with which it shares all the hard-core performance stuff. […] But the price? Yes, you'll certainly feel the difference here. And you will also notice what the car lacks. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  99. ^ "Holden's wild wagon breaks cover". WebWombat. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  100. ^ Butler, Glenn (2003-08-01). "Holden VY Series II". CaPoint. Retrieved 2008-07-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  101. ^ Carey, John (2003). "Mid Tweak". Wheels magazine. ACP Magazines: 64–69. With the Series II update of the VY Commodore line-up, the Calais [… gains] a sport-luxury flavour. […] The Calais' repositioning means the Berlina becomes the new chrome queen in Holden's hierarchy. Inside, and out, there's more sparkle to the Berlina than before. The other members of the range have been given the usual Series II treatment: a few fresh patterns, colours, and graphics inside, with tiny exterior alterations... {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  102. ^ Carey, John (2003). "The Crewman Show". Wheels magazine. ACP Magazines: 59. What you're looking at is two-thirds of a Statesman, a good proportion of One Tonner, a small helping of Ute, and a dash of concept car. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  103. ^ "New Adventra All Wheel Drive Wagon Is Holden's Local Hero". AutoWeb. Web Publications. 2003-09-22. Retrieved 2008-02-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  104. ^ "Holden Adventra Range". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
  105. ^ a b c d Torr, Feann. "VZ Holden Commodore: First Look". WebWombat. Retrieved 2007-08-07. Cite error: The named reference "VZ" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  106. ^ "All-new Holden Commodore unveiled to the world". Holden New Zealand. 2006-07-16. Retrieved 2007-08-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  107. ^ Kennedy, Ewan (2006-04-10). "Thundering along in Holden Utes". Marque Publishing Company. Retrieved 2007-08-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  108. ^ "2003 Holden Commodore VY". Transport Accident Commission. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  109. ^ "2007 Holden Commodore VE". Transport Accident Commission. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  110. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 12
  111. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 13
  112. ^ "Sophisticated new suspension system for Commodore". Holden New Zealand. 2006-07-24. Retrieved 2006-10-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  113. ^ Heasley, Andrew (2006-07-17). "New Commodore $1bn in the making". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 2007-04-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  114. ^ "2006 VE Holden Commdore: First Look". WebWombat. 2006-07-17. Retrieved 2007-10-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  115. ^ Butler, Dowling, Hagon, Newton, p. 21
  116. ^ Pettendy, Marton (2007-04-11). "China next on Holden's export agenda, but where to next for GM's rear-drive plans?". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 2008-04-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  117. ^ "2006 Wheels Car of the Year: Holden VE Commodore". Wheels magazine. ACP Magazines: 112–118. 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-10. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  118. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 12–13
  119. ^ Torr, Feann (2007-08-22). "Holden VE Ute". WebWombat. Retrieved 2007-10-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  120. ^ Dowling, Neil (2008-07-11). "Holden VE Sportwagon". Herald Sun. News Limited. Retrieved 2008-07-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  121. ^ Pettendy, Marton (2009-08-04). "Holden cuts Commodore consumption". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  122. ^ Hagon, Toby (2009-08-04). "Holden Commodore MY10: New engines, more frugal". Drive. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  123. ^ Gratton, Ken (2009-08-04). "Direct-injection power, efficiency for Commodore". CarPoint. Retrieved 2009-09-04.

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