Jump to content

Koo Ja-cheol

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Ja-Cheol Koo)

Koo Ja-cheol
Koo with South Korea in 2017
Personal information
Full name Koo Ja-cheol[1]
Date of birth (1989-02-27) 27 February 1989 (age 35)
Place of birth Nonsan, Chungnam, South Korea
Height 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)[2]
Position(s) Midfielder
Team information
Current team
Jeju United
Number 7
Youth career
2004–2006 Boin High School [ko]
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
2007–2011 Jeju United 70 (7)
2011–2014 VfL Wolfsburg 32 (0)
2012–2013FC Augsburg (loan) 36 (8)
2014–2015 Mainz 05 39 (6)
2015–2019 FC Augsburg 104 (14)
2019–2021 Al-Gharafa 38 (6)
2021 Al-Khor 8 (0)
2022– Jeju United 25 (1)
International career
2007–2009 South Korea U20 16 (5)
2009–2012 South Korea U23 16 (5)
2008–2019 South Korea 76 (19)
Medal record
Men's football
Representing  South Korea
Olympic Games
Bronze medal – third place 2012 London Team
AFC Asian Cup
Silver medal – second place 2015 Australia Team
Bronze medal – third place 2011 Qatar Team
Asian Games
Bronze medal – third place 2010 Guangzhou Team
EAFF Championship
Gold medal – first place 2008 China Team
Silver medal – second place 2010 Japan Team
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 8 October 2023 (UTC)
Koo Ja-cheol
Hangul
구자철
Hanja
具滋哲
Revised RomanizationGu Ja-cheol
McCune–ReischauerKu Cha-ch'ŏl
Also spelled Gu Ja-chul or Ku Ja-chul

Koo Ja-cheol (Korean구자철; Korean pronunciation: [ku.dʑa.tɕʰʌl] or [ku] [tɕa.tɕʰʌl]; born 27 February 1989) is a South Korean professional footballer who plays for Jeju United as a midfielder. Koo is one of the three most successful South Korean players with careers in the German Bundesliga, alongside Cha Bum-kun and Son Heung-min.[3] He played for VfL Wolfsburg, FC Augsburg and Mainz 05 with 211 Bundesliga appearances.[4] He also captained the South Korea national team in the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and won a bronze medal in the Summer Olympics.

Early life

[edit]

Koo started football at age ten when a nearby elementary school opened its football club. During his early youth career, he mostly played as a defender, often taking sweeper role. However, he wasn't particularly outstanding and the fact he suffered from anemia also hindered him from gaining attention. In 2006, as a member of Boin High School, Koo participated in the Baekrok High School Football Competition that is annually held in Jeju Island. Leading Boin High School to a runner-up place with an outstanding performance, he grabbed the attention of Jung Hae-seong, who was then the manager of Jeju United.

Club career

[edit]

Jeju United

[edit]

In 2007, Koo was selected by Jeju United in the K League draft. He failed to make an impression in his first two years at Jeju due to numerous injuries. However, he slowly broke into the first team, mostly playing as a defensive midfielder. In January 2010, he was reportedly invited by Blackburn Rovers for a trial, but the move didn't happen.[5] He spent a great season in 2010 at Jeju instead, driving his club to an unprecedented runner-up position. His contribution also enabled him to gain personal honors such as the Top Assists Award, the FANtastic Player Award, and the Best XI.

VfL Wolfsburg

[edit]

On 30 January 2011, Koo successfully moved to VfL Wolfsburg during the winter transfer window, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee.[6] On 12 February 2011, Koo made his Wolfsburg debut against Hamburger SV, coming on as a substitute in the 64th minute in the 1–0 home defeat.[7] However, he had difficulty competing for places in the starting line-up during a year.

Loan to FC Augsburg

[edit]

On 31 January 2012, he moved on loan to the league rivals FC Augsburg.[8][9] On 18 February, he scored the equaliser outside the penalty area, but Augsburg lost 4–1 to Bayer Leverkusen.[10] On 17 March, he scored the equaliser with a lob outside the penalty area, and his goal contributed to a 2–1 victory against Mainz 05.[11] On 24 March, he assisted the equaliser, leading team's 1–1 draw against Werder Bremen.[12] On 31 March, he scored the opening goal with a low shot outside the penalty area, contributing to a 2–1 victory against 1. FC Köln.[13] On 7 April, he scored the equaliser through Manuel Neuer's legs, but his goal couldn't prevent a 2–1 loss to Bayern Munich.[14] On 5 May, he scored the winning goal with a header in a 1–0 victory against Hamburger SV.[15] During his loan period, he scored five goals and provided two assists in 15 appearances, becoming Augsburg's top goalscorer, although he played only half a season for them.[16] He performed a significant part in helping Augsburg to escape relegation in their maiden season in the Bundesliga.[17]

In his second season at Augsburg, Koo was plagued by injuries, but he still helped his club survive relegation in the limited games he played in. In a DFB-Pokal match, he was involved in an altercation with Bayern Munich's midfielder Franck Ribéry. After a disputed free kick he confronted Ribéry and touched his face, in response Ribéry slapped Koo.[18] Referee Thorsten Kinhöfer gave Koo a yellow card and sent off Ribéry. Bayern Munich director Karl-Heinz Rummenigge demanded that the ejection be overturned, while Bayern's coach Jupp Heynckes blamed both Koo and Ribéry, stating that although Koo had provoked Ribéry the latter should learn to not react under pressure.[19]

Mainz 05

[edit]

In the 2013–14 season, he returned to Wolfsburg, and played as a central midfielder or winger. However, he wanted more appearances, and preferred playing as an attacking midfielder like when he played for Augsburg.[20][21] On 18 January 2014, it was announced that Koo penned a four-and-a-half-year deal with Mainz 05.[22] In the 2014–15 season, however, he was used as a winger again to replace Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting and Nicolai Müller, who left Mainz 05.[23] On 31 July 2014, he contributed to a 1–0 victory by assisting the winning goal against Asteras Tripoli in the third qualifying round of the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League.[24] On 7 August, he scored his first Europa League goal, but Mainz 05 were eliminated from the tournament after losing the second leg 3–1 to Asteras Tripoli.[25] He recorded five goals and two assists during 23 appearances in the 2014–15 Bundesliga.[26]

Return to FC Augsburg

[edit]

On 31 August 2015, Koo rejoined Augsburg, and so Augsburg spent a season with three South Korean players, including Ji Dong-won and Hong Jeong-ho.[27] On 12 September, he assisted the opening goal with a backheel pass in the first half, but Augsburg lost 2–1 to Bayern Munich after conceding two goals in the second half.[28] On 23 September, he won a penalty against Granit Xhaka, but it was insufficient to reverse Augsburg's defeat to Borussia Mönchengladbach.[29] On 21 February 2016, he scored a solo goal against Hannover 96 and it became the winning goal.[30] On 6 March, he scored Augsburg's first-ever Bundesliga hat-trick,[31] but Augsburg failed to protect their 3–0 lead by drawing 3–3 with Bayer Leverkusen.[32] He recorded eight goals and four assists with 29 appearances in the 2015–16 Bundesliga.[33] He also participated in the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League, the first UEFA competition in Augsburg's history.[34] Augsburg recorded three wins and three losses in the group stage, and succeeded in advancing to the knockout stage.[35] Afterwards, they lost 1–0 on aggregate to Liverpool in the round of 32.[36] After the 2015–16 season, he was ranked fifth in the attacking midfielder rankings of the German sports magazine kicker.[37]

On 3 February 2020, he achieved his 200th Bundesliga appearance against Mainz 05. He left Augsburg by turning down a contract extension with the club after the 2018–19 season.[38][39] He wanted to contract with one of the top teams of the Bundesliga,[40] but finally joined Qatar Stars League side Al-Gharafa in August 2019.[41]

International career

[edit]

Koo played a central role in helping South Korea finish third in the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, with five goals and three assists over the tournament, finishing as the tournament's top scorer.[42]

During the 2012 Summer Olympics, Koo played as a central midfielder in the South Korea under-23 team. He appeared in every game in the tournament, and scored the second goal during the second half of the bronze medal match against Japan, securing a 2–0 victory for Korea. The South Korean team won the bronze medal in football for the first time in its Olympics history and in doing so, became the second Asian team in the Olympics men's football to reach the semi-finals.[43]

He was named captain of the national team ahead of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and scored in a 4–2 defeat to Algeria in the team's second group match.[44] He was selected for the 2015 Asian Cup and played a decisive role in South Korea's opening match, a 1–0 victory over Oman, and was named man of the match.[45] In the match against Australia, Ja-cheol suffered an injury and missed the remainder of the tournament.

On 25 January 2019, Koo announced his retirement from international duty after South Korea lost in the quarter-finals of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup.[46]

Style of play

[edit]

Koo showed his best performance when playing as an attacking midfielder, although he originally deployed as a defensive midfielder. He sometimes played as a central midfielder, second striker, or winger if necessary.[20][47] He was praised for his techniques, especially a talent for getting out of opponents' pressure, while keeping the ball.[48] He also had an ability to find the back of the net, often displaying a knack to charge into the opposition penalty box unsighted.[49] However, he was occasionally criticized that his individual ability slowed down his team's tempo.[48]

Personal life

[edit]

Koo likes to go shopping in his spare time in Germany.[50] He is currently the honorary ambassador for The Republic of Korea Air Force.[51] Koo is also a close friend with his teammate Ki Sung-yueng, and they like to display their friendly, humorous conversations on Twitter. Ki revealed on the Korean talk show Healing Camp, Aren't You Happy that Koo has a nickname called "Koogle Georim" (구글거림) because of his sometimes goofy way of talking.[52] On 24 June 2013, Koo married a Jeju woman three years his senior at the Sheraton Grande Walkerhill Hotel.[53][54]

Career statistics

[edit]

Club

[edit]
As of match played 23 October 2022[55]
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club Season League National Cup League Cup Continental Total
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Jeju United 2007 K League 10 1 1 0 6 0 17 1
2008 K League 9 0 0 0 5 0 14 0
2009 K League 22 1 2 1 6 1 30 3
2010 K League 29 5 4 0 1 0 34 5
Total 70 7 7 1 18 1 95 9
VfL Wolfsburg 2010–11 Bundesliga 10 0 0 0 10 0
2011–12 Bundesliga 12 0 0 0 12 0
2013–14 Bundesliga 10 0 2 0 12 0
Total 32 0 2 0 34 0
FC Augsburg (loan) 2011–12 Bundesliga 15 5 0 0 15 5
2012–13 Bundesliga 21 3 1 0 22 3
Total 36 8 1 0 37 8
Mainz 05 2013–14 Bundesliga 14 1 0 0 14 1
2014–15 Bundesliga 23 5 1 1 2[a] 1 26 7
2015–16 Bundesliga 2 0 0 0 2 0
Total 39 6 1 1 2 1 42 8
FC Augsburg 2015–16 Bundesliga 27 8 1 0 8[a] 0 36 8
2016–17 Bundesliga 23 2 2 1 25 3
2017–18 Bundesliga 28 2 1 0 29 2
2018–19 Bundesliga 26 2 2 0 28 2
Total 104 14 6 1 8 0 118 15
Al-Gharafa 2019–20 Qatar Stars League 18 1 0 0 1 0 19 1
2020–21 Qatar Stars League 20 5 1 0 6[b] 2 1[c] 0 28 7
Total 38 6 1 0 7 2 1 0 47 8
Al-Khor 2021–22 Qatar Stars League 8 0 0 0 3[b] 0 11 0
Jeju United 2022 K League 1 9 1 0 0 9 1
Career total 336 42 18 3 28 3 11 1 393 49
  1. ^ a b Appearances in the UEFA Europa League.
  2. ^ a b Includes Qatari Stars Cup, Qatar FA Cup
  3. ^ Appearances in the AFC Champions League.

International

[edit]
As of 25 January 2019[56]
Appearances and goals by national team and year
National team Year Apps Goals
South Korea 2008 2 0
2010 8 2
2011 15 7
2012 3 1
2013 6 2
2014 8 1
2015 8 3
2016 7 2
2017 8 1
2018 7 0
2019 4 0
Career total 76 19
Scores and results list South Korea's goal tally first.
List of international goals scored by Koo Ja-cheol
No. Date Venue Cap Opponent Score Result Competition
1 9 January 2010 Rand Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa 3  Zambia 2–4 2–4 Friendly
2 7 February 2010 National Olympic Stadium, Tokyo, Japan 6  Hong Kong 2–0 5–0 2010 EAFF Championship
3 10 January 2011 Thani bin Jassim Stadium, Doha, Qatar 11  Bahrain 1–0 2–1 2011 AFC Asian Cup
4 2–0
5 14 January 2011 Thani bin Jassim Stadium, Doha, Qatar 12  Australia 1–0 1–1 2011 AFC Asian Cup
6 18 January 2011 Thani bin Jassim Stadium, Doha, Qatar 13  India 2–0 4–1 2011 AFC Asian Cup
7 28 January 2011 Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium, Doha, Qatar 16  Uzbekistan 1–0 3–2 2011 AFC Asian Cup
8 7 June 2011 Jeonju World Cup Stadium, Jeonju, South Korea 19  Ghana 2–1 2–1 Friendly
9 15 November 2011 Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium, Beirut, Lebanon 25  Lebanon 1–1 1–2 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification
10 12 June 2012 Goyang Sports Complex, Goyang, South Korea 28  Lebanon 3–0 3–0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification
11 6 September 2013 Sungeui Arena Park, Incheon, South Korea 31  Haiti 2–1 4–1 Friendly
12 15 October 2013 Cheonan Baekseok Stadium, Cheonan, South Korea 34  Mali 1–1 3–1 Friendly
13 22 June 2014 Estádio Beira-Rio, Porto Alegre, Brazil 39  Algeria 2–4 2–4 2014 FIFA World Cup
14 27 March 2015 Daejeon World Cup Stadium, Daejeon, South Korea 45  Uzbekistan 1–0 1–1 Friendly
15 8 October 2015 Al Kuwait Sports Club Stadium, Kuwait City, Kuwait 48  Kuwait 1–0 1–0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
16 12 November 2015 Suwon World Cup Stadium, Suwon, South Korea 50  Myanmar 2–0 4–0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
17 1 September 2016 Seoul World Cup Stadium, Seoul, South Korea 52  China 3–0 3–2 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
18 15 November 2016 Seoul World Cup Stadium, Seoul, South Korea 57  Uzbekistan 2–1 2–1 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
19 14 November 2017 Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium, Ulsan, South Korea 65  Serbia 1–1 1–1 Friendly

Honours

[edit]

South Korea U23

South Korea

Individual

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup Egypt 2009™: List of Players: Korea Republic" (PDF). FIFA. 6 October 2009. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2009.
  2. ^ "2018 FIFA World Cup: List of players" (PDF). FIFA. 8 July 2018. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018.
  3. ^ "Ja-Cheol Koo, Heung-Min Son and Bum-Kun Cha: The top 3 South Koreans in Bundesliga history". Bundesliga. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  4. ^ "Ja-Cheol Koo" (in German). kicker. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  5. ^ "Koo Ja-cheol to Have Blackburn Trial". The Korea Times. 8 January 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  6. ^ 구자철, VfL 볼프스부르크 이적 (in Korean). Jeju United. 31 January 2011. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  7. ^ "Neustart missglückt: 0:1-Heimniederlage gegen den HSV" (in German). VfL Wolfsburg. 12 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011.
  8. ^ "FCA verpflichtet Koo Ja-Cheol" (in German). FC Augsburg. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
  9. ^ "Augsburg sign Koo Ja-Cheol" (in German). Bundesliga. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
  10. ^ "Kießling trifft doppelt" (in German). kicker. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  11. ^ "Koo und Langkamp sichern Heimsieg" (in German). kicker. 17 March 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  12. ^ "Füllkrugs Traumtor reicht Werder nicht" (in German). kicker. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  13. ^ "Augsburg macht großen Schritt Richtung Klassenerhalt" (in German). kicker. 31 March 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  14. ^ "Auf Gomez ist Verlass" (in German). kicker. 7 April 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  15. ^ "Koo-Kopfball sorgt für gelungenen Abschluss" (in German). kicker. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  16. ^ "Steckbrief 2011/12 Koo Ja-Cheol" (in German). kicker. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  17. ^ "Augsburg Celebrate Survival". Sporting Life. 6 May 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^ "Slap Fight! Franck Ribery sent off for cuffing Koo Ja-Cheol (Augsburg v Bayern)". 101 Great Goals. 19 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  19. ^ "Rummenigge calls for Ribery red card justice". ESPN. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  20. ^ a b [볼프스 통신] 구자철의 '포지션 혼란기', 헤킹 감독의 생각은? (in Korean). Footballist. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  21. ^ 마인츠행 구자철, 자기 포지션 찾을까 (in Korean). OhmyNews. 19 January 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  22. ^ "Ja-Cheol Koo wird Mainzer" (in German). Mainz 05. 18 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  23. ^ 뮐러 떠난 마인츠, 구자철을 측면으로 (in Korean). Goal. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  24. ^ "FSV Mainz 05 1 – 0 Asteras Tripolis: Hjulmand wins his coaching debut at M05". Bundesliga Fanatic. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  25. ^ '구자철 골' 마인츠, 유로파 조기 탈락 수모 (in Korean). Goal. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  26. ^ "Steckbrief 2014/15 Koo Ja-Cheol" (in German). kicker. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  27. ^ "FC Augsburg Kader 2015/16" (in German). kicker. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  28. ^ [분데스리가 4R 9/12] 구자철, 이적 첫 경기서 뮌헨 상대로 어시스트 기록. YouTube.com (in Korean). JTBC Golf&Sports. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  29. ^ 지구호! 선발출전 [분데스리가 6R 9/24] 묀헨글라드바흐 VS 아우크스부르크 H/L. YouTube.com (in Korean). JTBC Golf&Sports. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  30. ^ '폭풍 드리블' 구자철, 개인기 후 완벽한 골까지 연결 (in Korean). Naver Sports. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  31. ^ "South Korean Koo Scores Augsburg's First Bundesliga Hat-Trick". The Global Herald. 8 March 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  32. ^ "In letzter Sekunde – Calhanoglu kontert dreifachen Koo" (in German). kicker. 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  33. ^ "Steckbrief 2015/16 Koo Ja-Cheol" (in German). kicker. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  34. ^ "FC Augsburg". UEFA. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  35. ^ Stokkermans, Karel (23 March 2017). "UEFA European Competitions 2015–16". RSSSF. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  36. ^ "Liverpool 1–0 FC Augsburg (agg. 1–0)". BBC Sport. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  37. ^ "Müller vor BVB-Duo – Zwei Bremer neu dabei" (in German). kicker. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  38. ^ "S. Korean Koo Ja-cheol rejects 3-year offer from FC Augsburg: agent". Yonhap News Agency. 21 May 2019.
  39. ^ "Vertrag beim FCA ist ausgelaufen: Was macht Ja-Cheol Koo jetzt?" (in German). Augsburger Allgemeine. 7 July 2019.
  40. ^ [KOO 오피셜]독일을 떠나면서 꼭 하고 싶었던 말들. YouTube.com (in Korean). ShootingStar. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021.
  41. ^ "Former Bundesliga man Koo Ja-cheol joins Qatar's Al Gharafa". Fox Sports Asia. 2 August 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  42. ^ "Wolfburg Sign Jeju United's Koo Ja Cheol After Impressive Asian Cup". Goal. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  43. ^ Teale, Chris (10 August 2012). "South Korea 2–0 Japan: Park & Koo strikes secure bronze". Goal. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  44. ^ "South Korea 2–4 Algeria". BBC. 22 June 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  45. ^ "South Korea aim to bank on former skipper Koo Ja-cheol to win first Asian Cup title in 55 years". Daily News and Analysis. Reuters. 10 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  46. ^ "Reports: Former Korea Republic captain Koo Ja-cheol retires after AFC Asian Cup 2019 exit". Fox Sports Asia. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  47. ^ 구자철, 최적의 포지션은 어디인가 (in Korean). OhmyNews. 19 February 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  48. ^ a b 비상 위한 구자철의 변신, 신의 한 수 될까 (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  49. ^ "Marco Fabian, Isco and the young stars who could emerge at the 2012 Olympics". Goal. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  50. ^ 구자철은 왜 독일에서 여자 취급받았나 (in Korean). Sportalkorea. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  51. ^ 구자철, 공군 홍보대사 위촉 (in Korean). Citydaily. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  52. ^ 기성용, "구자철 별명은 구글거림" 폭로 (in Korean). The Asia Business Daily. 21 August 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  53. ^ 구자철 결혼 발표...6월22일 연상녀와 '웨딩마치' (in Korean). Etoday. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  54. ^ 구자철, 1세 연상 신부와 결혼…스포츠·연예계 스타 총출동. The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  55. ^ Koo Ja-cheol at Soccerway
  56. ^ "KFA – Koo Ja-cheol" (in Korean). KFA.
  57. ^ <프로축구> K-리그 올스타팀 20명 확정 (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 30 July 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  58. ^ a b c [K리그 대상] 개인상 싹쓸이 제주, 준우승 아쉬움 날렸다 (in Korean). Best Eleven. 20 December 2010.
  59. ^ "AFC Asian Cup Qatar 2011". AFC.
  60. ^ 양보없는 승부...구자철 '별 중의 별' (in Korean). YTN. 21 June 2013.
  61. ^ "The results are in! This is your FCA Dream Starting XI". Twitter.com. FC Augsburg. 12 April 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
[edit]