Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Great Jin  大金 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1115–1234 | |||||||||||
 Jin Dynasty (blue) circa 1141 | |||||||||||
| Capital | Huining (1122–1153) Zhongdu (1153–1214) Kaifeng (1214–1233) Caizhou (1233–1234) | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Middle Chinese, Jurchen, Khitan | ||||||||||
| Religion |  BuddhismChinese folk religion | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||||
• 1115–1123 | Emperor Taizu | ||||||||||
• 1234 | Emperor Modi | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | January 28, 1115 | ||||||||||
• Destruction of Liao Dynasty | 1125 | ||||||||||
• Capture of Bianliang from Song Dynasty | January 9, 1127 | ||||||||||
• Mongol invasion | 1211 | ||||||||||
• Fall of Caizhou to Mongol Empire | February 9, 1234 | ||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||
| 1126 est.[1] | 2,300,000 km2 (890,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| 1142 est. | 3,000,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| Currency | Chinese coin, Chinese cash | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of |  China Russia | ||||||||||
Template:Contains Chinese text
| Part of a series on the |
| History of China |
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The Jīn Dynasty (Jurchen: Anchun Gurun; Chinese: 金朝; pinyin: Jīn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Chin Dynasty, IPA: [tɕín tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]); Manchu: Aisin Gurun; Khitan language: Nik, Niku;[2][3] Mongolian: Altan Ulus; 1115–1234), also known as the Jurchen (Jurched) Dynasty, was founded by the Wanyan clan of the Jurchens, the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years later. The name is sometimes written as Jinn to differentiate it from an earlier Jìn Dynasty of China whose name is identically spelled using the Latin alphabet.
The Jurchen tribes were united by the chieftain and later first Jin emperor, Wanyan Aguda, who overthrew the Khitan Liao Dynasty. During the reign of Aguda's successor, the Jin declared war against the Song Dynasty and conquered much of northern China. The Song were forced to flee south of Yangtze River. The Jin Dynasty fell after their defeat against the rising Mongol Empire, a steppe confederation that had formerly been a Jurchen vassal.
History
The Jin Dynasty was created in what would become northern Manchuria by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Wanyan Aguda (完顏阿骨打) in 1115. The Jurchens' early rival was the Liao Dynasty, which had held sway over northern China, including Manchuria and part of the Mongol region for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into the Alliance on the Sea with the Song Dynasty and agreed to jointly invade the Liao. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in driving the Liao to Central Asia. In 1125, after the death of Aguda, the Jin broke the alliance with the Song and invaded North China. On January 9, 1127, Jin forces ransacked Kaifeng, capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, capturing both Emperor Qinzong and his father, Emperor Huizong, who had abdicated in panic in the face of Jin forces. Following the fall of Kaifeng, the succeeding Southern Song Dynasty continued to fight the Jin for over a decade, eventually signing the Treaty of Shaoxing in 1141, which called for the cession of all Song land north of the Huai River to the Jin and the execution of Song General Yue Fei in return for peace. The peace treaty is formally ratified on 11 October 1142 when a Jin envoy visits the Song court.[4]
The migration south
After taking over Northern China, the Jin Dynasty became increasingly Sinicized. About three million people, half of them Jurchens, migrated south into northern China over two decades, and this minority governed about thirty million people. The Jurchens were given land grants and organized society into 1,000 households - meng'an) and 100 households - mouke). Many married Hans, although the ban on Jurchen nobles marrying Hans was not lifted until 1191. After Jin Emperor Tàizōng died in 1135, the next three Jin emperors were grandsons of Wányán Āgǔdǎ by three different princes. Young Jin Emperor Xīzōng (r. 1135–1149) studied the classics and wrote Chinese poetry. He adopted Han cultural traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had the top positions.
Later in life, Emperor Xīzōng became an alcoholic and executed many officials for criticizing him. He also had Jurchen leaders who opposed him murdered, even those in his own Wanyan family clan. In 1149 he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles, who made his cousin Wányán Liàng the next Jin emperor. Because of the brutality of both his domestic and foreign policy, Wanyan Liang was posthumously demoted from the position of emperor. Consequently, historians have commonly referred to him by the posthumous name of King Hǎilíng.[5]
Rebellions in the north
Having usurped the throne, Wanyan Liang embarked on the program of legitimizing his rule as an emperor of China. In 1153, he moved the empire's main capital from Huining Fu in northern Manchuria (south of present-day Harbin) to the former Liao capital, Yanjing (now Beijing).[5][6] Four years later, in 1157, to emphasize the permanence of the move, he razed the nobles’ residences in Huining.[5][6] Hǎilíng also reconstructed the former Song capital, Bianjing (now Kaifeng), which had been sacked in 1127, making it the Jin's southern capital.[5]
Prince Hǎilíng also tried to suppress dissent by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes.[5]
To fulfill his dream of becoming the ruler of all China, Prince Hǎilíng attacked the Southern Song in 1161. Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions erupted in Manchuria: one of Jurchen nobles, led by Hǎilíng's cousin, soon-to-be crowned Wányán Yōng (完顏雍), and the other of Khitan tribesmen. Hǎilíng had to withdraw Jin troops from southern China to quell the uprisings. The Jin were defeated in the Battle of Caishi and Battle of Tangdao. With a depleted military force, Prince Hǎilíng failed to make headway in his attempted invasion of the Southern Song. Finally he was assassinated by his own generals in December of 1161, due to his defeats. His son and heir was also assassinated in the capital.[5]
Although crowned in October, Wányán Yōng was not officially recognized as Jin Emperor Shìzōng (世宗) until the murder of Prince Hǎilíng's heir.[5] The Khitan uprising was not suppressed until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had to take up farming. Other Khitan and Xi cavalry units had been incorporated into the Jin army. Because these internal uprisings had severely weakened the Jin's capacity to confront the Southern Song militarily, the Jin court under Emperor Shizong began negotiating for peace. The Treaty of Lóngxīng (隆興和議) was signed in 1164 and ushered over 40 years of peace between the two empires.
In the early 1180s Emperor Shìzōng instituted a restructuring of 200 meng'an units to remove tax abuses and help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin empire prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Although learned in Chinese classics, Shizong was also known as a promoter of Jurchen language and culture; during his reign, a number of Chinese classics were translated into Jurchen, the Imperial Jurchen Academy was founded, and the Imperial examinations started to be offered in the Jurchen language.[7] Shizong's reign (1161–1189) was remembered by the posterity as the time of comparative peace and prosperity, and the emperor himself was compared to the legendary Yao and Shun[7]
Shìzōng's grandson, Emperor Zhāngzōng (章宗) (r. 1189–1208) venerated Jurchen values, but he also immersed himself in Chinese culture and married an ethnic Han woman. The Taihe Code of law was promulgated in 1201 and was based mostly on the Tang Code. In 1207 the Song tried to invade, but the Jin forces effectively repulsed them. In the peace agreement the Song had to pay higher annual indemnities and behead Hán Tūozhòu (韩侂胄), the leader of their war party.[8]
Fall of Jin
| History of Manchuria |
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Starting from the early 13th century the Jin Dynasty began to feel the pressure of Mongols from the north. Genghis Khan first led the Mongols into Western Xia territory in 1205 and ravaged them four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongols on horses invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin army had a half million men with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the “western capital” Datong (see also Badger's Mount Campaign). The next year the Mongols went north and looted the Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "central capital", Zhongdu (Beijing). In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating treaty but retained the capital. That summer, Jin Emperor Xuānzōng (宣宗) abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital" of Kaifeng, making it the official seat of Jin Dynasty power. In 1216 a war faction persuaded Xuānzōng to attack the Song, but in 1219 they were defeated at the same place by the Yangtze River, where Prince Hǎilíng had been defeated in 1161. The Jin now faced a two front war which they could not afford. Furthermore, the Jin Emperor Āizōng (哀宗) won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the capital. He made peace with the Tanguts, who had been allied with the Mongols. Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were conquering the Western Xia Dynasty. His son Ögedei Khan invaded the Jin Empire in 1232 with assistance from the Southern Song. The Jurchens tried to resist; but when Kaifeng was attacked, Āizōng fled south. An allied army of Song and Mongols looted the capital in 1233, and the next year Āizōng committed suicide to avoid being captured, ending the Jin dynasty in 1234.[5] The territory of the Jin was to be divided between the Mongols and the Song. However, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Song and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories.
In Empire of The Steppes, René Grousset reports that the Mongols were always amazed at the valor of the Jin warriors, who held out until seven years after the death of Genghis Khan.
The Jin military
Contemporary Chinese writers ascribed Jurchen success in overwhelming the Liao and Northern Song mainly to their cavalry. Already during Aguda's rebellion against the Liao, all Jurchen fighters were mounted. It was said that the Jurchen cavalry tactics were a carryover from their hunting skills.[9] Jurchen horsemen were provided with heavy armor; on occasions, they would use a team of horses attached to each other with chains (拐子马, guaizi ma)[9]
As the Liao Empire fell apart and the Song retreated beyond the Yangtze, the army of the new Jin Dynasty absorbed many soldiers who formerly fought for the Liao or Song.[9] The new Jin empire adopted many of the Song's weapons, including various machines for siege warfare and artillery. In fact, the Jin use of cannons, grenades, and even rockets to defend besieged Kaifeng against the Mongols in 1233 is considered the first ever battle in human history in which gunpowder was used effectively, even though it failed to prevent the eventual Jin defeat.[9]
On the other hand, Jin Empire was not particularly good at naval warfare. Both in 1129–30 and in 1161 Jin forces were defeated by the Southern Song navies when trying to cross the Yangtze River into the core Southern Song territory (see Battle of Tangdao and Battle of Caishi), even though for the latter campaign the Jin had equipped a large navy of their own, using Chinese shipbuildiers and even Chinese captains who had defected from the Southern Song.[9]
In 1130 the Jin army reached Hangzhou and Ningbo in southern China. But heavy Chinese resistance and the geography of the area halted the Jin advance, and they were forced retreat and withdraw, and they had not been able to escape the Song navy when trying to return until they were directed by a Chinese defector who helped them escape in Chenkiang. Southern China was then cleared of the Jurchen forces.[10][11]
Legacy
Rise of the Manchus
After thirty years of struggle, the Jurchen chief Nurhaci (努爾哈赤) combined the three Jurchen tribes and founded the Later Jin Dynasty (1616–1636). Nurhaci's eighth son and heir, Huáng Tàijí (皇太極), later changed the name of his people from Jurchen to Manchu in 1635. The next year, he changed the name of the Later Jin to Qing in 1636.
List of emperors
| Temple Name Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào |
Posthumous Name Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào |
Birth Name 姓名 xìngmíng |
Years of Reign |
Era Name Nian Hao 年號 niánhào and Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name | ||||
| Tàizǔ 太祖 |
(1) | Wányán Āgǔdǎ 完顏阿骨打 or Wányán Min 完顏旻 |
1115–1123 |
Shōuguó (收國, 1115–1116) |
| Tàizōng 太宗 |
(1) | Wányán Wúqǐmǎi 完顏吳乞買 or Wányán Shèng 完顏晟 |
1123–1135 | Tiānhuì (天會, 1123–1135) |
| Xīzōng 熙宗 |
(1) | Wányán Hélá 完顏合剌 or Wányán Dǎn 完顏亶 |
1135–1149 |
Tiānhuì (天會, 1135–1138) |
| (2) | Hǎilíngwáng 海陵王 |
Wányán Dígǔnǎi 完顏迪古乃 or Wányán Liàng 完顏亮 |
1149–1161 |
Tiāndé (天德, 1149–1153) |
| Shìzōng 世宗 |
(1) | Wányán Wūlù 完顏烏祿 or Wányán Yōng 完顏雍 |
1161–1189 | Dàdìng (大定, 1161–1189) |
| Zhāngzōng 章宗 |
(1) | Wányán Jǐng 完顏璟 |
1189–1208 | Míngchāng (明昌, 1190–1196) Chéng'ān (承安, 1196–1200) |
| (2) | Wèishàowáng 衛紹王 or Wèiwáng 衛王 |
Wányán Yǒngjì 完顏永濟 |
1208–1213 | Dà'ān 大安 1209-1212 Chóngqìng |
| Xuānzōng 宣宗 |
(1) | Wányán Xún 完顏珣 |
1213–1224 | Zhēnyòu 貞祐 1213-1217 Xīngdìng |
| Āizōng 哀宗 |
(1) | Wányán Shǒuxù 完顏守緒 |
1224–1234 | Zhèngdà 正大 1224-1232 Kāixīng |
| (2) |
Mòdì 末帝 |
Wányán Chénglín 完顏承麟 |
1234 | (2) |
(1) Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign.
(2) Did not exist
See also
- Puxian Wannu
- Jurchen Jin emperors family tree
- Korean-Jurchen wars
- Timeline of the Jurchen campaigns against the Song Dynasty
References
- ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 219–229. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ^ 关于契丹小字中的 “金”
- ^ 天朝万顺(岁)”臆解可以休矣
- ^ Robert Hymes (2000). John Stewart Bowman (ed.). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ethics of China 7 BC To 1279 by Sanderson Beck
- ^ a b Tao (1976), p. 44
- ^ a b Tao (1976), Chapter 6. "The Jurchen Movement for Revival", Pages 69-83.
- ^ Chinese History - Song Dynasty 宋 event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
- ^ a b c d e Tao (1976), Chapter 2. "The Rise of the Chin Dynasty", Pages 21-24.
- ^ René Grousset (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia (reprint, illustrated ed.). Rutgers University Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
The emperor Kao-tsung had taken flight to Ningpo (then known as Mingchow) and later to the port of Wenchow, south of Chekiang. From Nanking the Kin general Wu-chu hastened in pursuit and captured Hangchow and Ningpo (end of 1129 and beginning of 1130. However, the Kin army, consisting entirely of cavalry, had ventured too far into this China of the south with its flooded lands, intersecting rivers, paddy fields and canals, and dense population which harassed and encircled it. We-chu, leader of the Kin troops, sought to return north but was halted by the Yangtze, now wide as a sea and patrolled by Chinese flotillas. At last a traitor showed him how he might cross the river near Chenkiang, east of Nanking (1130).
- ^ Jacques Gernet (1996). A history of Chinese civilization (2, illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 357. ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Nanking and Hangchow were taken by assault in 1129 and in 1130 the Jürchen ventured as far as Ning-po, in the north-eastern tip of Chekiang.
Further reading
- Jing-shen Tao, "The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China". University of Washington Press, 1976, ISBN 0-295-95514-7.
External links
