Josef Zwernemann

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Josef Zwernemann
Nickname(s)"Jupp"
Born26 March 1916
Kirchworbis
Died8 April 1944(1944-04-08) (aged 28)
near Gardelegen
Cause of deathKilled in action
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branch Kriegsmarine (to 1936)
 Luftwaffe
Years of service1935–1944
RankHauptmann (captain)
UnitJG 52, JG 77, JG 11
Commands held5./JG 52, 1./JG 11
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Josef Zwernemann (26 March 1916 – 8 April 1944) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II and a fighter ace credited with 126 enemy aircraft shot down in over 600 combat missions. The majority of his victories were claimed on the Eastern Front, with ten aerial victories claimed over the Western Front during the Battle of Britain and in Defense of the Reich.

Born in Kirchworbis, Zwernemann volunteered for military service in the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany in 1935 and transferred to the Luftwaffe a year later. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in 1940. Zwernemann participated in the Battle of France and Battle of Britain where he claimed his first three aerial victory on 24 July 1940. In July 1941, he fought in the Battle of Crete and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Following his 57th aerial victory he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 23 June 1942 and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 31 October 1942 after 102 aerial victories.

In December 1943, Zwernemann was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 1. Staffel (1st squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing) which was based in Germany and fighting in Defense of the Reich. Zwernemann claimed nine more victories before he was killed in action in combat with a North American P-51 Mustangs on 8 April 1944.

Early life and career[edit]

Zwernemann was born on 26 March 1916 in Kirchworbis in the province of Thuringia. He was the son of a cordwainer who later worked as a miner. Following graduation from school, Zwernemann worked as a clerk (Handlungsgehilfe) in the metal industry. Zwernemann joined the military service of the Kriegsmarine on 1 October 1935 with the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund.[Tr 1][Tr 2][Tr 3] On 2 January 1936, he transferred to the Luftwaffe where he was assigned to the Fliegerhorstkompanie (Airfield Company) in Holtenau.[1]

On 1 April 1938, Zwernemann was promoted to Unteroffizier (non-commissioned officer) and was trained as a pilot.[1] Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[2]

World War II[edit]

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Following flight training, Zwernemann was posted to the newly created 7. Staffel (7th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52–52nd Fighter Wing) began on 1 March 1940.[1] At the time, 7. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Herbert Ferner. The Staffel was subordinated to III. Gruppe (3rd group) of JG 52 headed by Major Wolf-Heinrich von Houwald.[3] The Gruppe had been formed on 1 March 1940 at Strausberg and was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-1 and E-3. On 6 April, the Gruppe was moved to Mannheim-Sandhofen Airfield where it was placed under the control of the Stab (headquarter unit) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53–53rd Fighter Wing).[4]

III./JG 52 insignia

Zwernemann participated in the Battle of France on 10 May 1940.[1] III. Gruppe supported the German attack of Army Group A in northern France, Luxembourg and the area of the Ardennes in southern Belgium.[5] On 18 June, III. Gruppe was withdrawn from combat operations in France and relocated back to Germany.[6] In preparation for the Battle of Britain, the Gruppe began moving to the English Channel on 20 July, arriving at an airfield near Coquelles located southwest of Calais two days later. On 24 July, III. Gruppe flew its first combat air patrols where they encountered Royal Air Force fighters off of Margate during a Kanalkampf mission.[7] In this encounter, Zwernemann claimed his first aerial victory over a Supermarine Spitfire fighter.[8] His Rottenflieger (wing man) on this mission was Edmund Roßmann.[9] That day, 7. Staffel lost its Staffelkapitän Fermer who was killed in action. He was replaced by Oberleutnant Wilhelm Keidel who was killed the next day. Keidel was then temporarily succeeded by Oberleutnant Willy Bielefeld who was also killed on 25 July. This led to the assignment of Hauptmann Erwin Bacsilla as temporary commander of 7. Staffel. The action on 24 July also resulted in the loss of Gruppenkommandeur Houwald who was temporarily succeeded by Hauptmann Wilhelm Ensslen.[10] On 1 August, III. Gruppe was already withdrawn from the English Channel and moved to an airfield at Zerbst for a period of replenishment.[11]

In defense of Germany's southeastern borders, with its primary objective defending the oil fields and refineries at Ploiești, Romania, the Luftwaffenmission Rumänien (Luftwaffe Mission Romania) was created. On 15 October, the Stab and 9. Staffel of III. Gruppe of JG 52 were sent to Bucharest Pipera Airfield, followed by 7. And 8. Staffel in late November. There, the III. Gruppe of JG 52 temporarily became the I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 28 (JG 28—28th Fighter Wing). On 4 January 1941, the Gruppe again became the III. Gruppe of JG 52.[12] There in April, Zwernemann was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse).[1] On 25 May, III. Gruppe was sent to Greece where it was subordinated to Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) and fought in the Battle of Crete.[12]

War against the Soviet Union[edit]

Following its brief deployment in the Balkan Campaign, III. Gruppe was back in Bucharest by mid-June.[13] There, the unit was again subordinated to the Luftwaffenmission Rumänien and reequipped with the new, more powerful Bf 109F-4 model. On 21 June, the Gruppe was ordered to Mizil in preparation of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Its primary objective was to provide fighter protection for the oil fields and refineries at Ploiești.[14] German forces launched the invasion on 22 June. Four days later, Zwernemann claimed his second aerial victory when he shot down a Soviet Ilyushin DB-3 bomber near Constanța.[15] Following two aerial victories claimed over DB-3 bombers on 8 July northeast of Mamaia,[16] he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) in August.[1]

By the end of 1941, Zwernemann had claimed 25 aerial victories,[17] and had been awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 15 December 1941.[18] In May 1942, the number of victories had increased by 32 and he was honored with the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 25 May 1942. Zwernemann received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) for 57 victories on 23 June 1942.[19] In the month of September 1942 he claimed over thirty victories. On 1 October 1942, Zwernemann was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) with a rank age date 1 October 1941.[20]

Sources differ as to exactly when Zwernemann claimed his 100th aerial victory. According to Obermaier, Zwernemann claimed his 100th to 103rd victories on 1 October 1942.[21] This would make him the 26th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[22] The authors Bergström, Dikov, Antipov, and Sundin indicate that Zwernemann achieved his 100th aerial victory on 31 October.[23] While authors Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, and Bock date this event on 25 October.[24] This is also the same date listed by Mathews and Foreman.[25] Irrespective, Zwernemann was awarded Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 31 October 1942. He was the 141st member of the German armed forces to be so honored. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg. Two other Luftwaffe officers were presented with the Oak Leaves that day by Hitler, Hauptmann Wolfgang Schenck and Hauptmann Friedrich Lang.[20] One of Zwernemanns' wingmen and students was history's top-scoring ace Erich Hartmann.[26]

On 9 May 1943, Zwernemann was temporarily appointed Staffelführer (squadron leader) of 5. Staffel of JG 52. He succeeded Leutnant Helmut Haberda who had been killed in action on 8 May. He led the Staffel until 26 May when command was passed to Oberleutnant Wilhelm Batz.[27] Zwernemann was then posted to the fighter pilot training school Ergänzungsgruppe Ost. On 1 October, he was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) and returned to combat service with 3. Staffel of JG 77 based in Italy.[28] The Staffel was commanded by Leutnant Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert and based at Tuscania.[29]

Defense of the Reich and death[edit]

In November 1943, Zwernemann was transferred to Defense of the Reich duties in Germany. On 15 December 1943, he was posted to 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11–11th Fighter Wing) which at the time was based at Husum airfield.[30] There, he initially served as acting Staffelführer (squadron leader), representing Hauptmann (Captain) Siegfried Simsch, before officially being appointed Staffelkapitän of 1. Staffel on 8 February 1944.[31][32]

Zwernemann claimed his first aerial victory in this theater of operations on 10 February 1944. That day, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) targeted Braunschweig with 169 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from the 3rd Bombardment Division. The primary objective were the Luther-Werke, a mechanical engineering company, and the repair facilities at Waggum. The bombers were escorted by 466 fighter aircraft.[33] Zwernemann claimed the destruction of a Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter that day.[34] In total, the Luftwaffe claimed 51 aerial victories, including 32 four-engine bombers while the USAAF reported the loss of 30 four-engine bombers and eleven escort fighters.[35]

On 8 April 1944, the Eighth Air Force again targeted Braunschweig as well as various Luftwaffe airfields in northwestern Germany and the Netherlands. In total the USAAF 664 four-engine bombers, escorted by 780 fighters, including 206 North American P-51 Mustangs, were intercepted by 20 Luftwaffe fighter groups.[36] In this encounter, the Luftwaffe claimed 87 aerial victories, including 65 four-engine bombers.[37] This figure includes a B-24 bomber and a P-51 fighter claimed shot down by Zwernemann taking his total to 126 aerial victories.[38] Following this encounter, the USAAF reported the loss of 36 four-engine bombers and 25 escort fighters and claimed at least 158 Luftwaffe aircraft shot down plus further 55 destroyed on the ground. In total the Luftwaffe lost 78 aircraft destroyed, 42 pilots killed and another 13 wounded.[37] Among those pilots killed in action was Zwernemann who was shot down in his Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-7/R6 (Werknummer 431164—factory number) near Gardelegen, Altmark.[39] His comrades, including Oberleutnant Fritz Engau from 2. Staffel, reported that Zwernemann had bailed out but was shot in his parachute by a P-51 pilot.[36][40][41][42]

Zwernemann was given a military funeral and buried at the cemetery in Kirchworbis on 11 April 1944. His grave was ordered leveled by the authorities of East Germany in 1988. Posthumously, Zwernemann had been promoted to Hauptmann, his rank age backdated to 1 April 1944.[43]

Summary of career[edit]

Aerial victory claims[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Zwernemann was credited with 126 aerial victories.[44] Spick also list Zwernemann with 126 aerial victories, of which 106 were claimed over the Eastern Front and further 20 over the Western Front and Mediterranean theater, claimed in approximately 600 combat missions.[45] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 123 aerial victory claims. This figure includes 116 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and seven over the Western Allies, including five four-engined bombers.[46]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 49214". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[47]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Zwernemann an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[48]
At the Channel and over England – 26 June – 1 August 1940
1 24 July 1940 13:26 Spitfire northeast of Margate[49]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[48]
Operation Barbarossa – 22 June – 5 December 1941
2 26 June 1941 05:45 DB-3 vicinity of Constanța[50] 13 25 September 1941 14:45 I-26 (Yak-1)[51]
3 8 July 1941 15:56 DB-3 northeast of Mamaia[16] 14 28 September 1941 10:47 R-10 (Seversky)[52]
4 8 July 1941 16:01 DB-3 northeast of Mamaia[16] 15 25 October 1941 11:45 I-16[53]
5 14 August 1941 10:40 I-16[54] 16 25 October 1941 15:21 I-61 (MiG-3)[53]
6 19 August 1941 11:35 I-26 (Yak-1)[54] 17 25 October 1941 15:23 I-61 (MiG-3)[53]
7 31 August 1941 10:10 I-16[51] 18 31 October 1941 15:32 I-61 (MiG-3)[55]
8 31 August 1941 10:12 I-16[51] 19 8 November 1941 11:58 I-16[55]
9 1 September 1941 11:15 I-16[51] 20 9 November 1941 11:20 I-61 (MiG-3)[55]
10 7 September 1941 09:24 SB-3[51] 21 11 November 1941 10:03 I-16[55]
11 7 September 1941 09:32 I-17 (MiG-1)[51] 22 16 November 1941 13:30 I-61 (MiG-3)[56]
12 13 September 1941 17:40 V-11 (Il-2)[51]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[48]
Eastern Front – 6 December 1941 – 30 April 1942
23 6 December 1941 08:23 I-26 (Yak-1)[17] 29 22 February 1942 15:38 I-61 (MiG-3)[57]
24 7 December 1941 08:23 I-26 (Yak-1)[17] 30 22 February 1942 15:40 Su-2 (Seversky)[57]
25 8 December 1941 09:12 I-16[17] 31 8 March 1942 15:35 I-61 (MiG-3)[57]
26 18 February 1942 09:10 I-61 (MiG-3)[58] 32 17 March 1942 11:29 I-61 (MiG-3)[57]
27 22 February 1942 15:35 I-61 (MiG-3)[58] 33 7 April 1942 17:10 Pe-2[59]
28 22 February 1942 15:36 I-61 (MiG-3)[58]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[60]
Eastern Front – 29 April 1942 – September 1942
34 29 April 1942 17:50 I-61 (MiG-3)[61] 65 26 August 1942 09:10?[Note 1] Yak-1 PQ 49214[63]
northeast of Grebenka
35 30 April 1942 14:25 I-61 (MiG-3)[61] 66 27 August 1942 10:39?[Note 2] LaGG-3 PQ 49214[64]
northeast of Grebenka
36 1 May 1942 04:33 I-61 (MiG-3)[65] 67 31 August 1942 17:05 Yak-1 PQ 59251[64]
37 2 May 1942 05:03 I-153[65] 68 31 August 1942 17:08 Yak-1 PQ 59252[64]
38 2 May 1942 12:19 I-153[65] 69 31 August 1942 17:15 Yak-1 PQ 59263[64]
39 5 May 1942 11:10 I-61 (MiG-3)[65] 70 1 September 1942 08:34 Il-2 PQ 49393[64]
25 km (16 mi) south of Stalingrad
40 5 May 1942 12:35 I-16[65] 71 3 September 1942 11:48 LaGG-3 PQ 40781[64]
15–20 km (9.3–12.4 mi) north of Gumrak
41 8 May 1942 11:14 MiG-1[65] 72 5 September 1942 06:25 P-40 PQ 49533[66]
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Stalingrad
42 8 May 1942 15:40 MiG-1[65] 73 8 September 1942 16:28 LaGG-3 PQ 40133[67]
43 8 May 1942 15:41 MiG-1[65] 74 8 September 1942 16:30 LaGG-3 PQ 40122[67]
44 8 May 1942 15:45 MiG-1[65] 75 8 September 1942 16:32 LaGG-3 PQ 40142[67]
45 13 May 1942 11:26 MiG-1[68] 76 9 September 1942 16:06?[Note 3] Il-2 PQ 49362[67]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Stalingrad
46 13 May 1942 14:15 MiG-1[68] 77 9 September 1942 16:06 Il-2 PQ 49334[67]
south of Stalingrad
47 13 May 1942 14:25 MiG-1[68] 78 12 September 1942 16:03 Il-2 PQ 44272[67]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Stalingrad
48 14 May 1942 14:30 MiG-1[69] 79 13 September 1942 06:28 Il-2 PQ 49362[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Stalingrad
49 14 May 1942 14:33 MiG-1[69] 80 13 September 1942 06:30 Il-2 PQ 49334[70]
south of Stalingrad
50 16 May 1942 04:47 MiG-1[69] 81 13 September 1942 06:31 Il-2 PQ 49334[70]
south of Stalingrad
51 16 May 1942 04:53 MiG-1[69] 82 14 September 1942 16:04 LaGG-3 PQ 49413[70]
vicinity of Krasnaya Sloboda
52 16 May 1942 07:24 MiG-1[69] 83 14 September 1942 16:25 Il-2 PQ 49292[70]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Stalingrad
53 20 May 1942 09:05 LaGG-3[71] 84♠ 22 September 1942 06:32 Yak-1 PQ 40582[72]
50 km (31 mi) north-northwest of Grebenka
54 21 May 1942 18:40 MiG-1[71] 85♠ 22 September 1942 06:36 Yak-1 PQ 40592[72]
40–45 km (25–28 mi) north of Grebenka
55 24 May 1942 17:55 MiG-1[71] 86♠ 22 September 1942 16:12 LaGG-3 PQ 49421[72]
25 km (16 mi) east of Stalingrad
56 26 May 1942 19:12 LaGG-3[71] 87♠ 22 September 1942 16:22 LaGG-3 PQ 49254[72]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Stalingrad
57 30 May 1942 16:40 Su-2 (Seversky)[73] 88♠ 22 September 1942 16:23 LaGG-3 PQ 49253[72]
vicinity of Akhtuba
58 11 June 1942 07:30 LaGG-3[74] 89♠ 22 September 1942 16:25 LaGG-3 PQ 49281[72]
20–30 km (12–19 mi) east of Stalingrad
59 25 June 1942 07:51 MiG-1[75] 90 23 September 1942 06:32 Yak-1 PQ 49122[72]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Gumrak
60 20 July 1942 16:05 LaGG-3[76] 91 23 September 1942 06:33 Yak-1 PQ 40784[72]
15–20 km (9.3–12.4 mi) north of Gumrak
61 20 July 1942 16:06 LaGG-3[76] 92 25 September 1942 16:13 Yak-1 PQ 40433[72]
30 km (19 mi) north of Gumrak
62 20 July 1942 16:10 LaGG-3[76] 93 27 September 1942 08:11 LaGG-3 PQ 49413[77]
vicinity of Krasnaya Sloboda
63 21 July 1942 12:39 LaGG-3[76] 94 27 September 1942 08:12 LaGG-3 PQ 49441[77]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Stalingrad
64 21 July 1942 12:42 LaGG-3[76]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[25]
Eastern Front – October 1942 – 3 February 1943
95 5 October 1942 12:08 LaGG-3 PQ 44574[78]
east of Elkhotovo 		104 5 November 1942 13:42 LaGG-3 PQ 44853[79]
96 19 October 1942 07:38 Yak-1 PQ 44454, south of Mozdok[24] 105 5 November 1942 13:44 La-5 PQ 44853[79]
97 19 October 1942 07:40 LaGG-3 PQ 44454, south of Mozdok[24]
vicinity of Wosnessnokaja 		106 24 November 1942 12:23?[Note 4] I-16 PQ 44843[80]
98 19 October 1942 07:40 LaGG-3 PQ 44454, south of Mozdok[24]
vicinity of Wosnessnokaja 		107 24 November 1942 12:43 Il-2 PQ 44731[80]
99 19 October 1942 07:42 LaGG-3 PQ 4447[24] 108♠ 29 November 1942 10:23 Il-2 PQ 44724[80]
100 25 October 1942 15:32 Yak-1 PQ 34403[24] 109♠ 29 November 1942 10:25 LaGG-3 PQ 44733[80]
101 25 October 1942 15:35 Yak-1 PQ 34144[24] 110♠ 29 November 1942 13:30 LaGG-3 PQ 44762[80]
102 31 October 1942 09:42 LaGG-3 PQ 44752, south of Salugardan[24] 111♠ 29 November 1942 13:32 LaGG-3 PQ 44733[80]
103 1 November 1942 11:24 I-16 PQ 44271[24] 112♠ 29 November 1942 13:42?[Note 5] I-16 PQ 44724[80]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[25]
Eastern Front – 4 February – May 1943
113 15 April 1943 12:58 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 85141, southeast of Krymskaya[81] 116 28 April 1943 16:38 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 75262[82]
114 16 April 1943 14:53 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 85141, northeast of Gelendzhik[82] 117 6 May 1943 17:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 6] PQ 34 Ost 75264, west of Krymskaya[83]
115 20 April 1943 16:16 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 75424, west of Gelendzhik[82]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 11 –[25]
Defense of the Reich – 15 December 1943 – 8 April 1944
118?[Note 7] 10 February 1944
—
 P-38[84] 123 8 March 1944 13:05 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/FU, vicinity of Schwarmstedt[85]
119 24 February 1944 13:37 B-24 PQ 15 Ost S/NA-7, vicinity of Gotha[86] 124?[Note 7] 8 March 1944
—
 P-47[85]
120?[Note 7] 3 March 1944
—
 B-17[86] 125 8 April 1944 13:47 B-24 PQ 15 Ost S/EB, vicinity of Uelzen[87]
121 6 March 1944 11:55 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/EP, vicinity of Haselünne[86] 126 8 April 1944 13:48 P-51 PQ 15 Ost S/EB, vicinity of Salzwedel[87]
122 6 March 1944 14:18 B-17 PQ 05 Ost S/ES-9, south of Bremen[86]

Awards[edit]

Promotions[edit]

1 April 1938: Unteroffizier (non-commissioned officer)[1]
1 November 1940: Feldwebel (sergeant)[1]
1 November 1941: Oberfeldwebel (staff sergeant)[1]
1 October 1942: Leutnant (second lieutenant) with a rank age date 1 October 1941[20]
1 October 1943: Oberleutnant (first lieutenant)[28]
posthumously: Hauptmann (captain), backdated to 1 April 1944[43]

Translation notes[edit]

  1. ^ 2nd company—2. Kompanie
  2. ^ 2nd department—II. Abteilung
  3. ^ standing ship division—Schiffsstammdivision

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:11.[62]
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:30.[62]
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 16:05.[62]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 12:22.[25]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:43.[25]
  6. ^ The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  7. ^ a b c This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[25]
  8. ^ According to Obermaier on 12 December 1941.[21]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stockert 2012, p. 137.
  2. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  3. ^ Prien et al. 2001, p. 348.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2001, p. 347.
  5. ^ Prien et al. 2000, p. 305.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2000, p. 306.
  7. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 166.
  8. ^ Cull 2017, Fighter Command Claims & Casualties, 24 July.
  9. ^ Rall 2007, p. 54.
  10. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 168.
  11. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, p. 79.
  12. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003a, p. 226.
  13. ^ Weal 2004, p. 56.
  14. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 53.
  15. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 53, 68.
  16. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 69.
  17. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2005, p. 153.
  18. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 284.
  19. ^ Weal 2004, p. 76.
  20. ^ a b c Stockert 2012, p. 138.
  21. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 55.
  22. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 244.
  23. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 185.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2006, p. 562.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1474.
  26. ^ Braatz 2010, p. 90.
  27. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 374.
  28. ^ a b Stockert 2012, p. 139.
  29. ^ Prien et al. 2011, pp. 380–381.
  30. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1993, p. 561.
  31. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1993, p. 588.
  32. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 840.
  33. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 713.
  34. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 719.
  35. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 720.
  36. ^ a b Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 835.
  37. ^ a b Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 841.
  38. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 838.
  39. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1170.
  40. ^ Weal 2011, p. 70.
  41. ^ Braatz 2010, p. 95.
  42. ^ Page 2020, p. 65.
  43. ^ a b Stockert 2012, p. 140.
  44. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 330.
  45. ^ Spick 1996, p. 231.
  46. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1472–1474.
  47. ^ Planquadrat.
  48. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1472.
  49. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 172.
  50. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 68.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003b, p. 71.
  52. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 72.
  53. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 75.
  54. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 70.
  55. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 76.
  56. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 77.
  57. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2005, p. 157.
  58. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 156.
  59. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 158.
  60. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1472–1473.
  61. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 542.
  62. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1473.
  63. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 554.
  64. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 555.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2006, p. 544.
  66. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 556.
  67. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 557.
  68. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 545.
  69. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 546.
  70. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 558.
  71. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 547.
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2006, p. 559.
  73. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 548.
  74. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 549.
  75. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 550.
  76. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 551.
  77. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 560.
  78. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 561.
  79. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 563.
  80. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 564.
  81. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 478.
  82. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 479.
  83. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 481.
  84. ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1201.
  85. ^ a b Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1204.
  86. ^ a b c d Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1203.
  87. ^ a b Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1205.
  88. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 478.
  89. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 225.
  90. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 534.
  91. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 810.
  92. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 460.
  93. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 62.

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