List of European Union member states by political system
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European Union (all free)
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partly free
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This is a list of European Union member states, their forms of government and their parliaments. The European Union is a sui generis supranational union of democratic states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993,[2] the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union:
Membership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved:
- stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities;
- the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union;
- the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.[3][4]
Consequently, all European Union member states are directly elected democracies that are considered to be "free" according to the criteria of Freedom House. As of 2015, all European Union member states are representative democracies; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds.
Many of the states in the neighbourhood of the European Union are not considered to be "free" by the same criteria.[1] Most European states neighbouring the European Union are considered to be "free" or "partly free" by Freedom House, with the exceptions of Azerbaijan, Belarus and Russia. On the other hand, almost all of the states in North Africa and Southwest Asia that neighbour the European Union are not considered to be "free", with the exceptions of Israel and Tunisia.[1]
Monarchism and republicanism
At present, seven monarchies are members of the European Union: Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. All seven monarchies in the European Union are constitutional monarchies. In all seven monarchies, the monarch is legally prohibited from using political power, or the monarch does not utilise the political powers vested in the office by convention. At the dawn of the 20th century, France was the only republic among the future members states of the European Union; the ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream only started at the beginning of the 20th century. Public opinion is currently strongly in favour of keeping the monarchy in the remaining seven monarchies in the European Union, and there is currently no ongoing campaign with popular support to abolish monarchy in any of them.[dubious – discuss][citation needed]
Form of government
There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary system, the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences. As with the definition of constitutional monarchies, sometimes the president does have non-ceremonial competences, but does not use them by constitutional convention; this is the case in Austria, for instance.
By definition, modern democratic constitutional monarchies are parliamentary, as there is no elected head of state who could assume non-ceremonial competences; of the twenty one republican member states of the European Union, only one is a presidential republic (Cyprus) and four are semi-presidential republics (France, Lithuania, Portugal and Romania).
Degree of self-governance
Most of the European Union's member states are unitary states, which means that most of the competences lie with the central government and only minor or local issues are within the authority of regional governments. However, three states are federations (Austria, Belgium and Germany) of states or regions with equal competences, and six other states have either devolved certain powers to special regions or are federacies (or both):
- federacies:
- in Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland are autonomous (and neither is part of the European Union);
- in Finland, Åland has substantial autonomy;
- in France, the collectivité sui generis New Caledonia (which is not part of the European Union) has a large degree of autonomy;
- in the Netherlands, the Caribbean island groups of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are equal partners to the Netherlands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
- in the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands – Guernsey and Jersey – and the Isle of Man are a special case, being neither part of the United Kingdom nor of the European Union; these islands are British Crown dependencies;
- devolved states:
- in Italy, the government has devolved a number of powers to the twenty regions, of which five have a very large degree of autonomy;
- in Spain, the central government has devolved various powers to the historic nationalities among the autonomous communities, namely Andalusia, the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia;
- in the United Kingdom, various competences have been devolved to the constituent countries of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Greater London Authority also has extensive devolved powers.
Parliamentary chambers
A further distinction is the number of chambers in the national legislature. While there had been legislatures with more than two chambers (tricameral and tetracameral ones), nowadays there are only unicameral and bicameral ones. There is no clear trend towards either model as of 2006. Federations and countries with strong regional differences or regional identities are normally bicameral to reflect the regions' interests in national bills. The states with the larger populations, from the Netherlands upwards, all have a bicameral system. Although there is a greater mix among the smaller states (some influenced by their federalist structure), the smallest states are on the whole unicameral.
In the member states of the European Union, if the parliament has only one chamber, it is wholly directly elected in all cases. If there are two chambers, the lower house is directly elected in all cases, while the upper house can be directly elected (e.g. the Senate of Poland); or indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures (e.g. the Federal Council of Austria); or non-elected, but representing certain interest groups (e.g. the National Council of Slovenia); or non-elected (though by and large appointed by elected officials) as a remnant of a non-democratic political system in earlier times (as in the House of Lords in the United Kingdom).
Listed by form of government
Listed by type of parliament
- I^ : Due to Belgium's complex federal structure the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region (Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale)[106][107] (89, regional assembly), Flemish Parliament (Vlaams Parlement)[108] (124, regional and community assembly), the Walloon Parliament (Parlement wallon)[109][110] (75, regional assembly), the Parliament of the French Community (Parlement de la Communauté française)[111] (94, community assembly) and the Parliament of the German-speaking Community (Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft)[112] (25, community assembly) have competences in federal legislation that affects their interests.
- II^ : Only 56 of 80 are occupied because of occupation of Cyprus.
- III^ : In legislation which affects the autonomous region of the Åland Islands, its Parliament (Lagting)[113] (30) also has legislative competences.
- IV^ : While there is a Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) similar to the Austrian Federal Assembly, it is not simply a joint session of the Federal Diet and the Federal Council and as such not the overall name of the legislature.
- V^ : Technically, the Federal Diet only has 598 members; the additional twenty-four seats are overhang seats resulting from the 2009 election.
- VI^ : The Irish names are used in the English-language version of the Constitution of Ireland,[114] and generally in English-language speech and writing in Ireland.[115][116]
- VII^ : In addition to the 315 elected members, there are currently five senators for life (senatore a vita); these include former Italian President, who is ex officio senator for life, as well as senators appointed by the President "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". There can only be five appointed senators in addition to the ex officio ones at any one time.
- VIII^ : Technically, the House of Representatives only has 65 members; the additional four seats are overhang seats to ensure a majority of MPs for the party which gained the most votes in the 2008 election.
- IX^ : The name Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on the rare occasions when both houses sit together.
- X^ : In legislation which affects the overseas territory of Gibraltar, its Parliament[117] (17) also has legislative competences.
Member states of the European Union | ||
|---|---|---|
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References
- ^ a b c Freedom House (1 January 2015). "2015". Freedom in the World. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
- ^ European Commission (6 May 2006). "1993". The History of the European Union. Archived from the original on 24 July 2006. Retrieved 30 June 2006.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ European Commission (27 March 2006). "Accession criteria". Understanding enlargement. Archived from the original on 28 August 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ European Commission. "Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria)". Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ Office of the Federal President of Austria (23 June 2006). "The Austrian Federal President / Der Österreichische Bundespräsident". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Federal Chancellary of Austria (23 June 2006). "Federal Chancellary of Austria / Bundeskanzleramt Österreich". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Directorate-General External Communication of the Federal Public Service (23 June 2006). "De Belgische Monarchie / The Belgian Monarchy / La Monarchie belge / Die Belgische Monarchie". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Directorate-General External Communication of the Federal Public Service (23 June 2006). "De site van de Eerste Minister van België / Le site du Premier Ministre de Belgique". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (17 October 2005). "Belgium". World Leaders. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ president.bg (28 December 2006). "President of the Republic of Bulgaria / Президент на Република България". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ Government Information Service (28 December 2006). "Republic of Bulgaria – Council of Ministers / Република България – Министерски Съвет". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus (23 June 2006). "Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus / Προεδρία της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας / Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Başkanlığı". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ FG Forrest (23 June 2006). "Pražský hrad / Prague Castle". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Department of Information and Security Technologies. "Úřad vlády České republiky / The Office of the Czech Republic Government". Retrieved 4 May 2011.
- ^ Amalienborg Palace (23 June 2006). "Kongehuset / The Danish Monarchy". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ The Prime Minister's Office (23 June 2006). "Statsministeriet / The Prime Minister's Office". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President (23 June 2006). "Eesti Vabariigi president / The President of the Republic of Estonia". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ State Chancellery of the Republic of Estonia (23 June 2006). "Eesti Vabariigi Valitsus / The Government of the Republic of Estonia / Правительство Эстонской Республики". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President of the Republic of Finland (23 June 2006). "The President of the Republic of Finland / Suomen tasavallan presidentti / Republiken Finlands president". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Government (23 June 2006). "Finnish Government / Valtioneuvosto / Statsrådet". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ M. Michel Blangy, Cabinet Director (23 June 2006). "Präsidentschaft der französischen Republik / Presidency of the French Republic / Présidence de la République française / Presidencia de la República francesa". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Service d’Information du Gouvernement (23 June 2006). "Portal der Regierung / Government Portal / Portail du Gouvernement / Portal del Gobierno". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Martin Kothé, Spokesperson of the Federal President (23 June 2006). "Federal President / Président de la République fédérale / Der Bundespräsident / Presidente Federal". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung (23 June 2006). "Bundeskanzlerin". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (16 March 2006). "Germany". World Leaders. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Bouritsa Myrto, Librarian of the Presidency of the Republic (23 June 2006). "Presidency of the Hellenic Republic / Présidence de la République Hellénique / Προεδρία της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας". Retrieved 30 June 2005.
- ^ The Prime Minister’s Press Office (23 June 2006). "Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic / Le Premier Ministre de la République Hellénique / Der Ministerpräsident der Republik Griechenland / Πρωθυπουργός της Ελλάδας". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary (23 June 2006). "The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary / Köztársasági Elnöki Hivatal". Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ The Office of the Prime Minister (23 June 2006). "Prime Minister / Ministerpräsident / Miniszterelnök". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Áras an Uachtaráin (23 June 2006). "Áras an Uachtaráin". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Department of the Taoiseach (23 June 2006). "Department of the Taoiseach / Roinn an Taoisigh". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Segretariato Generale della Presidenza della Repubblica (23 June 2006). "Presidency of the Republic / Présidence de la République / Präsidentschaft der Republik / Presidenza della Repubblica / Presidencia de la República". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Governo Italiano (23 June 2006). "Governo Italiano". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (7 June 2006). "Italy". World Leaders. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Latvijas Valsts prezidenta kanceleja (23 June 2006). "Chancery of the President of Latvia / Chancellerie de la présidence lettonne / Kanzlei des lettischen Staatspräsidenten / Latvijas Valsts prezidenta kanceleja / Канцелярия президента Латвии". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ State Chancellery (23 June 2006). "The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia / Conseil des ministres de la République de Lettonie / Latvijas Republikas Ministru kabinets / Кабинет министров Латвийской Республики". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President of the Republic of Lithuania (23 June 2006). "President of the Republic of Lithuania / Président de la République de Lituanie / Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentas / Президент Литовской Республики". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Government of the Republic of Lithuania (23 June 2006). "Government of the Republic of Lithuania / Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė". Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ a b Service Information et Presse (23 June 2006). "Gouvernement du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ a b Central Intelligence Agency (24 March 2006). "Luxembourg". World Leaders. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President (14 October 2005). "The President of Malta". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Government of Malta (3 August 2005). "Office of the Prime Minister". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Government Information Service (23 June 2006). "Het Koninklijk Huis / The Dutch Royal House". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Ministry of General Affairs (31 March 2004). "De Minister-President en het Ministerie van Algemene Zaken / The Prime Minister and the Ministry of General Affairs". Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President (23 June 2006). "President of the Republic of Poland / Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Government Information Centre (23 June 2006). "The Chancellery of the Prime Minister / Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów". Archived from the original on 22 July 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Presidência da República Portuguesa (23 June 2006). "Presidência da República Portuguesa". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (9 March 2006). "Portugal". World Leaders. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Government Network Management Center (23 June 2006). "Government Portal / Portal do Governo". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ President of Romania (28 December 2006). "President of Romania / President de la Roumanie / Preşedintele României". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ Government of Romania (28 December 2006). "Government of Romania / Gouvernement de la Roumanie / Guvernul României". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ Office of the President of the Slovak Republic (23 June 2006). "President of the Slovak Republic / Prezident Slovenskej republiky". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ The Slovak Republic Government Office (23 June 2006). "The Slovak Republic Government Office / Úrad vlády Slovenskej republiky". Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President of the Republic (23 June 2006). "President of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Republike Slovenije". Archived from the original on 9 February 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the Prime Minister (23 June 2006). "The Prime Minister of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Vlade Republike Slovenije". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Relaciones con los Medios de Comunicación (23 June 2006). "The Royal Household of His Majesty the King / Casa de Su Majestad el Rey de España". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Presidency of the Government (23 June 2006). "La Moncloa – Gobernuko presidentzia / La Moncloa – Presidència del Govern / La Moncloa – Presidency of the Government / La Moncloa – Presidencia do Goberno / La Moncloa – Presidencia del Gobierno". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Information and Press Department (23 June 2006). "Royal Court / Kungahuset". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Information Department (23 June 2006). "The Government and the Government Offices / Regeringen och Regeringskansliet". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ GT.XM London (23 June 2006). "British Monarchy / Monarcachd Bhreatainn / Frenhiniaeth Brydeinig". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Prime Minister's Office (23 June 2006). "10 Downing Street". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ a b c Parlamentsdirektion (27 June 2006). "The Austrian Parliament / Österreichisches Parlament". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ de Kamer – la Chambre (27 June 2006). "de Kamer / la Chambre". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (13 June 2006). "Belgium – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Belgian Senate (18 January 2005). "Belgische Senaat / Belgian Senate / Sénat de Belgique / Belgischer Senat". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria (28 December 2006). "National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria / Народно събрание на Република България". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ House of Representatives (27 June 2006). "House of Representatives / Chambre des Représentants / Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament of the Czech Republic (18 December 2004). "Parlament České republiky, Poslanecká sněmovna / Parliament of the Czech Republic, Chamber of Deputies / Le Parlement de la République tchèque, Chambre des députés / Das Parlament der Tschechischen Republik, das Abgeordnetenhaus". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament of the Czech Republic (27 June 2006). "Senát Parlamentu České republiky / Parliament of the Czech Republic – Senate". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Folketing (27 June 2006). "Folketinget / Folketing / Folketing / Folketing". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Riigikogu (27 June 2006). "Riigikogu / Riigikogu / Рийгикогу". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament of Finland (18 January 2005). "Parliament of Finland / Suomen Eduskunta / Le Parlement de Finlande / Riksdagen". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Assemblée nationale (28 November 2006). "Assemblée nationale – La révision de la Constitution et le Congrès". Retrieved 28 November 2006.
- ^ Assemblée nationale (27 June 2006). "National Assembly / Assemblée nationale / Nationalversammlung / Assemblea nazionale / Asamblea Nacional". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Sénat (27 June 2006). "Sénat". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (13 June 2006). "France – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Internet-Dienst des Deutschen Bundestages (27 June 2006). "German Bundestag / Bundestag allemand / Deutscher Bundestag". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Bundesrat (27 June 2006). "Bundesrat / Bundesrat / Bundesrat". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Hellenic Parliament (27 June 2006). "Hellenic Parliament / Βουλή των Ελλήνων". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ National Assembly (27 June 2006). "House of the Nation / Az ország háza". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament (27 June 2006). "Parlamento italiano". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ a b Central Intelligence Agency (13 June 2006). "Italy – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Chamber of Deputies (27 June 2006). "المجلس / The Chamber of Deputies / La Chambre des Députés / Die Abgeordnetenkammer / La Camera dei Deputati / Cámara de los Diputados". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Senate of the Republic (27 June 2006). "Senato della Repubblica". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Latvijas Republikas Saeima (18 February 2003). "Saeima – the Latvian Parliament / Latvijas Republikas Saeima". Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania (27 June 2006). "Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania / Le Parlement de la Republique de Lituanie / Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Chambre des Députés (27 June 2006). "Chambre des Députés". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (13 June 2006). "Luxembourg – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ House of Representatives (27 June 2006). "House of Representatives". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament (19 October 2004). "The Dutch Parliament / Het Parlement". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Dienst Communicatie (27 June 2006). "House of Representatives of the States–General / Tweede Kamer der Staten–Generaal". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Senate (27 June 2006). "Senate of the States–General / Eerste Kamer der Staten–Generaal". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Chancellery of the Sejm (26 June 2006). "The Sejm of the Republic of Poland / Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Senate (26 June 2006). "The Senate of the Republic of Poland / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Assembly of the Republic (27 June 2006). "The Assembly of the Republic / L'Assemblée de la République / Assembleia da República". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament of Romania (22 December 2006). "Parliament of Romania / Le Parlament de la Roumanie / Parlamentul României". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ Chamber of Deputies (28 December 2006). "Parliament of Romania – Chamber of Deputies / Le Parlament de la Roumanie – Chambre des Députés / Parlamentul României – Camera Deputaţilor". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ Senate (28 December 2006). "Parliament of Romania – Senate / Le Parlament de la Roumanie – Sénat / Parlamentul României". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ National Council of the Slovak Republic (27 June 2006). "National Council of the Slovak Republic / Nationalrat der Slowakischen Republik / Národná rada Slovenskej republiky". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ National Assembly (27 June 2006). "Republic of Slovenia National Assembly / Državni zbor Republike Slovenije". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ National Council (5 January 2006). "National Council of the Republic of Slovenia / Državni svet Republike Slovenije". Archived from the original on 22 April 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Congreso de los Diputados (7 June 2004). "Congress of Deputies / Congreso de los Diputados". Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Senate (9 June 2006). "The Senate of Spain / El Senado de España". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Riksdagen / Riksdagen (27 June 2006). "Riksdagen". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ a b c Information Policy Division, Office of Public Sector Information (27 June 2006). "Houses of Parliament". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ CIRB-CIBG (5 May 2006). "Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Brussels Regional Parliament / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brüsseler Regionalparlament". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Federal Government of Belgium (28 June 2006). "Brussels–Capital Region". Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Flemish Parliament (27 June 2006). "Vlaams Parlement / Flemish Parliament / Parlement flamand / Flämisches Parlament / Parlamento fiammingo / Parlamento flamengo / Parlamento Flamenco / Flamländska Parlamentet". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parlement-Wallon (27 June 2006). "Parlement wallon". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Federal Government of Belgium (28 June 2006). "Walloon Region". Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Cellule Internet du Parlement (27 June 2006). "Parlement van de Franstalige gemeenschap / Parliament of the French Community / Parlement de la Communauté française / Parlament der französischsprachigen Gemeinschaft". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament of the German-speaking Community (27 June 2006). "Parlement van de Duitstalige Gemeenschap / Parliament of the German-speaking Community / Parlement de la Communauté germanophone / Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Åland Parliament (26 December 2007). "Ålands Lagting / Åland Parliament". Retrieved 26 December 2007.
- ^ Department of the Taoiseach (27 November 2008). "Constitution of Ireland - Bunreacht na hÉireann". pp. Article 15, §§1.1°–1.2°. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
- ^ Dolan, Terence. "Dáil". Hiberno-English archive. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ Dolan, Terence. "Seanad Éireann". Hiberno-English archive. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ Government of Gibraltar (20 April 2005). "Government of Gibraltar". Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)