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Mount Baker–Snoqualmie National Forest

Coordinates: 47°45′58″N 121°22′41″W / 47.766°N 121.378°W / 47.766; -121.378
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Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)
Glacier Peak from Image Lake
Map showing the location of Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
Map showing the location of Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
LocationWashington, USA
Coordinates47°45′58″N 121°22′41″W / 47.766°N 121.378°W / 47.766; -121.378[1]
Area1,724,229 acres (6,978 km2) [2]
Established1974; Mount Baker National Forest: January 21, 1924; Snoqualmie National Forest: July 1, 1908[3]
Governing bodyU.S. Forest Service
WebsiteMount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest

The Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest in Washington is a National Forest extending more than 140 miles (230 km) along the western slopes of the Cascade Range from the Canada–US border to the northern boundary of Mount Rainier National Park. Administered by the United States Forest Service, the forest is headquartered in Everett.[4]

Visitation

The Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest covers (in descending order of forestland area) portions of Snohomish, Whatcom, Skagit, King, Pierce, and Kittitas counties. It has a total area of 1,724,229 acres (6,978 km2). The forest consists of four ranger districts. The following are listed geographically from north to south: the Mount Baker District has two ranger stations located in Glacier and Sedro-Woolley; the Darrington Ranger District has two ranger stations located in Darrington and Verlot; the Skykomish Ranger District has one ranger station located in Skykomish; and the Snoqualmie Ranger District has two ranger stations located in North Bend and Enumclaw.

Together with the other central Puget Sound counties, 62% (3.63 million people) of the state's population lives within a 70-mile (110 km) drive of the forest. Another 1.5 million in the Vancouver metropolitan area are also within easy reach of the northern part of the forest. The large population factor, coupled with easy road access, makes the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest the second most visited national forest in the country.[citation needed]

Geography

Mountains

The Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest contains many scenic and historical points of interest. Mountain tops gradually rise from 5,000 to 6,000 feet (1,500 to 1,800 m) on the south end of the forest to 7,000 to 8,000 feet (2,100 to 2,400 m) in the north. Two tall volcanoes, Mount Baker and Glacier Peak, tower thousands of feet above the adjacent ridges.

Map of the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest

Glaciers

The forest is home to more glaciers and snow fields than any other national forest outside Alaska. As of 1971, the largest glaciers—with surface areas greater than 2.5 km2 (0.97 sq mi)—are:[5][6][7][8]

The number of glaciers in the forest has decreased from 295 in 1971 to fewer than 287 in 1998.[9] This is a part of the global phenomenon of glacier retreat. Forest glaciers have lost between 20 and 40% of their volume between 1984 and 2006. This is due to continued warm conditions and negative mass balance.[10] White Chuck Glacier (Glacier Peak) is no longer on the list of large glaciers, above. It shrank from 3.1 to 0.9 km2 (1.20 to 0.35 sq mi) from 1958 to 2002. With the shrinking of the glaciers, summer glacial runoff has been reduced by 65 to 80%.[11] This reduces streamflow and sediment and increases water temperature. Salmon and many other species are adversely affected by such changes.

Twin Sisters Mountain in the Mount Baker Wilderness

Conservation

The north and east portions of the forest are exceptionally rugged and scenic. In 1968, part of the forest was transferred to the National Park Service to be within North Cascades National Park. A 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the forest was 643,500 acres (260,400 ha).[12] In addition, Congressional action since 1964 has established the following wilderness areas, which comprise 827,101 acres (3,347 km2)—almost half of the forest's area:[2]

These pristine areas provide clean water, solitude, and permanent protection to old-growth forests across 42% of the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest.

Congress also established the Skagit Wild and Scenic River System in 1978. Its 125 miles (201 km) of rivers on the Skagit, Cascade, Sauk, and Suiattle rivers provide important wildlife habitat and recreation. The Skagit River System is home to one of the largest winter populations of bald eagles in the United States.

The Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest encompasses much of the North Cascades ecoregion, a Level III North American Ecoregion. It includes the following level IV ecoregions:

  • Western Hemlock Ecoregion
  • Silver Fir Ecoregion
  • Subalpine Mountain Hemlock Ecoregion
  • Alpine Ecoregion

References

  1. ^ "Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Location 63.
  2. ^ a b "Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest - About the Forest". www.fs.usda.gov/detail/mbs/. Retrieved 2014-11-05.
  3. ^ "The National Forests of the United States" (PDF). ForestHistory.org. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  4. ^ "Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest Gains New Forest Supervisor". Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  5. ^ Post, A.; Richardson, D.; Tangborn, W.V; Rosselot, F.L. (1971). "Inventory of glaciers in the North Cascades, Washington". USGS Prof. Paper. 705-A: A1–A26.
  6. ^ Topinka, Lyn (2002-07-09). "Mount Baker Glaciers and Glaciation". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  7. ^ Pelto, M.; Hedlund, C. (2001). "Terminus behavior and response time of North Cascade glaciers, Washington, U.S.A". Journal of Glaciology. 47 (158): 496–506. doi:10.3189/172756501781832098.
  8. ^ Beckey, Fred (1995). Cascade Alpine Guide: Climbing and High Routes: Rainy Pass to Fraser River (2nd ed.). Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-423-2. OCLC 14692076.
  9. ^ Pelto, Mauri S. "North Cascade Glacier Retreat". North Cascade Glacier Climate Project. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  10. ^ Pelto, Mauri S. "Glacier Mass Balance". North Cascade Glacier Climate Project. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  11. ^ Pelto, Mauri S. "Recent Glacier retreat and Changes in Streamflow in the North Cascades". North Cascade Glacier Climate Project. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  12. ^ Bolsinger, Charles L.; Waddell, Karen L. (1993). "Area of old-growth forests in California, Oregon, and Washington" (PDF). United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-197. Retrieved 2015-02-14. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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