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Pan Zhang

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the legendary figure, see Pan Zhang & Wang Zhongxian.
Pan Zhang
潘璋
General of the Right (右將軍)
In office
223 (223)–234 (234)
MonarchSun Quan
General Who Pacifies the North (平北將軍)
In office
222 (222)–223 (223)
MonarchSun Quan
Administrator of Xiangyang (襄陽太守)
In office
222 (222)–223 (223)
MonarchSun Quan
General Who Inspires Might (振威將軍)
In office
219 (219)–222 (222)
Administrator of Guling (固陵太守)
In office
219 (219)–222 (222)
Personal details
BornUnknown
Guan County, Shandong
Died234[a]
ChildrenPan Ping
OccupationGeneral
Courtesy nameWengui (文珪)
PeerageMarquis of Liyang (溧陽侯)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Pan.

Pan Zhang (died 234),[1] courtesy name Wengui, was a military general serving under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He continued serving in the state of Eastern Wu (founded by Sun Quan) during the Three Kingdoms period until his death.[2] Pan Zhang was praised by Chen Shou as one of the "twelve tiger minister of Jiangdong" (江東十二虎臣).[3]

Early life and career

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Pan Zhang was from Fagan County (發干縣), Dong Commandery (東郡), which is located east of present-day Guan County, Shandong. In 196, he became a follower of a 14-year-old Sun Quan, who was then serving as the Chief (長) of Yangxian County (陽羨縣) under his elder brother Sun Ce, who controlled many territories in the Jiangdong region.[4] Pan Zhang was a heavy drinker and compulsive gambler, and he had to frequently borrow money to support these habits because his family was poor. When his creditors came to pursue debts, he always claimed that he would pay them back when he became wealthy. Sun Quan felt that Pan Zhang was extraordinary and favoured him, so he sent Pan on a recruitment drive. Pan Zhang returned with more than 100 men and Sun Quan appointed him as a military officer. He became a Major of Separate Command (別部司馬)

After defeating some bandits. Later, he was appointed as a da shi cijian (大巿刺姧; similar to a police chief) in Wu Commandery (around present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu) and became famous after achieving success in maintaining high standards of security in the area, as bandits activity were ceased.[5] He was reassigned to be the Chief (長) of Xi'an County (西安縣; present-day Wuning County, Jiangxi) later.[6]

In 200, on the raiding and banditry by Huang Zu forces were disappeared after Pan Zhang put some extermination campaign.[7] Around the time, bandits were rampant in Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) and its governor Liu Biao was unable to deal with them. However, the bandits did not dare to cross the border into Yuzhang Commandery to pillage the area when they heard that Pan Zhang was stationed there. When an uprising broke out in Jianchang County (建昌縣; west of present-day Fengxin County, Jiangxi), Pan Zhang was reassigned to be the county chief and appointed as Colonel of Martial Vehemence (武猛校尉) and then sent to suppress the revolt and succeeded in doing so within a month and managed to gather back 800 soldiers who were scattered during the rebellion. He was summoned to Jianye, the capital of Sun Quan's domain.[8][5]

Battle of Xiaoyao Ford

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Main article: Battle of Xiaoyao Ford

In 214, Sun Quan led an army to attack Hefei, a city defended by Cao Cao's general Zhang Liao, leading to the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford. Lü Meng and Ling Tong took three commanderies by strategy and led their men with Sun Jiao and Pan Zhang to support Lu Su at Yiyang. When Sun Quan's forces were just setting up their camps outside Hefei, Zhang Liao suddenly led hundreds of troops to attack them, completely catching the enemy off guard. Chen Wu was killed in action while Song Qian and Xu Sheng were defeated and their men dispersed. Pan Zhang chased the deserting soldiers on horseback and executed two of them, forcing the others to return to battle. Sun Quan's forces managed to hold up against Zhang Liao's assault that day despite sustaining heavy casualties, but eventually suffered a crushing defeat when Zhang Liao launched a surprise counterattack while they were withdrawing. Sun Quan was impressed when he heard of Pan Zhang's actions and he promoted Pan to Lieutenant-General (偏將軍), put him in charge of more troops. and ordered him to garrison at Banzhou (半州).[9]

Campaigns against Liu Bei

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Main articles: Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province and Battle of Xiaoting

In 219, Pan Zhang participated in a campaign led by Sun Quan's general Lü Meng to seize control of Jing Province from Guan Yu, a general under Liu Bei. Pan Zhang and Zhu Ran blocked Guan Yu's retreat routes and stationed at Jiashi (夾石) when they reached Linju County (臨沮縣; present-day Yuan'an County, Hubei). Guan Yu, along with his son Guan Ping and subordinate Zhao Lei (趙累), were captured alive in an ambush laid by Ma Zhong (馬忠), a Major (司馬) under Pan Zhang.[5] In recognition of Pan Zhang's contributions, Sun Quan split Yidu and Zigui counties to form Guling Commandery (固陵郡) and appointed Pan as the Administrator (太守) of the commandery.[10] The appointment of Guling commandery were due to Lü Meng suggestion to Sun Quan.[10] Sun Quan also further promoting him to General Who Inspires Might (振威將軍) and enfeoffing him as the Marquis of Liyang (溧陽侯).[5] After the death of Gan Ning, his units were transferred to Pan Zhang command.[5][11] This includes Ding Feng, future famous general who at that time served as minor unit commander who at his youth served Gan Ning.[12][13]

In late 221, Liu Bei launched a campaign against Sun Quan to retake Jing Province, leading to the Battle of Xiaoting of 221–222. Pan Zhang participated in the battle under the leadership of Lu Xun, the frontline commander of Sun Quan's forces. After enduring some initial defeats and months of stalemate, Lu Xun eventually ordered a large-scale counterattack with the use of fire, inflicting a crushing defeat on Liu Bei's forces. During the attack, Pan Zhang's subordinates killed Feng Xi.[14] Pan Zhang himself has killed many Shu soldiers.[5] For his achievements during this campaign, Pan Zhang were further promoted to General Who Pacifies the North (平北將軍) and appointed as the Administrator of Xiangyang Commandery.[15]

Campaigns against Wei

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Main articles: Battle of Jiangling (223) and Battle of Dongkou

In Pan Zhang's later years, he was tasked with defending Sun Quan's territories from invasions by the state of Cao Wei, which was founded by Cao Cao's son and successor, Cao Pi.

In late October 222, Cao Pi ordered Cao Xiu, Zhang Liao and Zang Ba to attack Dongkou (洞口); Cao Ren to attack Ruxu (濡須); and Cao Zhen, Xiahou Shang, Zhang He and Xu Huang to besiege Nan Commandery (南郡).[16] In response, Sun Quan put Lü Fan in command of five armies to resist Cao Xiu; Zhuge Jin, Pan Zhang and Yang Can (楊粲) were dispatched to relieve the siege on Nan Commandery which was being defended by Zhu Ran while Zhu Huan defended the fortress of Ruxu from Cao Ren.[17] However, At that time, many soldiers in the city were sick, and those who could fight easily slaughtered by Wei army.[18] Nevertheless, Zhu Ran managed to defend the city and the Wei siege lifted.[18]

In 223, Cao Pi launch another offensive by sending Zhang He, Xu Huang, Cao Zhen, Xiahou Shang and others to lead armies to attack Nan Commandery (南郡) with the objective of capturing the commandery capital Jiangling County, which was defended by Zhu Ran. Xiahou Shang sent 30,000 troops to build pontoon bridges for crossing over the Yangtze River to Bailizhou (百里洲), an island stretching over 100 li in the river around that area. Zhuge Jin and Yang Can (楊粲) wanted to lead their men to defend the island but were unable to locate the Wei troops' crossing points. Pan Zhang told them, "The Wei army's morale is very high at the beginning and the tide is low, so we shouldn't fight them yet." They moved to about 50 li upstream, where Pan Zhang ordered his men to collect thousands of bundles of reeds, attach them onto some large rafts, and set them on fire. The flaming rafts were then allowed to sail downstream and they destroyed the enemy's pontoon bridges. Xiahou Shang sensed that he was in danger of being isolated so he withdrew his forces from the island before his retreat route could be sealed. Pan Zhang moved to Lukou (陸口; at Lushui Lake near present-day Chibi, Hubei) and stationed there. Sun Quan praised Pan Zhang for his efforts and promoted him to General of the Right (右將軍).[19]

Later, in 227, Pan Zhang followed Sun Quan to a battle against Wei forces at Shiyang County (石陽縣; in present-day Hanchuan, Hubei). During the battle, Wen Ping was surrounded by Sun Quan's 50,000 strong army. Wen Ping firmly defended his position with a smaller army for about 20 days. As Sun Quan decided to retreat, Pan Zhang was tasked with covering the rear as Sun Quan's men were withdrawing after the battle. However, Wen Ping suddenly launched a counterattack as the Wu forces retreated, and Pan Zhang, who lowered his guard that night, could not hold up against the enemy when they attacked. Zhu Ran led reinforcements to resist the enemy's advance until Sun Quan's forces at the front had completely retreated before he withdrew.[20]

In 233, Sun Quan ordered Pan Zhang and Lü Dai to lead their troops to station at Lukou (陸口; at Lushui Lake near present-day Chibi, Hubei). Later, he instructed them to relocate their garrison to the nearby Puqi (蒲圻; present-day Chibi, Hubei).[21]

Death

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Pan Zhang died in 234, and his troops were relocated to be placed under command of Lü Dai. His cause of death was not recorded in history. His son, Pan Ping (潘平), was exiled to Kuaiji Commandery for poor behaviour. Pan Zhang's wife remained in Jianye and received land and 50 taxable households.[22]

Appraisal

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For his courage, Chen Shou named Pan Zhang as one of the "twelve tiger of Jiangdong" (江東十二虎臣),[3] which were quoted from the evaluation from Zhang Ruyu, who putting those twelve were among the best generals and commanders of Wu kingdom.[23]

The appraisal of courage and strength of Pan Zhang also given by Lu Ji.[24]

However, Pan Zhang was known to be rude and violent. He liked to brag about his achievement and even though the number of men he commanded were of several thousands, he acted as if there number reached ten thousand; his prohibitions were severe and Chen Shou commented that every time after a battle, Pan Zhang would set up a market for the distribution of military equipment. Other units would replenish their stocks by taking from him. He led an extravagant lifestyle, even more in his later years. The quality of his personal items and clothing actually exceeded that befitting his rank and status. He also killed wealthy officials or soldiers among his own troops and seized their property for himself and had broken the law on several occasions. When others reported these incidents to Sun Quan, he did not pursue the matter in consideration of Pan Zhang's contributions.[25] Hao Jing, a confucian scholar of Yuan dynasty, asserted his evaluation that Pan Zhang lawlessness were tolerated due to his powerful service to Sun Quan.[26]

In fiction

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Pan Zhang appeared as a character in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In the novel, Pan Zhang was credited as the person responsible for capturing Guan Yu and Guan Ping an ambush during the Wu invasion of Jing Province in 219. He obtained Guan Yu's weapon, the Green Dragon Crescent Blade, as a spoil of war. He was killed by Guan Xing in around 221 during one of the early engagements in the Battle of Xiaoting. See Battle of Xiaoting#Guan Xing killing Pan Zhang for details.

See also

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Appendix

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Notes

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  1. ^ Pan Zhang's biography in the Sanguozhi stated that he died in the third year of the Jia'he era (232–238) of Sun Quan's reign.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b (嘉禾三年卒。) Sanguozhi vol. 55. The year corresponds to 16 Feb 234 to 4 Feb 235 in the Julian calendar.
  2. ^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 683.
  3. ^ a b 陳啟鵬 (2019). 不宮鬥也能強大. 商業周刊. ISBN 9789867778451. Retrieved 12 January 2022. 三國志‧吳志十‧程黃韓蔣周陳董甘凌徐潘丁傳 (Records of the Three Kingdoms, Vol.10 of Records of Wu , Biographies of Cheng, Huang, Han, Jiang, Zhou, Chen, Dong, Gan, Ling, Xu, Pan and Ding
  4. ^ (兄策旣定諸郡，時權年十五，以為陽羨長。) Sanguozhi vol. 47.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Wu, Lady. "Sanguozhi Officer Biography". Kongming.net. Kongming.net. Retrieved 6 January 2022. Translated from Chen Shou's Sanguozhi with Pei Songzhi's Annotations
  6. ^ (潘璋字文珪，東郡發干人也。 ... 孫權為陽羨長，始往隨權。性博蕩嗜酒，居貧，好賒酤，債家至門，輒言後豪富相還。權奇愛之，因使召募，得百餘人，遂以為將。討山賊有功，署別部司馬。後為吳大巿刺姧，盜賊斷絕，由是知名，遷豫章西安長。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
  7. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD) (ebook). Brill. p. 683. ISBN 9789047411840. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  8. ^ (劉表在荊州，民數被寇，自璋在事，寇不入境。比縣建昌起為賊亂，轉領建昌，加武猛校尉，討治惡民，旬月盡平，召合遺散，得八百人，將還建業。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
  9. ^ 陳壽; 許嘉璐 (2004). 三國志 Volume 4, Part 2 (ebook) (in Chinese). 漢語大詞典出版社. ISBN 9787543208759. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  10. ^ a b 姜越 (2018). 汉末三国大变局 (in Chinese). 辽宁人民出版社. ISBN 9787205091897. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  11. ^ (權征關羽，璋與朱然斷羽走道，到臨沮，住夾石。璋部下司馬馬忠禽羽，并羽子平、都督趙累等。權即分宜都、秭歸二縣為固陵郡，拜璋為太守、振威將軍，封溧陽侯。甘寧卒，又并其軍。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
  12. ^ Xin, Han; O., Jeremy (2003). "Ding Feng (Chengyuan) 丁奉 (承淵)". Kongming.net. Kongming.net. Retrieved 8 January 2022. Translated from Chen Shou's Sanguozhi
  13. ^ de Crespigny 2007, p. 141
  14. ^ (初，先主忿孫權之襲關羽，將東征，秋七月，遂帥諸軍伐吳。 ... 後十餘日，陸議大破先主軍於猇亭，將軍馮習、張南等皆沒。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  15. ^ (劉備出夷陵，璋與陸遜并力拒之，璋部下斬備護軍馮習等，所殺傷甚衆，拜平北將軍、襄陽太守。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
  16. ^ (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹真、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。) Sanguozhi vol. 47.
  17. ^ (權遣呂範等督五軍，以舟軍拒休等，諸葛瑾、潘璋、楊粲救南郡，朱桓以濡須督拒仁。) Sanguozhi vol. 47.
  18. ^ a b 李学勤 (1995). 傳世藏書: 三国志, 晋书 (chinese history) (in Chinese). 海南国际新闻出版中心. p. 490. Retrieved 12 January 2022. 傳世藏書: 三国志, 晋书; (曹)真等起土山,凿地道,立楼橹临城,弓矢雨注。将士皆失色,然晏如而无怨意,方厉吏士,伺间隙攻破两屯。魏攻围然凡六月日,未退。江陵令姚泰领兵备城北门,见外兵盛
  19. ^ (魏將夏侯尚等圍南郡，分前部三萬人作浮橋，渡百里洲上，諸葛瑾、楊粲並會兵赴救，未知所出，而魏兵日渡不絕。璋曰：「魏勢始盛，江水又淺，未可與戰。」便將所領，到魏上流五十里，伐葦數百萬束，縛作大筏，欲順流放火，燒敗浮橋。作筏適畢，伺水長當下，尚便引退。璋下備陸口。權稱尊號，拜右將軍。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
  20. ^ (六年，權自率衆攻石陽，及至旋師，潘璋斷後。夜出錯亂，敵追擊璋，璋不能禁。然即還住拒敵，使前船得引極遠，徐乃後發。) Sanguozhi vol. 56.
  21. ^ (嘉禾二年，權令岱領潘璋士衆，屯陸口，後徙蒲圻。) Sanguozhi vol. 60.
  22. ^ (嘉禾三年卒。子平，以無行徙會稽。璋妻居建業，賜田宅，復客五十家。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
  23. ^ 章如愚：“如程普、黄盖、甘宁、徐盛、潘璋、朱然、朱桓、贺齐、凌统、全琮、吕範，皆智足以御众，勇足以却敌，未有不为守令之职者。”
  24. ^ “甘宁、凌统、程普、贺齐、朱桓、朱然之徒奋其威。韩当、潘璋、黄盖、蒋钦、周泰之属宣其力。”
  25. ^ (璋為人麤猛，禁令肅然，好立功業，所領兵馬不過數千，而其所在常如萬人。征伐止頓，便立軍巿，他軍所無，皆仰取足。然性奢泰，末年彌甚，服物僭擬。吏兵富者，或殺取其財物，數不奉法。監司舉奏，權惜其功而輒原不問。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
  26. ^ 郝经：“程普诸将皆江表虎臣，鏖兵卫主，攻坚轧敌，兴王定覇，孙氏兄弟卒立国建号，诸将之力也。若黄盖之水战而用火攻，能用竒者也；蒋钦之不挟私怨而举徐盛；凌统之亲贤下士轻财重义；陈表倾家养士妻子露立，并有良将之规。甘宁之奢侈、潘璋之不法，权皆容之，许宁报苏飞之恩，不使统复父，操之雠驭将之术也。丁奉恃功而骄，不容于虐主，宜哉！”“吴将剽轻，殆多谲计。莫肯下人，卒自称帝。摩创抚孤，动辄流涕。驾驭有术，驱策有方。果保江东，不负桓王。”

Bibliography

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