Parodies of Harry Potter
The immense popularity and wide recognition of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter fantasy series has led to it being extensively parodied, in works spanning nearly every medium. Some self-described parodies have been targeted by Rowling and her publishers as plagiarism,[1] while others have sold hundreds of thousands of copies without any threat of legal sanction.[2] Misinterpretations of Harry Potter parodies have sparked at least two urban legends.[3][4] Many Harry Potter parodies are self-published; others are put out as part of major comic productions, such as Mad, The Simpsons, Saturday Night Live and Robot Chicken, all of which have parodied Harry Potter several times. Rowling has also been parodied (and parodied herself) in a number of instances.
Books
In English
- Barry Trotter is a series of Harry Potter parodies written by Michael Gerber and published in the UK in a small hardback format uniform to the new edition of Bored of the Rings. The series to date comprises Barry Trotter and the Shameless Parody (Barry Trotter and the Unauthorized Parody in the United States), Barry Trotter and the Unnecessary Sequel and Barry Trotter and the Dead Horse. The narrative features the adventures of "Barry Trotter", "Lon Measly", and "Ermine Cringer" who attend the "Hogwash School for Wizardry and Witchcrap". It features strong postmodern metanarrative, as the book concerns their attempts to prevent the making of a movie, but the entire story is revealed to have been a movie itself, which in turn is shown to be a novel being written by Barry Trotter.
- Hairy Pothead and the Marijuana Stone by Dana Larsen — a marijuana-laden book-length parody was released in the United States and Canada in October 2007 by Cannabis Culture Magazine.[5] The story parallels the original books, but instead of magic, Hairy Pothead is a "Weedster" and attends Hempwards School of Herbcraft and Weedery. Characters include Hempwards Master Head Alwaze Duinthadope and Professors Moruvva McGanjagal and Vacuous Vape. The book received extensive media coverage in Canada upon its release.[6]
- Hairy Potty and the Underwear of Justice from the The Captain Underpants Extra-Crunchy Book o' Fun by Dav Pilkey.[7]
- Henry Potty and the Pet Rock: An Unauthorized Harry Potter Parody by Valerie Frankel[8] is a satire of Harry Potter along with most of children’s literature. In July 2008 the sequel, Henry Potty and the Deathly Paper Shortage, appeared. [9] These narratives feature the adventures of Henry Potty, Really Wimpy, and Horendous Gangrene who attend Chickenfeet Academy. The series is metafictional, as the characters know they’re in a book, which Lord Revolting keeps trying to spoil.[10]
- Parry Hotter And The Seamy Side Of Magic by K.C. Ellis.[11]
In Russian
- Porri Gatter (Порри Гаттер- a spoonerism of "Garri Potter", which is "Harry Potter" in Russian) is a series of Harry Potter parodies written by Belarusian authors Andreyi Zhvalevskiyi (Андрей Жвалевский) and Igor' Miyt'ko (Игорь Мытько; lives in Moscow, Russia) in Russian. The series is based on an inversion of the Potter mythos: Porri is a technology user in a world of magicians.[12] Three books have so far been published.
- Harri Proglotter by Sergey Panarin.[13]
- Larin Pyotr, by Yaroslav Morozov. Series of Harry Potter parodies[14]
- A Boy Named Harry and his Dog Potter, by Valentin Postnikov.[14]
In other languages
- Heri Kókler (Heri = pronunciation of Harry, Kókler = mountebank), a Hungarian parody of the Harry Potter series by an author with the fake name K. B. Rottring, a pun on J. K. Rowling. ("K. B." is a Hungarian shorthand for "körülbelül", meaning "approximately", while Rotring is a pen manufacturer, and a common term for mechanical pencils.) It has more books than the real series, but every real book has its pair.[15]
- Harry Pouter by Peter M. Jolin, a series of Harry Potter parodies published in English and Czech language (under name Harry Trottel). To date there are three sequels.[16]
- Harry Cover, a French comic book parody of the Harry Potter series by the Pierre Veys, subsequently translated in Spanish and English. He has a friend called Hormone (i.e. Hermione Granger).[17]
- Happy Porter, is a parody of Harry Potter series in Indonesia.[18]
- Hayri Potur Harry Potter'a Karşı (Hayri Potur againsts Harry Potter) is an also parody of Harry Potter Series in Turkey which is written by Muzaffer İzgü.[19]
Film and television
Films
- Harry Potter was one of dozens of spoofs in the 2007 film Epic Movie.[20]
- In Scary Movie 2, Cindy is seen reading a book titled Harry Pothead.[21]
- Richardson Productions LLC is currently in production of "Harvey Putter and the Ridiculous Premise"[22]
U.S. television
Animated
- Harry Potter has been parodied and referenced several times on The Simpsons. In "Wiz Kids", the third act of the episode "Treehouse of Horror XII", Lisa and Bart attend Springwart's School of Magickry. Harry Potter is in their class and they must fight against the evil Lord Montymort (Montgomery Burns). Harry actually has one line:
- Mrs. Krabappel: Harry Potter, are you chewing gum?
- Harry: No, ma'am, it's brimstone. [He blows a small fireball][23]
- In the episode "The Haw-Hawed Couple", Lisa asks Homer to read her Angelica Button book to her for bedtime. Homer, learning that the character Headmaster Greystash will die (a la Albus Dumbledore in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince), hides the fact from Lisa by inventing a happier ending, though Lisa does read the real ending and decides that Homer's was better.[24] In the episode "Smoke on the Daughter", the Simpsons go to the midnight release of the final Angelica Button book. On the ride home from the store, Lisa skims through the book, revealing all of the best parts. Once Lisa reveals that the book ends well the Simpsons exclaim "Yay!" and each throw their copies of the book out the car windows.
- Nigel Planter is a recurring character on The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy. He first appeared in the episode "Toadblatt's School of Sorcery", which parodies Animal House as well as Harry Potter. He reappeared in the episodes "Nigel Planter And The Chamber Pot of Secrets", "One Crazy Summoner" and "Order of the Peanuts". The episodes feature Lord Moldybutt, parodying Lord Voldemort, whenever someone says his name, something unfortunate happens; Toadblatt's School of Sorcery parodying Hogwarts, the Squid Hat (parodying the Sorting Hat and voiced by Weird Al Yankovic)[25] and the house of Weaslethorpe, parodying Gryffindor. There is also the opposing Gunderstank house, which is possibly parodying Slytherin.
- Henry Skreever was the title of a book series in two episodes of the children's television show Arthur. In the first, "Prunella's Special Edition", a new book had just come out entitled Henry Skreever and the Cabbage of Mayhem and all the characters were reading it. The second, "Prunella Sees the Light", featured the Henry Skreever movie, Henry Skreever and the Brick of Wonders. This parody features the villain "Lord Moldywort."[26] The school of magic that Henry attends is known as "Pigblisters" (Hogwarts). Students participate in the game "Soupitch" (Quidditch), a dangerous, mobile tree is called "The Mangling Maple" (The Whomping Willow), and instead of broomsticks, students ride on flying carpets.
- In the children's series Cyberchase, the young spellcaster Shari Spotter attends Frogsnorts school of magic under Professor Stumblesnore.[27] The show's main characters must solve a series of magical themed logic problems to save the day.
- One of The Emperor's New School episodes is called "The Prisoner of Kuzcoban", parody of "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban".
- In the episode "Magic in the Air" from the series Clifford the Big Red Dog, Charley becomes so overly obsessed with fictional book character, Peter Poundstone (a series of books about a young wizard similar to the Potter series), that he attempts to use magic to create a diorama (as part of a school assignment).[28]
- In the "Password: Swordfish" episode of Robot Chicken, Harry Potter has to battle the monster Pubertus[29]
- The series The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius features an episode where Jimmy and his friends film a movie. In one of the scenes, Jimmy is Parry Bladder and attends Pigpimples school.[30]
- On Fetch with Ruff Ruffman Dogwarts is a parody of Hogwarts.
Non-animated
- Harry Potter has been parodied several times on the US skit comedy Saturday Night Live. In all sketches, Harry is portrayed by Rachel Dratch[31] except for the "Welcome Back Potter" sketch in which Harry is played by Will Forte.[32] In addition Hermione Granger was played by Lindsay Lohan, who wore an enormously revealing sweater that showed most of her breasts, causing Harry and Ron, then the Weasley twins, and even Snape and Hagrid to gawk at her in amazement and lust. (The boys decide to use the Invisibility Cloak to spy on Hermione in the bath.) This was to parody the fact that Hermione had reached puberty. [33] A recent sketch featured J. K. Rowling (played by Amy Poehler) showed deleted scenes from Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban where Albus Dumbledore (played by Bill Hader) acts gay.
- Harry Potter has also been parodied on MADtv, where Triple H played Harry.[citation needed]
- "Harry Bladder" was a sketch on the children's comedy show All That. Instead of flying on a broom, Harry rode a leaf-blower.[34]
- In the series Wizards of Waverly Place, the episodes "Wizard School Part 1" and "Wizard School Part 2" features Alex and Justin Russo go to a wizarding summer school named Wiz-tech, where everyone wears glasses reminiscent of the scarred wonder and yellow and black robes. When Alex sees the similarities, she says, "You remind me of someone. Terry something...Barry something...Larry something! Oh, forget it." Dumbledore is parodied as Headmaster Crumbs, Draco Malfoy is parodied as Jerko Phoenix, and the villain is Dr. Evilini, who plans on taking Justin's powers. Quidditch is parodied through a game called 12-ball, similar to pingpong. To end the game, you "hit the tattler" (portrayed by a girl in a golden dress) tattler of course being another name for a "snitch" [35]
- Harry Potter was also parodied in the series Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide in the episode "Guide to: Substitute Teachers and The New Kid". In the end of the "The New Kid" part, a boy wearing glasses, clothes and a scarf similar to Harry Potter's on the film series appears, wanting to have a tour in the school.
- On episode On the Edge of Death of Caught on Camera there was a Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Truck.
- On an episode of Hannah Montana, Miley said she went to a school in London and then she said Hogwarts.
UK television
- Alistair McGowan, on his show Big Impression, did a sketch called "Louis Potter and the Philosopher's Scone". It featured impressions of Louis Theroux (as Louis Potter), Neil and Christine Hamilton (as the Dursleys), Nigella Lawson (as Hermione), Anne Robinson (as Ron), Mark Lawrenson (as the Quirrell-figure) and Gary Lineker (as the Voldemort figure). It also featured impressions of Robbie Coltrane (as Hagrid) and Alan Rickman (as Snape), these last two being the actual actors who played parts in the film.[36]
- BBC satirical comedy programme Dead Ringers featured Harry Potter in several sketches over the years, at one point spoofing Star Wars, Potter and Lord of the Rings in a single sketch, calling attention to the mysterious old magician who befriends the young male lead character.
- In 2003, Comic Relief performed a spoof story called Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan. It featured Dawn French as a female Harry; Jennifer Saunders as Ron Weasley and J. K. Rowling; Miranda Richardson as Hermione; Nigel Planer as Dumbledore (wearing the beard and costume of Richard Harris); Jeremy Irons as Professor Severus Snape; Alison Steadman as Minerva McGonagall; Ronnie Corbett as Hagrid and Basil Brush as Dobby the House Elf). The broadcast of this parody was preceded by a message from JK Rowling (played by Saunders).[37][38] French subsequently received a role as The Fat Lady in 2004's Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The end of Secret Chamberpot featured an advert for the sequel, Gobs of Fire, which was never made. It is unknown whether it was ever planned, or if it was just a spoof.
- 2DTV showed a short animated clip, in which an Ofsted inspector was inspecting Hogwarts. The inspector found no faults with the school, except for the atrocious acting of the Year 9 students (Harry, Ron and Hermione)
- Episode 2.3 of BBC's comedy Extras featured a thinly veiled spoof on Harry Potter with Daniel Radcliffe and Warwick Davis parodying their own Potter roles. Radcliffe's character was repeatedly shown trying to seduce his female coworkers on the set, but failed miserably and blamed them when he was caught by his mother.
Other television
- The Wedge, an Australian sketch comedy, parodies Harry and Hermione in love on a "Cooking With..." show before being caught by Snape.[39]
- An episode of Kirby: Right Back at Ya! titled "A Novel Approach" includes a book titled "Pappy Pottey and the Fool's Stone"[40]
- Berndi Broter und der Kasten der Katastrophen (literally "Berndi Broter and the case of disasters"), an episode of the German children's television puppet character Bernd das Brot, who attend Blockharz.[41]
Publications
The Onion
- The spoof newspaper The Onion has parodied Harry Potter several times, most notably in the article "Harry Potter Books Spark Rise in Satanism Among Children", which satirized the hysteria of the American Christian Right over the supposedly Satanic influence of the novels on the young.[42] Ironically, the article was copied into a chain letter and circulated among Critics of the series as proof of their claims.[3]
- Another Onion article, "Children, Creepy Middle-Aged Weirdos Swept Up In Harry Potter Craze", referenced the books' popularity among people one would assume were too old for them.[43]
- ONN, the Onion's satirical spoof of television news, carried an item in the lead up to release of the final Harry Potter book entitled "JK Rowling hints at Harry Potter date rape".[44]
- The Onion also satirized the Harry Potter fandom's fear of spoilers, particularly in the run-up to the final book, with an article stating that Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows had itself been attacked for containing spoilers. [45]
Mad
- Harry Plodder and the Kidney Stone —a text-driven parody of the first book by Desmond Devlin, illustrated by James Warhola. Cover story of Mad #391 (March 2000 issue).[46]
- Harry Plodder and the Sorry-Ass Story— a parody of the first film, by Desmond Devlin, illustrated by Mort Drucker. Cover story of Mad #412 (December 2001).[47]
- Harry Plodder and the Lamest of Sequels— a parody of the second film, by Desmond Devlin, illustrated by Tom Richmond. Cover story of Mad #424 (December 2002).[48]
- Harry Plodder and the Pre-Teen Nerds are Actin' Bad — a parody of the third film, by Desmond Devlin, illustrated by Hermann Mejia. Cover story of Mad #443 (July 2004).[49]
- Harry Plodder Has Gotta Retire — a parody of the fourth film, by Desmond Devlin, illustrated by Hermann Mejia. Cover story of Mad #460 (December 2005).[50]
- Harry Plodder and the Torture of the Fanbase — parody of the fifth film, by Desmond Devlin, illustrated by Tom Richmond. Cover story of Mad #480 (August 2007).[51]
- Mad has also run occasional Potter-themed pieces which are not direct parodies, such as "The Differences Between Hogwarts and Your School,"[52] a J.K. Rowling installment of their "Celebrity Cause-of-Death Betting Odds" feature,[47] and an Amazon.com page parody using the "Order of the Phoenix" book as its subject.[53]
Other publications
- In their May 2004 issue, the U.S. Army publication Preventive Maintenance Monthly, which instructs soldiers on how to maintain their equipment, featured a spoof comic based on Harry Potter, featuring a character named Topper who resided at Mogmarts School under Professor Rumbledore.[54] The publication received notice from Rowling's lawyers that the comics breached copyright, though the magazine's editor claimed that no violation had taken place, as "The drawings do not look like any of the characters from Harry Potter"[55]
- A parody of Hogwarts can be seen in Futurama Comics #16. While trying to find a boarding school for Cubert, the crew visits a magic school on the planet Rowling VI. Cubert's insistence that a school cannot exist solely based on faith causes the school and the magical creatures within it to vanish.[56]
- "Continuing the Magic," in Time by Lon Tweeten, shows possible future book covers laced with pop culture references such as "The Audition of Doom" with Simon Cowell judging Harry harshly, "The Paris Hilton Enchantment" with a trio of familiar Dementors, and "Dark Lord of the Dance" with Voldemort and Harry teaming up on Broadway. [57]
- In the comic book series "Tozzer", the titular character studies at the acting school of "Boarboils", a parody of the name "Hogwarts". The character Tozzer also is occasionally depicted with a swastika scar on his forehead, and believes that he is a magician.[58]
Online
Movies and animations
The Potter Puppet Pals
- The Potter Puppet Pals, made by 22 year old Neil Cicierega, is a series of flash animations about Harry Potter. Episodes so far have been about annoying Snape with disastrous results (titled "Bothering Snape") and killing Lord Voldemort with machine guns (titled "Trouble at Hogwarts"). Seven further movies, featuring real puppets ("Potions Class", "Wizard Angst," "The Mysterious Ticking Noise," "Wizard Swears", "School Is For Losers", "Awakening of the Incorruptible" and "The Vortex") have been released on the popular video sharing site YouTube. The episode "The Mysterious Ticking Noise," based around the concept of a musical ostinato, has become very popular on YouTube, the seventeenth most viewed video of all time on the website, with over 50,000,000 views.
- A running gag in half of the Potter Puppet Pals films has been Dumbledore stripping completely naked except for hat randomly in the story. Also, in half of the films Dumbledore is using the exclamation "Alas!" in an apparently incorrect place, parodying Rowling's love for unusual words. [59]
- There was also a cancelled episode, The Potter Puppet Pals Adventure, that still exists in audio form, and has been animated by a member of the Lemon Demon wiki. In it, Rubeus Hagrid, the Dursleys, and Draco Malfoy were originally slated to appear.[60]
Other animations
- String-Studios has produced several Harry Potter parodies on YouTube.com, such as Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Pimp, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Lovin, and Marauders Reunite!. The latter title is the only non-perverse installment, although it does contain some foul language. Half-Blood Pimp has received over 70,000 views.[61]
- Walmart Watch produced a parody of Harry Potter, Harry Potter and the Dark Lord Waldemart to illustrate their negative perspective of Walmart.[62]
- "Harry Potter Bad Roommate" is a video series, made famous by YouTube, where three students live together with Harry Potter as their roommate. The episodes involve Harry trying to cope with a post-modern, non-magical society. For instance, he still believes that Lord Voldemort is after him and that dementors and death-eaters are a constant threat, to the great annoyance of his roommates. The actors include Jon Frederick as Mike, Dawan Owens as Brad, and Mark R. Gerson as Harry. There is a fourth actor whose name changes in the opening credits of every episode. These names include Trip Taylor, Flip Hawkins, Chip Cosby, and Blaze "Rip" Nyugen
Webcomics
- The Order of the Stick used a character for strip #253 named Larry Gardener, a student at Warthog's School of Wizardry and Sorcery, who was quickly killed off.[63]
- In a story arc of webcomic Zebra Girl, Jack, a budding magician, discovers a "Magi-Net" and therein encounters a wizard named Harold DuVase. Jack stumbles over the real nature of the 'Net, dies in a subsequent fight, does a Gandalf-like return, and concludes the story with a bittersweet triumph. The scar is represented symbolically in Harold's glasses.[64]
- Webcomic Sluggy Freelance's main character is Torg, a bright but uncomplicated fellow whose last name we never learn. In Pete Abrams' first parody, Torg Potter and the Sorcerer's Nuts, Torg is mistaken for the Lastnameless One and brought into Hoggelrynth to learn magic. He subsequently defeats a plot by Professor Santory Snapekin to achieve ultimate power. (Maybe.) Despite Torg's not having any actual magic powers he is embroiled in a plot to turn everybody into chocolate in Torg Potter and the Chamberpot of Secretions. In Torg Potter and the President from Arkansas Blearious Stank escapes from prison, and Torg is considered to be in danger due to being the "Torg Potter of record". Torg is jibported back to Hoggelrynth to take part in the Tri-Gizzard Tournament in Torg Potter and the Giblets with Fiber. The parodies are modelled after the movies, not the books, and follow the movie releases.[65][66][67][68].
- On the Sev Wide Web, which parodies many pop culture icons, Hairy Plopper is an internet cartoon parodying Harry Potter.[69]
- The webcomic VG Cats featured a parody of Harry Potter (Wise Advice: Fullmetal vs. Harry Potter} in which Harry finds the Philosopher's Stone at the same time as Edward and Alphonse Elric of the series, Fullmetal Alchemist. The result is Harry and Edward getting into a fight after several insults are exchanged.[70]
- The webcomic Random- The Harry Potter Comics is a comic set up in a script format, and is set up similar to a television show, currently in its tenth season. The main plot, while still random, is the misadventures of Harry, Ron, Hermione, and other hp characters. One of the main themes of the comedy is that everybody has a fast- food addiction. It is also rated PG for rude humor, action/violence, some language, and some suggestive content
Stage
- In 2005, the University of Queensland Law Revue released Harry Potter's Scar, a parody of the song Scar by Missy Higgins, where a hormonal Harry (on piano) and Silent Bob-style Dumbledore (on guitar) pitched "Harry Potter: The Musical" to J.K. Rowling.[71]
- Harry Podder: Dude Where's My Wand?, a play by Desert Star Theater in Utah, written by sisters Laura J., Amy K. and Anna M. Lewis. The plot, which takes place at the Utah-based Warthogs school for wizards, features Harry Podder, Hermione Ranger, Ron Sneasley, Professor McGargoyle and the Dark wizard Voldie.[72]
- Potted Potter (subtitled "The Unauthorised Harry Experience") by Dan & Jeff of Potted Productions has run successfully for three years at the Edinburgh Fringe festival in Scotland, and has also toured many venues in the UK. It abbreviates all seven canonical books into one hour.[73]
- Henry Botter and the Curse of Dracula, a 2007 Halloween themed cross-parody of Harry Potter and Dracula, written and directed by Logan Rogan.[74]
- The Chuckle Brothers toured the stage show Barry Potty and his Smarter Brother Paul in the Chamber of Horrors
Other media
- RiffTrax released parody audio commentaries of the first two Harry Potter films. RiffRaff Theater has also released a commentary for the first film.
- Wizard People, Dear Readers, an audio book that acts as an alternate soundtrack to the film version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.[75]
- In 2002, the public art exhibition CowParade, which travels the world erecting cow-themed sculptures in major cities before selling them at auction for charity, erected a broomstick-riding Harry Potter cow in London's Leicester Square. When the organisers attempted to take it down, they were prevented by public outcry.[76][77]
- Jared Lee, an equestrian-themed T-shirt and home goods graphic company, has designed t-shirts showing a horse riding a broomstick and wearing a cape, with the words "Hairy Trotter" below the picture.[78] These t-shirts have become popular and are sold through several major equestrian retailers.
- Cows Ice Cream of Prince Edward Island, Canada, which is famous for making cow-themed parodies of many different pieces of pop culture, has a parody called Cowy Potter (also Dairy Potter), including "The Prisoner of Azcowban" and "The Goblet of Milk"[79]
- In Wacky Packages All-New Series 1, Hairy Patter is a parody of Harry Potter.
J. K. Rowling parodies
- Rowling made a guest appearance as herself on the American animated sitcom The Simpsons, in a special British-themed episode entitled The Regina Monologues. The dialogue consisted of a short conversation between Rowling and Lisa Simpson, who mispronounces Rowling's name. She greets Lisa by saying:"Greetings muggle." When Lisa asks her about the ending of Harry Potter, Rowling sighs and says, "He grows up, and marries you. Is that what you want to hear?" to which Lisa dreamingly replies, "Yes!" [80]
- Rowling is also parodied in an episode of Adult Swim's Robot Chicken, in which a character from the future travels through time in an attempt to completely destroy her chance at fame by giving Rowling a terrible idea for a novel: "A raccoon with an afro named Squiggles who shoots pixie dust from his bunghole".[81]
- Rowling appears as a wrestler on Celebrity Deathmatch, where she uses Harry Potter style spells against Stephen King.[82]
- On a couple of occasions, Craig Ferguson of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson has done a sketch where he portrays J.K. Rowling as a power-hungry, money-obsessed individual. Once he portrayed her doing a talkshow, similar to Oprah, and advertising Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows "It really moved me...into a bigger mansion. HAHAHAHA! I'M RICH! I'M RICH!"[citation needed]
- An article in The Onion claimed, "J.K. Rowling Ends Harry Potter Series After Discovering Boys".[83]
- In 2002, the Canadian newspaper National Post, in its satirical column Post Morten, wrote a spoof article claiming that:
- Rowling — or, as the article referred to and credited her, Mrs. J. K. Satan — said that as she sat in a coffee shop one grey day, wondering what to do with her empty, aimless life, it hit her: "I'll give myself, body and soul, to the Dark Master. And in return, he will give me absurd wealth and power over the weak and pitiful of the world. And he did!"
- Like The Onion's article on Harry Potter and Satanism, this article too was copied into a chain letter and released as truth onto the web.[4]
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{{cite web}}
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