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The White Man's Burden

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For the book by William Easterly, see William Easterly.
"White Man's Burden" redirects here. For the 1995 film, see White Man's Burden (film).
The white man's burden-from an 1899 edition of Life Magazine
This 1890s advertisement for soap uses the theme of the White Man's Burden, encouraging white people to teach cleanliness to members of other races.

"The White Man's Burden" is a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling. It was originally published in the popular magazine McClure's in 1899, with the subtitle The United States and the Philippine Islands.[1] Although Kipling's poem mixed exhortation to empire with sober warnings of the costs involved, imperialists within the United States understood the phrase "white man's burden" as a characterisation for imperialism that justified the policy as a noble enterprise.[2][3][4][5][6]

The poem was originally written for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, but exchanged for "Recessional"; Kipling changed the text of "Burden" to reflect the subject of American colonisation of the Philippines, recently won from Spain in the Spanish-American War.[7] The poem consists of seven stanzas, following a regular rhyme scheme. At face value it appears to be a rhetorical command to white men to colonise and rule other nations for the benefit of those people (both the people and the duty may be seen as representing the "burden" of the title). Because of its theme and title, it has become emblematic both of Eurocentric racism and of Western aspirations to dominate the developing world.[8][9][10] A century after its publication, the poem still rouses strong emotions, and can be analysed from a variety of perspectives.

Differing interpretations

The white man's burden – The Journal, Detroit, 1898.

One view proposes that white people consequently have an obligation to rule over, and encourage the cultural development of people from other ethnic and cultural backgrounds until they can take their place in the world economically and socially. The term "the white man's burden" has been interpreted as racist, or taken as a metaphor for a condescending view of undeveloped national culture and economic traditions, identified as a sense of European ascendancy which has been called "cultural imperialism". An alternative interpretation is the philanthropic view, common in Kipling's formative years, that the rich have a moral duty and obligation to help "the poor" "better" themselves whether the poor want the help or not.[11]

The poem makes clear Kipling's view of attitudes that allowed colonialism to proceed. It starts off by describing the colonised Filipinos as "new-caught, sullen peoples, half devil and half child". Although a belief in the virtues of empire was widespread at the time, there were also many dissenters; the publication of the poem caused a flurry of arguments from both sides, most notably from Mark Twain and Henry James.[12] While Kipling may have intended the piece as a form of satire, much of Kipling's other writing does suggest that he genuinely believed in the "beneficent role" which the introduction of Western ideas could play in lifting non-Western peoples out of poverty and ignorance.[citation needed] Lines 3–5, and other parts of the poem suggest that it is not just the native people who are held in captivity, but also the "functionaries of empire", who are caught in colonial service and may die while helping other races less fortunate than themselves. An analysis focused on the social status and background of colonial officers active at the time is lacking; as is one of the Christian missionary movement, also quite active at the time in parts of the world under colonial rule (e.g. the Christian and Missionary Alliance) which also emphasised the theme of aiding those less fortunate. One author asserts that Kipling wrote the poem to help Theodore Roosevelt persuade many doubting Americans to seize the Philippines.[13] His work with regards to British colonialism in India had become widely popular in the United States. The poem could be viewed as a way for Kipling to share the virtues of British colonialism with Americans.

Some commentators do not believe that this poem's simplistic racist views can be serious and point to Kipling's history of satirical writing, suggesting that "The White Man's Burden" is in fact meant to parody imperialist attitudes. Chris Snodgrass, in A Companion to Victorian Poetry[14] describes Kipling's poetry as "imperial sensibilities with wry irony and scepticism, viewing all human endeavours as ultimately transitory". Kipling also wrote many poems celebrating the working classes, particularly the common soldier, which these commentators also consider to be satirical. Six months after "The White Man's Burden" was published, he wrote "The Old Issue", a stinging criticism of the Second Boer War, and an attack on the unlimited, despotic power of kings. The Norton Anthology of English Literature argues it is no satire, but in line with Kipling's strong imperialism and a belief of a "Divine Burden to reign God's Empire on Earth", that other, less Christian nations would otherwise take.[7][failed verification] Still, some find Kipling's work fascinating because his pro-imperialist stance did not blind him to the less glamorous and more perilous aspects of imperialism. According to Steve Sailer, writer John Derbyshire has described Kipling as "an imperialist utterly without illusions about what being an imperialist actually means. Which, in some ways, means that he was not really an imperialist at all."[15]

Several parodies and other forms of critical works have used themes or quotes collected from Kipling's poem. Early examples include Henry Labouchère's poem "The Brown Man's Burden" (1899),[16] British journalist Edmund Morel's 1903 article criticising imperialist practices in the Congo Free State,[17] and Ernest Crosby's poem "The Real White Man’s Burden" (1902).[18]

Literary Response to Poem

The poem did not go without literary response or challenge. Many people in the colonies and other people wrote responses to this work. The notable ones are highlighted below.

Hubert Harrison

West-Indian American writer Hubert Harrison's response entitled "The Black Man's Burden" from When Africa Awakes was published in New York in 1920.[19]

H.T Johnson

In April 1899 H. T. Johnson published a popular response entitled "The Black Man's Burden" to Kipling's poem. A “Black Man’s Burden Association” was organised with the goal of demonstrating that mistreatment of brown people in the Philippines was an extension of the mistreatment of black Americans at home. Johnson was an African-American clergy but during that era all oppressed people were referred to as black.[20]

Edmund Morel

E. D. Morel, a British journalist in the Belgian Congo, drew attention to the brutality of imperialism in 1903.[21] His article, "The Black Man's burden" was published in 1903. In another article, also entitled "The Black Man's Burden," he describes both the White and Black Man's burdens.

Henry Labouchère

English writer and politician Henry Labouchère's poem, 'The Brown Man's Burden.' was written in 1899 as an anti-colonial piece.[22]

See also

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Notes

  1. ^ "The White Man's Burden." McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
  2. ^ Zwick, Jim (December 16, 2005). "Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898–1935". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) [dead link]
  3. ^ Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03081-9. p. 5: "...imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago (using) higher-sounding justifications related to the "white man's burden."
  4. ^ Judd, Denis (1997). "Diamonds are forever: Kipling's imperialism; poems of Rudyard Kipling". History Today. 47 (6): 37. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help): "Theodore Roosevelt...thought the verses 'rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansionist stand-point'. Henry Cabot Lodge told Roosevelt in turn: 'I like it. I think it is better poetry than you say'."
  5. ^ Examples of justification for imperialism based on Kipling's poem include the following (originally published 1899–1902):
  6. ^ Pimentel, Benjamin (October 26, 2003). The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history. The San Francisco Chronicle. p. D3.: charactising the poem as a "call to imperial conquest".
  7. ^ a b Stephen Greenblatt (ed.), Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York 2006 ISBN 0-393-92532-3.
  8. ^ "Eurocentrism". In Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 0415976626, p. 636.
  9. ^ Chisholm, Michael (1982). Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 0389203203, p.12.
  10. ^ Mama, Amina (1995). Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0415035449, p. 39.
  11. ^ David Cody, The growth of the British Empire, Associate Professor of English, Hartwick College, (Paragraph 4)
  12. ^ John V. Denson (1999). The costs of war: America's pyrrhic victories. Transaction Publishers. pp. 405–406. ISBN 9780765804877(note ff. 28 & 33).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  13. ^ Wolpert, Stanley (2006)
  14. ^ Snodgrass, Chris (2002). A Companion to Victorian Poetry. Blackwell, Oxford.
  15. ^ Sailer, Steve (2001). "What Will Happen In Afghanistan?". Published by United Press International. 26 September 2001.
  16. ^ Labouchère, Henry (1899). "The Brown Man's Burden" an anti-imperialist parody of Kipling's poem.
  17. ^ Morel, Edmund (1903). The Black Man's Burden. Fordham University.
  18. ^ Crosby, Ernest (1902). The Real White Man’s Burden. Funk and Wagnalls Company. pp. 32–35. Published online by History Matters, American Social History Project, CUNY and George Mason University.
  19. ^ http://www.expo98.msu.edu/people/Harrison.htm
  20. ^ http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5476/
  21. ^ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1903blackburden.html
  22. ^ http://mondoweiss.net/2010/07/brown-mans-burden-of-1899-was-prescient.html

References

  • A Companion to Victorian Poetry, Alison Chapman; Blackwell, Oxford, 2002.
  • Chisholm, Michael (1982). Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 0389203203.
  • Cody, David. The growth of the British Empire. The Victorian Web, University Scholars Program, National University of Singapore, November 2000.
  • Crosby, Ernest (1902). The Real White Man’s Burden. Funk and Wagnalls Company, 32–35.
  • Dixon, Thomas (1902). The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900.
  • Encyclopedia of India. Ed. Stanley Wolpert. Vol. 3. Detroit: charles Scribner's Sons, 2006, p. 35-36. 4 vols.
  • "Eurocentrism". In Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 0415976626.
  • Greenblatt, Stephen (ed.). Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York 2006 ISBN 0-393-92532-3
  • Kipling. Fordham University. Full text of the poem.
  • Labouchère, Henry (1899). "The Brown Man's Burden".
  • Mama, Amina (1995). Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0415035449.
  • Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03081-9.
  • Pimentel, Benjamin (October 26, 2003). "The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history". The San Francisco Chronicle: D3.
  • Sailer, Steve (2001). "What Will Happen In Afghanistan?". United Press International, 26 September 2001.
  • Snodgrass, Chris (2002). A Companion to Victorian Poetry. Blackwell, Oxford.
  • "The White Man's Burden." McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
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