Jump to content

Transgender youth

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Trans youth)

"Trans girl" and "Trans boy" redirect here. For trans adults, see Trans woman and Trans man. For gender-nonconforming children, see Childhood gender nonconformity.

A trans boy holding a trans pride flag
Part of a series on
Transgender topics
     
Gender identities
Health care practices
Rights and legal status
Society and culture
Events and awareness
Culture
Theory and concepts
By country
Rights
History
See also
 Category

Transgender youth are children or adolescents who do not identify with the sex they were assigned at birth. Because transgender youth are usually dependent on their parents for care, shelter, financial support, and other needs, they face different challenges compared to adults. According to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, the American Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Pediatrics, appropriate care for transgender youth may include supportive mental health care, social transition, and/or puberty blockers, which delay puberty and the development of secondary sex characteristics to allow children more time to explore their gender identity.[1][2][3]

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, by age four, most children have a stable sense of their gender identity, and research substantiates that children who are prepubertal and assert a transgender or gender diverse identity know their gender as clearly and as consistently as their developmentally equivalent peers who identify as cisgender and benefit from the same level of social acceptance.[4][5] A review published in 2022 found the majority of pre-pubertal children who socially transition persist in their identity in 5- to 7-year follow-ups.[6] Gender dysphoria is likely to be permanent if it persists during puberty.[6][7][8]

Persistence of transgender identity

[edit]
See also: Gender dysphoria in children § Persistence

If a child's gender dysphoria persists during puberty, it is likely permanent.[6][7][8] For children with gender dysphoria, the period between 10 and 13 years is crucial with regard to long-term gender identity.[6][9] Factors that are associated with gender dysphoria persisting through puberty include the intensity of gender dysphoria, the amount of cross-gendered behavior, and verbal identification with the desired or experienced gender (i.e., stating that they are a different gender rather than wish to be a different gender).[6][10] Prospective studies have reported that gender dysphoria in children is more heavily linked to adult homosexuality than to an adult transgender identity, especially with regard to boys.[11][12][13] The studies state that the majority of children diagnosed with gender dysphoria did not desire to be the other sex by puberty, with most growing up to identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, with or without therapeutic intervention.[7][8][9][10][14] The studies have been used to argue for more caution or delays in socially or medically transitioning transgender youth.[15][16][17]

The prospective studies have been criticized as irrelevant on the basis that they counted as 'desistance' cases where the child was simply gender-nonconforming rather than dysphoric. They tracked diagnoses rather than gender identity or desire to transition, leading to an inflation of the desistance statistics. The majority of desistance research relies on four studies published since 2008. While the subjects met the criteria for gender identity disorder as defined in the DSM-III or DSM-IV, many would not have met the updated criteria for gender dysphoria in the DSM-5, established in 2013, which, unlike prior versions, explicitly requires identification with a gender other than that assigned at birth. In one study, 40% of those classified as "desisters" were subthreshold even for the DSM-IV criteria.[citation needed] The four studies all offered evidence that the statement of transgender identity in childhood predicted transgender identity in adolescence and adulthood, and the intensity of gender dysphoria in childhood likewise predicted its intensity later in life. The studies published from the 1960s to the 1980s never used the term "desistance", instead focusing on "gender-deviant behavior" – childhood femininity in people assigned male at birth – and how this more often predicts homosexuality than "transsexualism" in adulthood. Additionally, some of the research since 2000 and all the research prior has been criticized for citing studies that used conversion therapy: either discouraging social transition, explicitly trying to prevent or discourage the child from identifying as transgender as an adult, or actively employing techniques to limit their "gender-deviant" behavior. The term "desistance" itself has been criticized as pathologizing for its roots in criminal research and oppositional defiance disorder, where desistance is considered a positive outcome.[15][16][17][18]

A systematic review of research relating to desistance was published in 2022. It found that desistance was poorly defined; studies sometimes did not define it or equally defined the desistance of transgender identity and the desistance of gender dysphoria. They also found that none of the definitions allowed for dynamic or nonbinary gender identities and that the majority of articles published were editorial pieces. They stated the concept was based on biased research from the 1960s to the 1980s and poor-quality research in the 2000s. They concluded there was a "dearth of high-quality hypothesis-driven research that currently exists" on the subject and suggested that desistance should "be removed from clinical and research discourse to focus instead on supporting [transgender and gender-expansive] youth rather than attempting to predict their future gender identity."[16] According to a review published in 2022, considering more recent studies, the majority of pre-pubertal children who socially transition persist in their identity in 5- to 7-year follow-ups.[6]

Coming out

[edit]
Main article: Coming out

Transgender youth may encounter family exclusion and face discrimination.[19] Some transgender youth feel they need to remain closeted until they feel that it is safe and appropriate to come out and reveal their gender identity to their family members and friends. In the LGBT community, to "come out" means to acknowledge one's sexual identity or gender identity and make it known to the public.

Family acceptance

[edit]
A transgender girl (center right) with her family at a Capital Pride event.[20]

Family acceptance, or lack thereof, has a significant impact on the lives of transgender youth.[19] It may be impossible to predict a parent's reaction to the news of their child's gender identity, and the process can be fraught for many transgender youths. In some cases, parents will react negatively to such news and may disown the child or kick the youth out of the home. Current research suggests that transgender youth who have been entered into the juvenile justice system are more likely to have experienced family rejection, abuse, and abandonment compared to youth who are not transgender. Because transgender youth depend on their parents for support and acceptance, family exclusion can result in them becoming emotionally vulnerable and regretting their decision to come out.[21] Parents can find gender-affirmative counselors and doctors and connect their children with LGBTQ support groups. Many parents join organizations such as Mermaids in the UK and PFLAG in the US so they can meet other parents and learn how to advocate for their children. Additionally, the reactions of parents to transgender children can change over time. For example, parents who initially reacted with negativity and hostility may eventually come around to support their transgender children.[citation needed]

Support

[edit]

Research has overwhelmingly indicated that familial support and acceptance of transgender youth have resulted in more positive life outcomes for the individual regarding their mental, physical, and emotional health.[22][23][24]

Studies have indicated a number of ways that parents or guardians of transgender youth can show support and acceptance for their child, with one of them being the opportunity for the child to speak about their gender identity. Transgender youth have found greater success and emotional stability when parents take on a supportive role rather than a controlling and dismissive stance. Troubleshooting problems during the transition as they arise, rather than pushing views on the child and dictating their process, has allowed for healthier transitions.[24][25] Additionally, informing professionals and other critical individuals in the child's life aides in developing a support network for transgender youth.[24][25][26]

Parents access to information is critical to aiding and advocating for transgender youth. Access to information supports parents in providing youth with resources regarding their gender identity, such as medical care, counseling, educational literature, and local youth groups that can provide access to others in the transgender community.[24][25]

Support in school is also important to the wellbeing and mental health of trans youth. Many schools seek to support trans pupils, and educators can look to a variety of trans inclusion school guidance documents to shape their support of trans pupils of all ages. The literature continues to consider best practices within the educational setting.[27]

Health risks

[edit]

Family acceptance of transgender youth predicts an increase in greater self-esteem, social support, and general health status. It also protects against depression, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation and behaviors.[28] As recent as 2015, research has shown that in carefully selected patients, people who transition young suffer few ill effects[29] and maintain a higher level of functioning than before transitioning. Additionally, the results of treatment such as counseling are considered better when it is offered at an earlier age.[30]

Family behaviors can increase or decrease the health risks of transgender youth.[31] Behaviors such as physical or verbal harassment, pressure to conform to gender norms, and excluding the youth from family events will lead to higher health risks such as depression and suicide.[32] On the positive end, behaviors such as supporting the youth's gender identity by talking about it and working to support their choice, even though the parent might be uncomfortable, make a significant impact on boosting the youth's confidence, which works to combat health risks associated with rejection.[29]

Medical interventions

[edit]

Puberty blockers are sometimes prescribed to trans children who have not yet begun puberty to temporarily halt the development of secondary sex characteristics.[33] Puberty blockers give patients more time to solidify their gender identity before starting puberty.[34] While few studies have examined the effects of puberty blockers for transgender and gender non-conforming adolescents, the studies that have been conducted generally indicate that these treatments are reasonably safe and can improve psychological well-being.[35][36][37] The Cass Review, which dealt with gender services for transgender youth in the United Kingdom, said that in its systematic review of the literature, "The quality of the studies was not good enough to draw any firm conclusions, so all results should be interpreted with caution."[38]

Short-term side effects of puberty blockers include headaches, fatigue, insomnia, muscle aches, and changes in breast tissue, mood, and weight.[39] The potential risks of pubertal suppression in gender dysphoric youth treated with GnRH agonists may include adverse effects on bone mineralization.[40][41] Additionally, genital tissue in transgender women may not be optimal for potential vaginoplasty later in life due to underdevelopment of the penis.[42] Research on the long-term effects on brain development, cognitive function, fertility, and sexual function is limited.[41][43][44][45] In the Netherlands, youth are allowed to begin taking cross-sex hormones at age 16, following their course of puberty blockers.[46]

Some studies support the rights of children to provide informed consent to puberty blockers, saying that if parents are unjustly opposed to a child's transition, the child would have no recourse for needed treatment. This draws parallels to the right of children of Jehovah's Witnesses to blood transfusions, in addition to pointing to the psychological benefits of access to blockers and the intense psychological and physical harm that can come from a lack of access. Trans minors, especially homeless trans youth, without standard access to blockers may seek them from unreliable sources, leading to dangerous side effects. Trans youth have also spoken out in support of their right to blockers.[47][48][49][50][51][52][53]

In Bell v Tavistock, the High Court of Justice of England and Wales ruled that it was unlikely that a child under the age of 16 could be Gillick competent to consent to puberty-blocking treatment.[54] This was overturned by the Court of Appeal, which ruled that children under 16 could consent to receiving puberty blockers.[55]

For those who are over 18 and do not require parental consent, there are several medical interventions available. For those wishing to transition from male to female, options consist of facial feminization surgery, vaginoplasty, breast augmentation surgery, and cross-sex hormones. For those wishing to transition from female to male, options consist of penile construction surgery, breast reduction surgery, and cross-sex hormones.[56] Under American Psychiatric Association criteria, in order for any individual to receive these medical treatments, they must have a written diagnosis of gender dysphoria and have undergone up to a year's worth of therapy.[57] If they are a citizen of Malta, there is a quick and relatively simple paperwork process to change their gender marker.[58] In contrast, the United States has a difficult and extensive process that requires medical proof of need and returning to their home state to obtain various legal documents. To change an existing gender marker and name in the United States, applications can be filed for driver's license, social security card, banking documents, and passport.[59]

In February 2024, the American Psychological Association approved a policy statement supporting unobstructed access to health care and evidence-based clinical care for transgender, gender-diverse, and nonbinary children, adolescents, and adults, as well as opposing state bans and policies intended to limit access to such care.[60][61]

Vulnerability

[edit]

Transgender youth are especially vulnerable to a multitude of risks, including substance use disorders, suicide, childhood abuse, sexual abuse/assault, and psychiatric disorders.[62]

Gender dysphoria

[edit]
Main article: Gender dysphoria in children

Gender dysphoria is a strong, persistent discomfort and distress with one's gender, anatomy, sex assigned at birth, and even societal attitudes toward their gender variance.[63] Transgender youth who experience gender dysphoria may become very conscious of their bodies.[64][better source needed]

Physical, sexual, and verbal abuse

[edit]

Transgender and gender nonconforming youth are at increased risk for physical, verbal, and sexual abuse. Childhood gender nonconformity is correlated with abuse.[65] Transgender youth who face physical abuse may be forced to leave their homes or choose to leave.[66] A lack of support at home and constant harassment at school may lead to academic difficulties for the youth as well, who face a much higher dropout rate compared to their cisgender counterparts.[62]

Homelessness and survival sex

[edit]

In the US, according to the National Healthcare for the Homeless Council, one fifth of LGBT youth have unstable housing or lack housing altogether as of 2014.[67] It is estimated that between 20% and 40% of homeless youth are part of the LGBT population.[29] Reasons for home insecurity among LGBT youth include family rejection and conflict, domestic violence, and difficulty within various institutions such as school or the foster care system.[67] LGBT youth who find themselves in homeless shelters may not have their needs met. They may be denied access to the shelter due to their gender identity or be inappropriately housed somewhere that does not align with their identity.[68]

Homelessness among LGBT youth may lead to survival sex, the act of engaging in prostitution in order to fulfill one's extreme needs.[45] One study in Minneapolis found that about one in four homeless and runaway youth has engaged in survival sex.[69] Risks associated with survival sex include the transmission of STI/STDs (sexually transmitted infection/disease).[45]

Medical inequality

[edit]

Transgender youth can face difficulty obtaining medical treatment for their gender dysphoria. This lack of access is often due to doctors refusing to treat youth or youth fearing negative reactions from health care providers. Psychiatrists, endocrinologists, and family physicians now have clear guidelines on how to provide care to trans youth from early puberty through its completion.[70] [71]

The transgender population is at increased risk for STI transmission compared to the general population.[62]

Hostile educational environment

[edit]
An illustration of two transgender students in high school

School settings can be places of bullying for transgender youth. Several problems may be faced at schools, including verbal and physical harassment and assault, sexual harassment, social exclusion and isolation, and other interpersonal problems with peers. A 2021 report found that most transgender students in the US had experienced harassment and felt unsafe in school settings.[72] These experiences vary between individuals and schools attended. Larger schools tend to have safer climates for transgender students, as do schools with more low-income and religious and ethnic minorities.[73]

A 2019 study of 6th through 12th grade transgender students in the United States showed that most experienced a hostile school climate with regular victimization and harassment from peers.[74][75] 82% of these youth reported that they felt unsafe at school because of their gender identity, and almost 90% reported experiencing homophobic harassment from peers frequently.[75] A majority of these students also reported physical harassment at school, with nearly half reporting that they had been punched, kicked, or injured with a weapon.[75] Sexual harassment among these students was also reported with alarming frequency (76%).[75] Restrooms and locker rooms pose an especially high threat to transgender students, who frequently report fear and anxiety about using these facilities at school because of experiences of harassment by both peers and adults when using them. Negative comments about gender presentation may be frequently overheard in these places, and surveyed students have reported being "pushed around", "getting the crap beat out of them", and "getting their asses kicked" by peers.[75] A 2017 study of U.S. students in grades 9–12 found that 27% of transgender students reported feeling unsafe at school, a sharp contrast with only 5% of cisgender boys and 7% of cisgender girls who reported similar feelings.[76]

School administrations may not take reports of victimization of transgender students seriously. Only a third of transgender students who reported victimization to school staff feel that their situation was taken care of adequately and effectively.[75]

In one study of transgender youth, three-quarters of the participants dropped out of school, almost all citing the main reason for the constant acts of violence against them due to their gender identity. Anti-transgender bullying in schools has also been found to directly correlate with other negative outcomes, such as homelessness, unemployment, incarceration, and drug use.[75]

A national survey conducted by GLSEN found that 75% of transgender youth feel unsafe at school, and those who are able to persevere have significantly lower GPAs and are more likely to miss school out of concern for their safety.[77] These students also reported being less likely to plan on continuing their education.[78]

Suicide

[edit]
Main article: Suicide among LGBT youth

A 2007 study of transgender youth found that, of the youth interviewed, about half had seriously contemplated ending their own lives. Of those who had thought about suicide, about half had actually made an attempt. Overall, 18% of all interviewed transgender teenagers reported an attempted suicide that was linked to their transgender identity.[64] In a 2014 study, it was found that these statistics are even higher for those who became homeless because of bias against their gender identity or have been denied medical care because they were transgender. This brings the numbers up to 69% for those who were made homeless because of gender identity and 60% for those denied medical care because they were transgender, with a general statistic stating that around 40% of transgender youth have attempted suicide.[79] In the 2011 National Transgender Discrimination Survey, which surveyed 6,450 transgender individuals, 41% of respondents reported attempting suicide compared to 1.6% of the general population (a rate 25 times more elevated). Reported rates of attempted suicide were even higher for those who were unemployed, experienced harassment and physical or sexual abuse, or had low household income.[80] However, a study on the impact of parental support on trans youth found that among trans children with supportive parents, only 4% attempted suicide, a 93% decrease.[81]

Transgender youth may face victimization from peers and family members' negative reactions to their atypical gender presentation, increasing their risk of life-threatening behaviors.[82][83]

Numerous studies across various countries have noted suicide attempt rates for transgender children ranging from 30 to 50%, at least double the rates of age-matched cisgender peers.[84][85][86][87]

A 2022 study of American transgender youth, aged 13–20, found that those who received gender-affirming hormones (GAH) and/or puberty blockers had 73% lower odds of self-harm or suicidal ideation compared to those who had never received either. The participants were studied over a period of one year.[88] A separate 2022 study of American transgender adults found that receiving GAH at an earlier age was correlated with lower suicidal ideation and psychological distress. Those who accessed GAH as early adolescents (age) were 135% less likely to report suicidal ideation in the year leading up to the study than those who had never accessed GAH. Those transgender adults who accessed GAH as late adolescents were 62% less likely to report suicidal ideation. Those who accessed GAH as adults were 21% less likely to report suicidal ideation.[30]

A multi-year study published in September 2024 found that the restriction to transgender care after passing of anti-trans laws in several US states, including restriction on access to gender-affirming puberty blockers, showed a direct link to negative mental health outcomes for transgender youth. The study followed the enactment of several laws in US states on restricting such access, which led to an increase of suicide attempts of 7-72% in transgender youth within one to two years following the enactment of laws restricting access.[89][90]

Discrimination in court

[edit]

Individuals involved in the juvenile justice system have reported that transgender youth have an exceptionally difficult experience. This is because, for a transgender youth, a sentence to a juvenile detention facility could mean that transition is stopped while they are detained.[91]

Juvenile justice professionals are bound by the rules of ethics to ensure all youth are treated fairly. However, in 2015, out of 183 transgender youth, 44 percent described interactions with the courts as negative and felt as if they were not adequately represented or respected in court.[92] This included treatment from prosecutors, court-appointed defense attorneys, and judges, including one case in which a judge refused to hear the case of a transgender girl due to the way she was dressed.[92] In another case, a prosecutor requested confinement for a transgender defendant rather than being returned home. The judge agreed to the confinement, even though the defendant was not an apparent danger or flight risk.[93]

Detention centers

[edit]

In a 2009 survey, some juvenile detention centers stated that they already had difficulties housing girls and boys on the same campus and that mixing transgender youth according to their identified gender in one dormitory would only create more problems. Transgender boys are harder to place because of the high level of violence in the boys' facilities and the high risk of sexual assault.[93]

As a result of these difficulties, transgender youth are frequently placed in solitary confinement.[citation needed] The centers assert that the solitary confinement is for their safety because the facilities cannot keep them protected if they are mixed in with the general population. However, confinement strips them of any recreational and educational programming that is imperative to maintaining mental stability. Oftentimes, these isolations are based on the belief that LGBTQ youth are sexual predators and should not be around other confined youth or with individuals of the opposite gender.[21] One transgender youth in New York was placed in isolation for three weeks, despite her request to be placed in the general population.[94] Following her isolation, she was placed in observation for three months, whereas others are only in observation for one week.[94]

Additionally, the safety of detention facilities is a primary issue, as reported by LGBT youth in detention centers and individuals who work in the juvenile justice system.[95] Transgender youth are at risk for abuse from both staff and other youth in the center.[21] This can include staff abusing the youth or ignoring incidents of rape and abuse.[21] Youth who were interviewed stated that they feared for their safety, and complaints about abuse went unheard and unresolved.[95]

Staff members in juvenile detention centers are not properly trained in order to deal with some of the issues faced by transgender youth, such as the use of proper pronouns or adequate clothing choices.[96] This can be due to the varying amount of comfort around the issue of transgender youth and sexual identification, which has an impact on the treatment the youth receive.[96] For example, one transgender girl stated that she did not have problems with the boys in her detention center, but she did with the staff.[93] She said the staff would call her "him" and "he," even though she identified as female,[93] and they refused to accept her transition from male to female.

[edit]

On a global scale, transgender individuals face varying levels of acceptance or denial based on their location's attitude towards the LGBT community. Factors that influence acceptance or denial of their identity tend to surround political interests, religious affiliations, and whether their identity is still labeled as a mental health disorder.[97] Acceptance levels tend to be predominantly higher in countries located in the Global North.[97] Despite higher levels, acceptance rates still vary from country to country. Malta and the United States of America are two examples of countries where legislation and social acceptance levels have curated a safer environment for transgender individuals.

Malta

[edit]

In early April 2015, Malta adopted a bill titled the "Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act" (GIGESC Bill). The bill allows minors to have their parents apply to have their legal gender marker changed for them or to have a gender marker held from their birth certificate until their gender identity has been self-determined. The bill also prevents surgeries from being performed on intersex infants until their gender identity has been discovered; the parents are no longer required to make an immediate decision, and medical personnel cannot override this decision because the bill also outlaws the request to view medical records.[98] For individuals who are no longer minors, they only need to request a notary for self-declaration; again, the individual cannot be asked for medical records when changing their legal gender or performing any other legal changes in conjunction with their gender identity. Also, the entire process can be completed in less than thirty days.[98]

Other European countries

[edit]

While there are other European countries that have created allowances and encouraged acceptance of transgender individuals, some require compulsory sterilization and have lengthy legal proceedings.[99]

Mexico

[edit]

In Mexico City, transgender teenagers over the age of 12 may change their legal gender as of 27 August 2021.[100] In Jalisco, following a decree on 29 October 2020, trans children and teenagers from all Mexican states were able to change their legal gender with parental consent, but since the implementation of new legislation in April 2022, recognition of transgender identities has been limited to people over the age of 18.[101] In Oaxaca State, transgender teenagers over the age of 12 may change their legal gender as of October 2021.[102]

United States

[edit]

Discrimination in the United States is considered illegal.[103] Many transgender youth face struggles in attempting to transition and to be accepted in the U.S. According to the Human Rights Campaign, as of 2015, in 32 states, an individual can be fired for being transgender, and in 33 states, an individual can be refused housing.[104][105] Transgender people are also disproportionately targeted for hate crimes. One report studying data from 1995 to 1999 found that 20% of transgender people who were murdered were victims of anti-transgender hate crimes. Anti-transgender violence also caused 40% of police reports by the transgender population.[106] In 2013, the state of California signed a bill into law titled the School Success and Opportunity Act, giving transgender students the full rights and opportunities that their cisgender peers are granted.[107] For individuals who are minors, if their parents consent, they are able to begin receiving puberty blockers at a young age and later receive cross-sex hormones and then transitional surgeries upon turning 18 years of age.[108][better source needed] For those who are not minors, they are able to participate in any body-altering transitional experience that they desire if they are able to financially afford it and after going through a year of therapy to affirm this decision, but they will have to jump over several hurdles for it to also be legally marked.[56] The western and northeastern states are currently the most tolerant of the transgender population and have the most laws to protect those individuals.[109]

During the first four months of 2021, there was a wave of legislation aiming to restrict access to gender-affirming healthcare treatments for transgender youth, as 28 Republican-controlled state legislatures have drafted or passed a number of bills of this sort.[110] In April, Arkansas passed the Save Adolescents From Experimentation (SAFE) Act, which banned medical treatment and procedures for transgender youth under the age of 18. The law warns health care providers that administering procedures such as puberty-blockers, cross-sex hormone therapy, and gender-affirming surgeries can result in losing their medical license.[110] Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, and West Virginia have proposed similar laws that would prevent trans youth from having access to gender-affirming health care.[110] Opponents of the bills criminalizing transition-related treatment for transgender youth are concerned that they prevent doctors from following health care guidelines approved by organizations like the American Medical Association.[110]

On 10 May 2021, the Biden administration announced that it would provide transgender people protection against discrimination in health care in an effort to restore civil rights protections for LGBTQ people that were eliminated by his predecessor.[111] The policy reestablished that the federal government will protect transgender people, once again prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity by health care providers and health-related organizations that receive federal funding.[111]

Health and Human Services' (HHS) reversal of the Affordable Care Act, Section 1557, was backed up by landmark Supreme Court decision Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) that ruled that LGBTQ individuals are protected against employment discrimination on the basis of their gender identity or sexual orientation.[112] HHS concludes that the Bostock decision applies to health care as well, which led to the revision of the ACA civil rights provision.[111] HHS Secretary Xavier Becerra said in a statement: "The Supreme Court has made clear that people have a right not to be discriminated against on the basis of sex and receive equal treatment under the law, no matter their gender identity or sexual orientation. Fear of discrimination can lead individuals to forgo care, which can have serious negative health consequences."[111]

On 7 April 2022, the Alabama legislature passed HB 322, which bans transgender youth from using sex-segregated school facilities aligning with their gender and prohibits discussion of sexual orientation and gender identity in grades K–5, copying language from a recent Florida bill. A few hours later, they passed SB 184, which criminalizes the provision of gender-affirming medical care for transgender minors, making it a felony punishable by up to 10 years in prison to help or suggest a child's medical or social transition and mandating that school employees report a child's gender identity to their parents. The bill makes exceptions for intersex youth and circumcision. During the debate, its sponsor, Rep. Shay Shelnutt, compared gender-affirming care to vaping or getting a tattoo. The Southern Poverty Law Center, GLBTQ Legal Advocates & Defenders, and the Human Rights Campaign announced plans to challenge the bill on behalf of medical best practices, as supported by most major American medical associations, two medical care providers, and the families who would be harmed by the bill.[113][114][115]

Transgender youth activists

[edit]

Media representations

[edit]

The film Ma Vie en Rose (My Life in Pink) (1997) by Alain Berliner follows a young child named Ludovic, who is assigned male but who lives as a girl and tries to make others agree with her identification. Ludovic's "gender play" incurs conflict within the family and prejudice from the neighbors.[121]

The film Tomboy (2011) by Céline Sciamma follows a 10-year-old with the given name Laure who, after moving to a new neighborhood, dresses as a boy and adopts the name Mikäel.[citation needed]

The 2015 documentary film Louis Theroux: Transgender Kids follows documentarian Louis Theroux's exploration of the burgeoning transgender youth therapy community in San Francisco, California. He interviews several transgender youth as they engage in medical, social, and psychological therapies to conform to their desired gender identities.[122]

The film 20,000 Species of Bees (2023) by Estibaliz Urresola Solaguren follows the story of an 8-year-old trans girl named Lucía and the effects her identity has on her family. [123]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People (PDF). World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 2012. pp. 20–21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  2. ^ "Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People" (PDF). American Psychological Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  3. ^ "Supporting and Caring For Transgender Children" (PDF). American Academy of Pediatrics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  4. ^ Rafferty J (18 September 2018). "Gender Identity Development in Children". American Academy of Pediatrics. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  5. ^ Rafferty J, Committee on Psychological Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Adolescence, Section on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health and Wellness, et al. (2018). "Ensuring Comprehensive Care and Support for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Children and Adolescents". Pediatrics. 142 (4). doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2162. PMID 30224363. S2CID 52288840. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Roberts C (11 May 2022). "Persistence of Transgender Gender Identity Among Children and Adolescents". Pediatrics. 150 (2). doi:10.1542/peds.2022-057693. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 35538638. S2CID 248694688.
  7. ^ a b c Jameson L, de Kretser DM, Marshall JC, De Groot LJ (2013). Endocrinology Adult and Pediatric: Reproductive Endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-323-22152-8. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  8. ^ a b c Dulcan, MK (2015). Dulcan's Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Second Edition. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 591. ISBN 978-1-58562-493-5. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  9. ^ a b Fuss J, Auer MK, Briken P (November 2015). "Gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: a review of recent research". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 28 (6): 430–434. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000203. PMID 26382161. S2CID 23690783.
  10. ^ a b Ristori J, Steensma TD (2 January 2016). "Gender dysphoria in childhood". International Review of Psychiatry. 28 (1): 13–20. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1115754. PMID 26754056. S2CID 5461482.
  11. ^ Kreukels B, Steensma TD, de Vries A (2013). Gender Dysphoria and Disorders of Sex Development: Progress in Care and Knowledge. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4614-7441-8.
  12. ^ Fatemi H, Clayton PJ (2016). The Medical Basis of Psychiatry. Springer. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-4939-2528-5.
  13. ^ LeVay S (2010). Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. Oxford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-19-975319-2.
  14. ^ Marcdante K, Kliegman RM (2014). Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-323-22698-1.
  15. ^ a b Ashley F (2 September 2021). "The clinical irrelevance of "desistance" research for transgender and gender creative youth". Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. 9 (4): 387–397. doi:10.1037/sgd0000504. ISSN 2329-0390. S2CID 239099559. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  16. ^ a b c Karrington B (1 June 2022). "Defining Desistance: Exploring Desistance in Transgender and Gender Expansive Youth Through Systematic Literature Review". Transgender Health. 7 (3): 189–212. doi:10.1089/trgh.2020.0129. ISSN 2688-4887. PMC 9829142. PMID 36643060.
  17. ^ a b Temple Newhook J, Pyne J, Winters K, Feder S, Holmes C, Tosh J, Sinnott ML, Jamieson A, Pickett S (3 April 2018). "A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistance" theories about transgender and gender-nonconforming children". International Journal of Transgenderism. 19 (2): 212–224. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390. ISSN 1553-2739. S2CID 150338824. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023. Due to such shifting diagnostic categories and inclusion criteria over time, these studies included children who, by current DSM-5 standards, would not likely have been categorized as transgender (i.e., they would not meet the criteria for gender dysphoria) and therefore, it is not surprising that they would not identify as transgender at follow-up. Current criteria require identification with a gender other than what was assigned at birth, which was not a necessity in prior versions of the diagnosis.
  18. ^ Steensma T (2018). "A critical commentary on "A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistence" theories about transgender and gender non-conforming children"". International Journal of Transgenderism. 19 (2): 225–230. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1468292. S2CID 150062632.
  19. ^ a b Said H (3 October 2014). "Young trans people still struggling for social acceptance". Al Jazeera America. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  20. ^ Ford Jr R, Ford V (3 June 2016). "Opinion | Parents of transgender child: Our magnetic 5-year-old is not a threat to anyone". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021.
  21. ^ a b c d Hunt J, Moodie-Mills AC (2012). The unfair criminalization of gay and transgender youth: An overview of the experiences of LGBT Youth in the Juvenile Justice System (Report). Washington, DC: Center for American Progress. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016.
  22. ^ Catalpa JM, McGuire JK (1 February 2018). "Family Boundary Ambiguity Among Transgender Youth". Family Relations. 67 (1): 88–103. doi:10.1111/fare.12304. ISSN 1741-3729.
  23. ^ Le V, Arayasirikul S, Chen YH, Jin H, Wilson EC (1 July 2016). "Types of social support and parental acceptance among transfemale youth and their impact on mental health, sexual debut, history of sex work and condomless anal intercourse". Journal of the International AIDS Society. 19 (3 (Suppl 2)): 20781. doi:10.7448/ias.19.3.20781. ISSN 1758-2652. PMC 4949317. PMID 27431467.
  24. ^ a b c d Riley E, Sitharthan G, Clemson L, Diamond M (April 2013). "Recognising the needs of gender-variant children and their parents". Sex Education. 13 (6): 644–659. doi:10.1080/14681811.2013.796287. S2CID 146453141.
  25. ^ a b c "Supporting & Caring for Transgender Children | Human Rights Campaign". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  26. ^ Katz-Wise SL, Budge SL, Orovecz JJ, Nguyen B, Nava-Coulter B, Thomson K (2017). "Imagining the future: Perspectives among youth and caregivers in the trans youth family study". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 64 (1): 26–40. doi:10.1037/cou0000186. PMC 5224913. PMID 28068129.
  27. ^ Horton C (2020). "Thriving or Surviving? Raising Our Ambition for Trans Children in Primary and Secondary Schools". Frontiers in Sociology. 5: 67. doi:10.3389/fsoc.2020.00067. PMC 8022833. PMID 33869473.
  28. ^ Ryan C, Russell ST, Huebner D, Diaz R, Sanchez J (1 November 2010). "Family Acceptance in Adolescence and the Health of LGBT Young Adults". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. 23 (4): 205–213. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x. ISSN 1744-6171. PMID 21073595.
  29. ^ a b c Tishelman AC, Kaufman R, Edwards-Leeper L, Mandel FH, Shumer DE, Spack NP (February 2015). "Serving transgender youth: Challenges, dilemmas, and clinical examples". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 46 (1): 37–45. doi:10.1037/a0037490. PMC 4719579. PMID 26807001.
  30. ^ a b Turban JL, King D, Kobe J, Reisner SL, Keuroghlian AS (12 January 2022). "Access to gender-affirming hormones during adolescence and mental health outcomes among transgender adults". PLOS ONE. 17 (1): e0261039. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1761039T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261039. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8754307. PMID 35020719.
  31. ^ Grossman AH, D'Augelli AR (1 October 2007). "Transgender Youth and Life-Threatening Behaviors". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 37 (5): 527–537. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.5.527. ISSN 1943-278X. PMID 17967119.
  32. ^ "Family Acceptance Project — Helping LGBT Youths". www.socialworktoday.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  33. ^ Stevens J, Gomez-Lobo V, Pine-Twaddell E (1 December 2015). "Insurance Coverage of Puberty Blocker Therapies for Transgender Youth". Pediatrics. 136 (6): 1029–1031. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-2849. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 26527547. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  34. ^ Alegría CA (1 October 2016). "Gender nonconforming and transgender children/youth: Family, community, and implications for practice". Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. 28 (10): 521–527. doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12363. ISSN 2327-6924. PMID 27031444. S2CID 22374099.
  35. ^ Mahfouda S, Moore JK, Siafarikas A, Zepf FD, Lin A (2017). "Puberty suppression in transgender children and adolescents". The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 5 (10). Elsevier BV: 816–826. doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30099-2. ISSN 2213-8587. PMID 28546095. S2CID 10690853. The few studies that have examined the psychological effects of suppressing puberty, as the first stage before possible future commencement of CSH therapy, have shown benefits."
  36. ^ Rafferty J (October 2018). "Ensuring Comprehensive Care and Support for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Children and Adolescents". Pediatrics. 142 (4): e20182162. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2162. PMID 30224363. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. Often, pubertal suppression...reduces the need for later surgery because physical changes that are otherwise irreversible (protrusion of the Adam's apple, male pattern baldness, voice change, breast growth, etc) are prevented. The available data reveal that pubertal suppression in children who identify as TGD generally leads to improved psychological functioning in adolescence and young adulthood.
  37. ^ Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, Rosenthal SM, Safer JD, Tangpricha V, T'Sjoen GG (November 2017). "Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 102 (11): 3881. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01658. PMID 28945902. Treating GD/gender-incongruent adolescents entering puberty with GnRH analogs has been shown to improve psychological functioning in several domains
  38. ^ "Final Report – Cass Review". cass.independent-review.uk. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  39. ^ "Puberty Blockers". www.stlouischildrens.org. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  40. ^ Rafferty J (October 2018). "Ensuring Comprehensive Care and Support for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Children and Adolescents". Pediatrics. 142 (4): e20182162. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2162. PMID 30224363. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  41. ^ a b Rosenthal SM (2016). "Transgender youth: current concepts". Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 21 (4): 185–192. doi:10.6065/apem.2016.21.4.185. PMC 5290172. PMID 28164070.
  42. ^ Giovanardi G (1 September 2017). "Buying time or arresting development? The dilemma of administering hormone blockers in trans children and adolescents". Porto Biomedical Journal. 2 (5): 153–156. doi:10.1016/j.pbj.2017.06.001. ISSN 2444-8664. PMC 6806792. PMID 32258611.
  43. ^ Terhune C, Respaut R, Conlin M (6 October 2022). "As children line up at gender clinics, families confront many unknowns". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  44. ^ de Vries AL, Cohen-Kettenis PT (2012). "Clinical management of gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: the Dutch approach". Journal of Homosexuality. 59 (3): 301–320. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.653300. ISSN 1540-3602. PMID 22455322. S2CID 11731779.
  45. ^ a b c Shapiro L. "New Report Offers A Look At 'Survival Sex' and the LGBTQ Youth Who Are Turning To It". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  46. ^ Cohen-Kettenis PT, Steensma TD, de Vries AL (October 2011). "Treatment of adolescents with gender dysphoria in the Netherlands". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 20 (4): 689–700. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2011.08.001. ISSN 1558-0490. PMID 22051006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  47. ^ Beattie C (1 January 2022). "High court should not restrict access to puberty blockers for minors". Journal of Medical Ethics. 48 (1): 71–76. doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-107055. ISSN 0306-6800. PMID 33593872. S2CID 231939788. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  48. ^ Kremen J, Williams C, Barrera EP, Harris RM, McGregor K, Millington K, Guss C, Pilcher S, Tishelman AC, Baskaran C, Carswell J (1 May 2021). "Addressing Legislation That Restricts Access to Care for Transgender Youth". Pediatrics. 147 (5): e2021049940. doi:10.1542/peds.2021-049940. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 33883246. S2CID 233351473.
  49. ^ Hoffman ND, Alderman EM (1 December 2021). "Improving Our Understanding of Medical Decision-Making Competence in Puberty Suppression". Pediatrics. 148 (6): e2021053451. doi:10.1542/peds.2021-053451. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 34850190. S2CID 240421673. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  50. ^ Giordano S, Garland F, Holm S (1 May 2021). "Gender dysphoria in adolescents: can adolescents or parents give valid consent to puberty blockers?". Journal of Medical Ethics. 47 (5): 324–328. doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106999. ISSN 0306-6800. PMID 33692171. S2CID 232172479. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  51. ^ Vrouenraets LJ, Fredriks AM, Hannema SE, Cohen-Kettenis PT, de Vries MC (1 October 2016). "Perceptions of Sex, Gender, and Puberty Suppression: A Qualitative Analysis of Transgender Youth". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 45 (7): 1697–1703. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0764-9. ISSN 1573-2800. PMC 4987409. PMID 27251640. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  52. ^ Clark BA, Marshall SK, Saewyc EM (1 February 2020). "Hormone therapy decision-making processes: Transgender youth and parents". Journal of Adolescence. 79: 136–147. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.016. ISSN 0140-1971. PMID 31972534. S2CID 210882333. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  53. ^ Priest M (1 February 2019). "Transgender Children and the Right to Transition: Medical Ethics When Parents Mean Well but Cause Harm". The American Journal of Bioethics. 19 (2): 45–59. doi:10.1080/15265161.2018.1557276. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 30784385. S2CID 73456261. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  54. ^ "Puberty blockers: Under-16s 'unlikely to be able to give informed consent'". BBC News. December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  55. ^ Siddique H (17 September 2021). "Appeal court overturns UK puberty blockers ruling for under-16s 17 September 2021". Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  56. ^ a b Milrod C (2014). "How Young is Too Young: Ethical Concerns in Genital Surgery of the Transgender MTF Adolescent". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 11 (2): 338–346. doi:10.1111/jsm.12387. PMID 24238576.
  57. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (PDF). American Psychiatric Association. 1978. pp. 576–582. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  58. ^ "Malta breaks EU taboo on trans-gender rights". euobserver.com. 17 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  59. ^ "How do I change the sex identification on my Social Security record?". faq.ssa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  60. ^ "APA Policy Statement on Affirming Evidence-Based Inclusive Care for Transgender, Gender Diverse, and Nonbinary Individuals, Addressing Misinformation, and the Role of Psychological Practice and Science". American Psychological Association. February 2024. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  61. ^ Reed E. "World's largest psych association supports trans youth care". www.advocate.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  62. ^ a b c Grossman AH, D'augelli AR (2006). "Transgender youth: Invisible and vulnerable". Journal of Homosexuality. 51 (1): 111–128. doi:10.1300/j082v51n01_06. PMID 16893828. S2CID 2939809.
  63. ^ Stein E (2012). "Commentary on the Treatment of Gender Variant and Gender Dysphoric Children and Adolescents: Common Themes and Ethical Reflections". Journal of Homosexuality. 59 (3): 480–500. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.653316. PMID 22455332. S2CID 26620767.
  64. ^ a b Grossman AH, D'Augelli AR (2007). "Transgender Youth and Life-Threatening Behaviors". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 37 (5): 527–537. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.5.527. PMID 17967119.
  65. ^ Tobin V, Delaney KR (19 May 2019). "Child abuse victimization among transgender and gender nonconforming people: A systematic review". Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 55 (4). Wiley: 576–583. doi:10.1111/ppc.12398. ISSN 0031-5990. PMID 31104337. S2CID 159038640.
  66. ^ "2SLGBTQIA+ Housing Needs and Challenges". Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  67. ^ a b "Gender Minority and Homeless Transgender Population". National Health Care for the Homeless Council: In Focus. 3 (1). 2014.
  68. ^ "Housing & Homelessness". National Center for Transgender Equality. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  69. ^ Halcon L, Lifson A (2004). "Prevalence and predictors of sexual risks among homeless youth". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 33: 71–80. doi:10.1023/a:1027338514930. ISSN 0047-2891. S2CID 73034882.
  70. ^ Endocrine Society Guidelines The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 102, Issue 11, 1 November 2017, Pages 3869–3903, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658 Archived 3 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  71. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  72. ^ Joseph Kosciw, Caitlin Clark, Leesh Menard, The 2021 National School Climate Survey Archived 12 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine, GLSEN
  73. ^ Kosciw JG, Greytak EA, Diaz EM (2009). "Who, what, where, when, and why: Demographic and ecological factors contributing to hostile school climate for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 38 (7): 976–988. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9412-1. PMID 19636740. S2CID 14479123.
  74. ^ Kosciw JG, Clark CM, Truong NL, Zongrone AD. "The 2019 National School Climate Survey" (PDF). GLSEN. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  75. ^ a b c d e f g "Peer Violence and Bullying Against transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth" (PDF). National Center for Transgender Equality. May 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017., citing the 2009 GLSEN report
  76. ^ Johns MM (2019). "Transgender Identity and Experiences of Violence Victimization, Substance Use, Suicide Risk, and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among High School Students — 19 States and Large Urban School Districts, 2017". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (3): 67–71. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6803a3. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 6348759. PMID 30677012.
  77. ^ "Community Influences on LGBT Student Safety | GLSEN". Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  78. ^ "Youth & Students | National Center for Transgender Equality". Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  79. ^ Emily Alpert Reyes (28 January 2014). "Transgender Study Looks At 'Exceptionally High Suicide-Attempt' Rate". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  80. ^ Grant JM, Mottet LA, Tanis J. "Injustice At Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey". Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  81. ^ Travers R, Bauer G, Pyne J, Bradley K, Gale L, Papadimitriou M (2 October 2012). "Impacts of Strong Parental Support for Trans Youth" (PDF). TransPulse Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  82. ^ Development Services Group (2014). "LGBTQ Youths in the Juvenile Justice System Literature Review" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  83. ^ Zeluf G, Dhejne C, Orre C, Mannheimer LN, Deogan C, Höijer J, Winzer R, Thorson AE (1 April 2018). "Targeted Victimization and Suicidality Among Trans People: A Web-Based Survey". LGBT Health. 5 (3): 180–190. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2017.0011. ISSN 2325-8292. PMC 5905855. PMID 29641313.
  84. ^ Bachmann S (6 July 2018). "Epidemiology of Suicide and the Psychiatric Perspective". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15 (7): 1425. doi:10.3390/ijerph15071425. PMC 6068947. PMID 29986446.
  85. ^ Virupaksha HG, Muralidhar D, Ramakrishna J (2016). "Suicide and Suicidal Behavior among Transgender Persons". Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 38 (6): 505–509. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.194908. PMC 5178031. PMID 28031583.
  86. ^ Toomey RB, Syvertsen AK, Shramko M (11 September 2018). "Transgender Adolescent Suicide Behavior". Pediatrics. 142 (4): e20174218. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-4218. ISSN 0031-4005. PMC 6317573. PMID 30206149.
  87. ^ Stanley-Becker I (14 September 2018). "More than half of transgender male adolescents attempt suicide, study says". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  88. ^ Tordoff DM, Wanta JW, Collin A, Stepney C, Inwards-Breland DJ, Ahrens K (February 2022). "Mental Health Outcomes in Transgender and Nonbinary Youths Receiving Gender-Affirming Care". JAMA Network Open. 5 (2): e220978. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0978. PMC 8881768. PMID 35212746. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  89. ^ Lee W, Hobbs J, Hobaica S, et al. (26 September 2024). "State-level anti-transgender laws increase past-year suicide attempts among transgender and non-binary young people in the USA". Nature Human Behaviour: 1–11. doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01979-5. PMID 39327480. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  90. ^ "More trans teens attempted suicide after states passed anti-trans laws, a study shows". NPR. 26 September 2024. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  91. ^ "Juvenile detention centers struggle with transgender inmates". NBC News. 12 December 2016. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  92. ^ a b Dank M (2015). "Locked In. Interactions with the Criminal Justice and Child Welfare Systems for LGBTQ Youth, YMSM, and YWSW Who Engage in Survival Sex" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  93. ^ a b c d Majd K, Marksamer J, Reyes C (Fall 2009). Hidden Injustice: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth in Juvenile Courts (PDF) (Report). Legal Services for Children (San Francisco, CA), National Juvenile Defender Center (San Francisco, CA), and National Center for Lesbian Rights (Washington D.C.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  94. ^ a b Feinstein, R., Greenblatt, A., Hass, L., Kohn, S., & Rana, J., (2001). A Report on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Youth in the New York Juvenile Justice System. Urban Justice Center, New York, NY.
  95. ^ a b Woronoff, R., Estrada, R., Sommer, S., & Marzullo, M. A. (2006). Out of the Margins: A Report on Regional Listening Forums Highlighting the Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth in Care Archived 1 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America and New York, NY: Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund.
  96. ^ a b Holsinger K, Hodge JP (January 2016). "The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Girls in Juvenile Justice Systems". Feminist Criminology. 11 (1): 23–47. doi:10.1177/1557085114557071. S2CID 147209339.
  97. ^ a b "The Global Divide on Homosexuality". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  98. ^ a b Kohler R (April 2015). "Malta Adopts Ground-breaking Trans and Intersex Law – TGEU Press Release". Transgender Europe. TGEU. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  99. ^ "Document | Amnesty International" (PDF). www.amnesty.org. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  100. ^ "Adolescentes de la CDMX podrán tramitar cambio de género en actas de nacimiento". Expansión Política. 28 August 2021. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  101. ^ "Jalisco sancionará terapias de conversión y aprueba ley de identidad de género". El Financiero. 7 April 2022. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  102. ^ "Aprueban ley para que desde los 12 años puedan elegir género en Oaxaca". La Jornada. 6 October 2021. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  103. ^ "US Supreme Court backs protection for LGBT workers". BBC News. 15 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  104. ^ "Transgender FAQ | Resources". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  105. ^ "Housing for LGBT People: What You Need to Know About Property Ownership". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 1 November 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  106. ^ Currah P, Minter S. "Transgender Equality A HANDBOOK FOR ACTIVISTS AND POLICYMAKERS" (PDF). thetaskforce.org. NGLTF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  107. ^ "Being a Transgender Student in the United States: An Uneven Landscape". RH Reality Check. 10 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  108. ^ Spack N (16 April 2014). "How I Help Transgender Teens Become Who They Want To Be". TED. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  109. ^ "National Equality Map". Snapshot: LGBT Equality by State. Transgender Law Center. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  110. ^ a b c d "A Wave of Anti-Transgender Legislation". The New York Times. 20 April 2021. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  111. ^ a b c d Division N (10 May 2021). "HHS Announces Prohibition on Sex Discrimination Includes Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity". HHS.gov. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  112. ^ Bostock v. Clayton County, No. 17-1618, 590 U.S. ___ (2020).
  113. ^ Yurcaba J. "Alabama passes bills to target trans minors and LGBTQ classroom discussion". NBC News. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  114. ^ "Alabama SB184". trackbill.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  115. ^ "Doctors and Families to Challenge Alabama's Criminalization of Healthcare for Transgender Children and Adolescents". Human Rights Campaign. 7 April 2022. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  116. ^ "Trans* 100 List Highlights Activists That Media Ignores Archived January 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine". Retrieved January 3, 2014.
  117. ^ Andalo D (11 May 2017). "Growing up transgender: 'I wish I could have come out younger'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  118. ^ "Transgender pre-teen Jazz Jennings on Her Documentary". windycitymediagroup.com. 30 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  119. ^ Diavolo L (5 November 2018). "21 Under 21: Lily Madigan's Political Moxie Is Fueled by Bigots' Attention". Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  120. ^ Schaffstall K (10 September 2018). "Transgender 'Supergirl' Actress Talks Transition, Superhero Role on CW Series'". hollywoodreporter.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  121. ^ Ma Vie en Rose (1997), archived from the original on 28 January 2017, retrieved 18 October 2017
  122. ^ Hogan, Michael (5 April 2015). "Louis Theroux: Transgender Kids, review: 'excellent storytelling'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  123. ^ RAMÓN E (22 February 2023). "'20.000 especies de abejas': Berlín aplaude la mirada luminosa de Estibaliz Urresola sobre la infancia trans". RTVE.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transgender_youth&oldid=1253830202"