Jump to content

LGBTQ rights in Lebanon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

LGBTQ rights in Lebanon
Lebanon
StatusAmbiguous[note 1]
PenaltyUp to one year of imprisonment.[1][note 1]
Gender identityAmbiguous
MilitaryNo
Discrimination protectionsNo
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo recognition of same-sex unions
AdoptionNo[note 2]

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people living in Lebanon face discrimination and legal difficulties not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Various courts have ruled that Article 534 of the Lebanese Penal Code, which prohibits having sexual relations that "contradict the laws of nature", should not be used to arrest LGBT people.[2][3][4][5] Nonetheless, the law is still being used to harass and persecute LGBT people through occasional police arrests, in which detainees are sometimes subject to intrusive physical examinations.[6][7]

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

[edit]

Article 534 of the Lebanese Penal Code prohibits having sexual relations "contradicting the laws of nature,"[8] which is punishable by up to a year in prison. As a practical matter, enforcement of the law had been varied and often occurred through occasional police arrests. In 2012 the ISF raided a cinema house that screened pornographic films in a diverse working-class neighborhood of metro Beirut, arresting thirty-six people for violating public decency and engaging in unnatural sexual behavior. At the police station, the public prosecutor ordered anal examinations on the detainees to determine whether they had been anally penetrated during sex with another man.[7]: 155  In 2002, the police broke into a woman's house after her mother claimed that her daughter had stolen some money and jewellery. Upon entering the house, the police found the woman having sexual relations with another woman and charged them both with the crime of sodomy.[9]

In 2007, Judge Mounir Suleiman called a halt to a criminal investigation of two men arrested under Article 534. He disputed that homosexuality was "contrary to the rules of nature" and noted that what was seen as "unnatural" reflected the social mores of the time.[10]

On 11 December 2009, the Lebanon-based LGBT organization Helem launched a report that would target the legal situation of homosexuals in the Middle East and North Africa. In 2011, a Lebanese judge in Batroun ruled against the use of Article 534 to prosecute homosexuals.[11]

In 2012, then Justice Minister Shakib Qortbawi weighed in on the use of anal examinations on men accused of same-sex conduct, issuing a statement calling for an end to this practice.[10] Local and transnational LGBTQ and human rights activists and groups launched a campaign against the use of forced anal examinations as tests for homosexual sex. The exams, often coupled with compulsory HIV tests, were framed as a form of torture conducted on men suspected of engaging in sex with other men.[7]: 156 

In April 2013, the Mayor of Dekwaneh, a suburb north of Beirut, ordered security forces to raid and shut down a gay-friendly nightclub. Several club-goers were arrested and forced to undress in the municipal headquarters, where they were then photographed naked. This operation was condemned by numerous gay rights activists.[12] Lebanon's Interior Minister of the Interim Government, Marwan Charbel, supported the Mayor of Dekwaneh saying, "Lebanon is opposed to homosexuality, and according to Lebanese law it is a criminal offense."[13]

On 11 July 2013, the Lebanese Psychiatric Society (LPS) released a statement saying that homosexuality is not a mental disorder and does not need to be treated, they said: "Homosexuality in itself does not cause any defect in judgment, stability, reliability or social and professional abilities... The assumption that homosexuality is a result of disturbances in the family dynamic or unbalanced psychological development is based on wrong information." Also, the LPS stated that conversion therapy, seeking to "convert" gays and bisexuals into straights has no scientific background and asked health professionals to "rely only on science" when giving opinion and treatment in this matter. This made Lebanon the first Arab country to declassify homosexuality as a "disease".[14]

From 29 November to 1 December 2013, an independent group organized TransFocus, "an independent film festival that revolves around trans* and gender-variant topics, questions, persons, and politics in Lebanon."[15] The three-day event was non-profit, funded via online crowdsourcing, and was carried out by a "bunch of friends and local organizers" aimed to be "outside any institution, organization or collective; international or local."[15] The event featured film screenings, a focused discussion panel, a resource collection project, and an exhibition.[15] This marked the first Lebanese public film festival focusing on trans voices and topics.[15]

On 28 January 2014, a court in the municipality of Jdeideh threw out a case against a transgender woman accused of having an "unnatural" sexual relationship with a man.[10][16][17]

In January 2017, a Lebanese judge challenged the legal basis of the arrest of men for same-sex conduct. In his ruling, Judge Maalouf referred to a penal code provision protecting freedom of expression, Article 183, which states that "an act undertaken in exercise of a right without abuse shall not be regarded as an offense... If no harm is done, there is no crime," the judge wrote in his decision.[10][18] In 2016, a Lebanese misdemeanors court issued a ruling that Article 534 of the criminal code does not apply to gay sex because gay sex is not unnatural, which was seen as a significant victory for gay rights and activism in the country.[7]: 157 

Despite these rulings, Article 534 of the Penal Code still stands. Georges Azzi, executive director of the Arab Foundation for Freedoms and Equality, told the Washington Blade in 2017: "Homosexuality is technically illegal in Lebanon, however the new generation of judges are less likely to apply the law and the police forces will not reinforce it." In August 2014, the Internal Security Forces Morals Protection Bureau conducted a raid on a Turkish bathhouse in Beirut, resulting in the arrest of 27 Syrians. According to a report co-produced with Helem, the stated reason for the raid was the suspected "presence of homosexual individuals."[6] In May 2016, LGBT activists staged a sit-in, demanding Article 534 be repealed.[19]

In March 2018, the Kataeb Party, a minor Christian party, expressed support for the decriminalisation of homosexuality and the repeal of Article 534. Local LGBT activists welcomed the support, stating that this was the first time a political party in Parliament had endorsed their cause.[20]

In July 2018, the Penal Appeal Court of Mount Lebanon upheld a lower court ruling which acquitted nine people prosecuted over being gay. The lower court held that homosexuality was "a practice of their fundamental rights." The Appeal Court agreed and found that consensual sex between same-sex partners cannot be considered "unnatural" so long as it does not violate morality and ethics, such as "when it is seen or heard by others, or performed in a public place, or involving a minor who must be protected." Activists welcomed the ruling and called on the Government to repeal Article 534.[21][22] This ruling was the fifth of its kind in Lebanon, and the first from such a high-level court.

In 2019, Military Court Judge Peter Germanos acquitted four military personnel accused of "sodomy" in a landmark ruling, clearing the group of charges of committing sexual acts "contrary to nature" and declaring that sodomy is "not punishable by law."[23]

On 24 June 2022, during Pride Month, the Caretaker Minister of Interior Bassam Mawlawi ordered the Internal Security Forces and GS to "immediately take the necessary measures to prevent any type of celebration, meeting or gathering" by the LGBT community following pressure by religious authorities in the country, while declaring: "This phenomenon [Homosexuality] is contrary to the habits and customs of our society" and religious principles, Mawlawi said, adding that "personal freedoms cannot be invoked."[24] A few days later, the Lebanese Psychiatric Association released a statement stressing their position on homosexuality, stating: "as psychiatrists, we would like to clarify that homosexuality cannot be considered a disease that requires treatment".[25] In August, the Legal Agenda and Helem argued before the Shura Council, the country's top administrative court, that Bassam Mawlawi's ban incited violence and hatred against marginalized groups and violated LGBTQ people's constitutional rights to equality, free expression, and free assembly. On 1 November, the Shura Council accepted the appeal and froze Bassam Mawlawi's decision.[26]

On 22 July 2023, secretary-general of Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, declared a cultural war on the LGBT community in Lebanon, stating that homosexuality is exported to the Lebanese society from the United States and Europe, and called for capital punishment to be imposed on individuals found guilty of sodomy.[27] He called this cultural war a "Christian-Islamic war for all the Lebanese", and called for the rejection of the word homosexuals, describing them as "abnormal" and "deviant." He said that "[Homosexuality] must be confronted [...] by all means and by seeking the help of specialists for treatment."[28] This declaration of war was seen by Widad Jarbouh, a researcher and journalist at the Samir Kassir Foundation, as "politicians escaping from their responsibilities for the state of collapse that the country is witnessing at many levels, by targeting marginalized groups, including members of the LGBT community," referring to the ongoing severe Lebanese economic crisis.[29]

A district court of appeal in Lebanon ruled, on 20 August 2023, that consensual sex between people of the same sex is not unlawful and should not be criminalized under Lebanese law, Human Rights Watch said.[7] The ruling follows similar judgments from lower courts that have declined to convict gay and transgender people of "sexual intercourse contrary to nature" in four separate rulings between 2007 and 2017. It is the first such ruling from an appeals court and moves Lebanon further toward decriminalizing homosexual conduct in Lebanon.[7] "This ruling signals a new horizon for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people in Lebanon, who have long been persecuted under discriminatory laws," said Neela Ghoshal, senior researcher on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights at Human Rights Watch. "The court has effectively ordered the state to get out of people's bedrooms."[6][7]

Gender identity and expression

[edit]

In January 2016, the Court of Appeals of Beirut confirmed the right of a transgender man to change his official papers, granting him access to necessary treatment and privacy.[30][31][32] Transgender people are required to undergo sex reassignment surgery in order to change their legal gender.[33]

Blood donation

[edit]

Men who have had sexual contact with another man are permanently banned from donating blood in Lebanon.[34]

LGBT social movements

[edit]
See also: LGBT social movements
A rainbow flag flying in a street in Mar Mikhaël, Beirut in 2017

Members of the LGBT Lebanese community began to publicly campaign for LGBT rights in 2002, with the creation of a political association called Hurriyyat Khassa ("Private Liberties" in English). The group focused its efforts on reforming Article 534 of the Criminal Code so that private sex acts between consenting adults would no longer be a crime. Another LGBT rights organization in Lebanon is called Helem (Arabic: حلم, meaning "Dream" in Arabic). These organizations have staged public demonstrations, lectures and fundraisers for HIV/AIDS education.

In 2006, Helem celebrated the International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia in Monroe Hotel Downtown in Beirut.[35][36]

In August 2007, a lesbian NGO named Meem was founded to support lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer and questioning women in Lebanon. The group offers community support, psychological counselling, an activity center, legal support, social events, and the opportunity to work on social change.[37] Meem also hosts a Womyn House that serves as an activity and resource center in Beirut.

The inaugural Beirut Pride was planned for 21 May 2017,[38] but LGBT activists were forced to hold a private event due to fear of violence from police and radical Islamists.[39] In 2018, the organizer of Beirut Pride, Hadi Damien, was arrested. The Prosecutor of Beirut suspended all the scheduled events, and initiated criminal proceedings against Hadi for organizing events that "incite to debauchery".[40]

Lebanese communities in the Diaspora (Europe, North America, Latin America, Australia) have also established visibility and presence through Helem LGBT affiliates in various cities with big Lebanese presence including Montreal (where Helem has obtained legal registration)[41] and Paris.[42]

LGBT publications

[edit]

Lebanon is the first Arab country with its own gay periodical, entitled Barra ("Out" in Arabic). A trial issue was published in March 2005 with two full issues that followed in summer 2005 and spring 2006.[43]

A Lebanese LGBT group, Helem, also has its own website including a regular online newsletter publication.

In 2009, "Bareed Mista3jil" was published by the Lebanese lesbian Feminist Collective (FC) organization in Beirut. The organization is also called Nasawiya and is a group of activists who are involved in gender justice work. Available in both English and Arabic versions, the book is a collection of 41 true and personal stories from lesbians, bisexuals, queer and questioning women and transgender persons from all over Lebanon.[44] The book was launched in Masrah Al Madina, Beirut by the Feminist Collective and IndyAct.

On 23 August 2023, a Beirut drag show faced disruption by conservative Christians' homophobic chants, reflecting rising LGBTQ+ intolerance in Lebanon. Amnesty International urged government protection for all.[45]

Politics

[edit]
See also: Politics of Lebanon

For a while, only the Kataeb Party endorsed the decriminalisation of homosexuality. None of the major or minor political parties or factions publicly endorsed any of the goals of the gay rights organizations. In 2018, Kollouna Watani, which ran 66 candidates in the election endorsed the decriminalisation of homosexuality. Dozens of other candidates also called for decriminalization.[46][47]

On 1 September 2020, Martine Najem Kteily, the vice president for management in the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) said in an interview that the major Christian party endorses the abolishment of the Article 534 of the Lebanese Penal Code and supports the decriminalization of homosexuality.

Freedom of speech and expression

[edit]
See also: Human rights in Lebanon § Limitations on freedom of speech

While there were initial reports of government censorship of LGBT themes, there has been a degree of liberalization in recent years.

On 29 May 2006, Al Arabiya ran a piece in which Beirut Municipality Council member Saad-Eddine Wazzan publicly called on Prime Minister Fouad Sanyoura and Minister of Interior Ahmad Fatfat to shut down Helem.[48] On 16 June 2006, sermons in the mosques of Beirut condemned homosexuality and pointed to the fact that Beirut has a licensed LGBT organization called Helem. The sermons also called on the Government to provide explanations. The following day, Ahmed Fatfat denied charges by Islamist clerics that the Government had approved a gay rights group.[49] In 2017, LGBT activists organised Lebanon's first pride parade, named Beirut Pride, but were forced to cancel due to terrorist threats from Islamic radicals. The 2018 event was banned after the main organiser was arrested by police officials. The move was condemned by Human Rights Watch, which said: "The crackdown violates freedom of assembly and association and is a step backward in a country that has made progress toward respecting the rights of LGBT people."[50]

Media campaigns

[edit]

In May 2016, Proud Lebanon, a Lebanese non-profit organization, marked the International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia (IDAHOT) by launching a media campaign. The campaign consisted of an awareness ad featuring several prominent Lebanese artists and celebrities calling on the Lebanese Government to provide equal rights to all citizens and residents regardless of sexual orientation, nationality, etc. The ad makes particular emphasis on the rights of the LGBT community to live in a society free of homophobia, since LGBT individuals may still face wide prejudice, coming mainly from conservatives or clerics.[51]

Public opinion

[edit]

A poll conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2007 showed that 79% of Lebanese believed that "homosexuality should be rejected by society", as opposed to 18% who believed "homosexuality should be accepted by society".[52] Younger people were more likely to support acceptance, with 27% in favor, than those between 30 and 49 (17%) and those over 50 (10%).[53]

In May 2015, PlanetRomeo, an LGBT social network, published its first Gay Happiness Index (GHI). Gay men from over 120 countries were asked about how they feel about society's view on homosexuality, how do they experience the way they are treated by other people and how satisfied are they with their lives. Lebanon was ranked 99th with a GHI score of 33.[54]

According to a 2017 World Values Survey, 48% said they would not accept a homosexual neighbour, while 52% of Lebanese respondents said they would not mind if they had a homosexual neighbour, making Lebanon the highest-ranking Arab country surveyed and the second-highest-ranking Muslim-majority country after Pakistan.[55]

According to a 2019 survey conducted by the Arab Barometer, 8% of respondents considered honour killings acceptable, compared to 6% who accepted homosexuality.[56] Another 2019 survey found that 32% of Lebanese between 15 and 80 years had severe homophobic attitudes, with more tolerance correlated with knowing someone gay, university education, high monthly income, and higher problem-focused engagement.[57]

Summary table

[edit]
Same-sex sexual activity No The law banning sexual acts that are "against nature" is in place still with up to a year in prison. However it is not well enforced and is not always prosecuted.[note 1]
Equal age of consent No
Anti-discrimination laws in employment No
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services No
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) No
Hate crime laws covering both sexual orientation and gender identity No
Recognition of same-sex couples No
Same-sex marriages No
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples No
Joint adoption by same-sex couples No[note 2]
Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people allowed to serve in the military No
Right to change legal gender Yes (Since 2016)[30]
Third gender option No
Access to IVF for lesbian couples No
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples No
Homosexuality declassified as an illness No
MSMs allowed to donate blood No
Gay criminal records expunged No

Notable LGBT people from Lebanon

[edit]
Main category: Lebanese LGBTQ people
High-profile Lebanese singer Mika came out as gay in 2012.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Some courts have ruled that LGBT people shouldn't be arrested under Article 534 of the Lebanese Penal Code, which prohibits sexual relations that "contradict the laws of nature", but this law is still used to persecute LGBT people and hasn't been completely struck down yet.[22]
  2. ^ a b Adoption is very difficult for much of the population of Lebanon, not only same-sex couples.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Lebanon | Human Dignity Trust". humandignitytrust.org. 11 February 2019. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  2. ^ "Laws of nature". The Economist. Beirut. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  3. ^ Does a new ruling offer fresh hope for LGBT rights in Lebanon? Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine BBC News
  4. ^ "STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA A WORLD SURVEY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION LAWS: CRIMINALISATION, PROTECTION AND RECOGNITION" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  5. ^ "Is Lebanon on the path to decriminalizing homosexuality? - Al-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012". www.al-monitor.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  6. ^ a b c "The fight goes on for Lebanon's LGBT community - Al-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012". www.al-monitor.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Mikdashi, Maya (2022). Sextarianism: Sovereignty, Secularism, and the State in Lebanon. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 153–182. ISBN 9781503631564.
  8. ^ Chaer, Nisrine (2020). "Sensing Queer Activism in Beirut Protest Soundscapes as Political Dissent". In Charrad, M.; Stephan, Rita (eds.). Women rising : in and beyond the Arab Spring. New York. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-4798-5696-1. OCLC 1153084016. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ "Sodomy reporting on Lebanese media coverage on arrest of two lesbians". Sodomylaws.org. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d Lebanon court: Gay sex is natural; anti-gay law weakens Archived 19 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Erasing 76 Crimes
  11. ^ "Lebanese Judge Rules Against the Use of Article 534 To Prosecute Homosexuals". Bekhsoos. 18 January 2011. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  12. ^ "Lebanese mayor cracks down on homosexuality in his town". Al Akhbar (Lebanon). 24 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  13. ^ Kais, Roi (16 May 2013). "Lebanon: Homosexuals no longer 'perverts,' but still target". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2024 – via www.ynetnews.com.
  14. ^ "Lebanon Says: Being Gay Is Not a Disease and Needs No Treatment". HuffPost UK. 12 July 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d "Transfocus Film Festival: Screenings & Workshops". Daleel Madani. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  16. ^ "Lebanese court throws out case against transgender woman accused of 'unnatural sex' Archived 25 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Gay Star News
  17. ^ "Lebanon: Being Gay Is Not a Crime Nor Against Nature" Archived 4 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The Huffington Post
  18. ^ Lebanon Edges Closer to Decriminalizing Same-sex Conduct Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Human Rights Watch
  19. ^ "In rare Lebanon sit-in, LBGT activists protest against article 534". Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  20. ^ Lebanese politicians call for decriminalisation of gay sex Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, PinkNews, 14 March 2018
  21. ^ Activists hail Lebanon ruling that could protect gay rights Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Times of Israel, 19 July 2018
  22. ^ a b Riley, John (23 July 2018). "Appeals court in Lebanon rules consensual same-sex relations are not unlawful". Metro Weekly. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  23. ^ "Lebanon court 'acquits military personnel' in sodomy case". Al Jazeera. 30 March 2019. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  24. ^ "Mawlawi tells security forces to stop LGBT gatherings". Naharnet. 25 June 2022. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  25. ^ "Lebanese Psychiatric Association stresses homosexuality cannot be considered a disease". L'Orient Today. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  26. ^ "Human rights in Lebanon". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  27. ^ "حسن نصر الله يشن هجوما على المثليين في لبنان". BBC News عربي (in Arabic). 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  28. ^ "نصر الله يبيح قتل مجتمع الميم-عين... من يوقف هذا الإرهاب؟". رصيف22 (in Arabic). 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  29. ^ "نصر الله يطلق معركة على المثليين في لبنان.. ومخاوف من "منسوب العنف" | Radiosawa". www.radiosawa.com (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  30. ^ a b Safdar, Anealla. "Transgender ruling in Lebanon an 'empowering' moment". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  31. ^ "تغيير الجنس في حكم قضائي جديد: احترام حق الفرد في تغيير حاله | Legal Agenda". Archived from the original on 19 March 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  32. ^ "Lebanese judge grants trans man right to change gender". Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  33. ^ Lebanon allows trans man to legally change his gender Archived 1 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine Pink News
  34. ^ "Who Can Donate Blood?". Republic of Lebanon: Ministry of Public Health. Lebanese Committee of Blood Transfusion. 28 February 2024. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024. You should not donate blood if: You are a male who had sexual contacts with another male
  35. ^ ندى عبد الصمد (19 May 2006). "BBC report in Arabic about Lebanese gays". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  36. ^ Ghattas, Kim (26 May 2006). "BBC report by Kim Ghattas: Landmark meeting for gay Lebanese". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  37. ^ "Meem Website". Meemgroup.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  38. ^ Qiblawi, Tamara (16 May 2017). "Beirut gay pride event a first for Lebanon". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  39. ^ "Gay Lebanese scrap pride event because of threats". France 24. 21 May 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  40. ^ Homsi, Nada; Hubbard, Ben (16 May 2018). "Lebanon Is Known as Gay Friendly. But Pride Week Was Shut Down". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2018. For members of Lebanon's gay community, Beirut Pride week was intended as a way to celebrate diversity, fight discrimination and push for more rights and recognition. But that dream came crashing down this week when the Lebanese authorities detained the celebration's organizer, releasing him only after he promised to cancel the remaining events.
  41. ^ "Helem Montreal website". Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  42. ^ "Helem Paris page on Helem website". Paris.helem.net. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  43. ^ "Barra magazine page on Helem website". Archived from the original on 29 October 2009.
  44. ^ "Bareed Mista3jil Official book website". Bareedmista3jil.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  45. ^ Madi, Emilie (24 August 2023). "Lebanon drag show derailed by crowd of angry conservative men". Reuters. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  46. ^ Qiblawi, Tamara (4 May 2018). "Gay rights come to the fore as Lebanon prepares to vote". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  47. ^ Lemon, Jason (5 May 2018). "Nearly 100 Lebanese politicians openly support LGBTQ rights". StepFeed. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  48. ^ "Al Arabiya report on protests against gay organizations in Lebanon". Archived from the original on 24 January 2007.
  49. ^ "report on Minister Fatfat's reaction". Lebanon: The Daily Star. 19 June 2006. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  50. ^ Lebanon: Police Shutter Pride Events Archived 13 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Human Rights Watch, 18 May 2018
  51. ^ "Home Video Campaigns IDAHOT video". Proud Lebanon. 13 May 2016. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  52. ^ "The Pew Global Project Attitudes" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: PewResearchCenter. 4 October 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  53. ^ "The Global Divide on Homosexuality". 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  54. ^ "GAY HAPPINESS MONITOR" (PDF). Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  55. ^ "Acceptance of homosexuals as neighbors | Surveys".
  56. ^ "Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?". 24 June 2019. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  57. ^ Obeid, Sahar; Haddad, Chadia; Salame, Wael; Kheir, Nelly; Hallit, Souheil (24 January 2019). "Correlates of Homophobic Attitudes in Lebanon: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study". Journal of Homosexuality. 67 (6): 844–862. doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1557954. ISSN 1540-3602. PMID 30676932. S2CID 59251721.
  58. ^ Lisa Suhair Majaj and Amal Amireh, Etel Adnan: Critical Essays on the Arab-American Writer and Artist. McFarland & Company, 2001. ISBN 0786410728.
  59. ^ "Rabih Alameddine: 'I think we lose something once we get accepted'". Guardian. 9 October 2016. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  60. ^ "BBC 100 Women 2019: Who is on the list this year?". BBC News. 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  61. ^ Teeman, Tim (15 May 2018). "Inside Georges Azzi's Brave Fight for LGBT Rights in the Middle East". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  62. ^ "Lebanon's Only Male Belly Dancer Hopes to Break Some Taboos". Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  63. ^ "Simone Fattal, Works and Days". The White Review. May 2019. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  64. ^ Malkin, Marc (24 November 2020). "'Uncle Frank' Star Peter Macdissi Talks Working With Partner Alan Ball on the Indie Gay Drama". Variety. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  65. ^ Olea, Andrea (2019a) [2019-06-07]. "Beyrouth : Comment les clubs des élites bourgeoises se sont ouverts à un public populaire et diversifié" [Beirut: How the clubs of the bourgeois elites opened to a popular and diverse public]. Trax Magazine (in French). Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  66. ^ "Mika confirms sexuality: 'I'm gay'". Digital Spy. 6 August 2012. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  67. ^ "ON HAMED SINNO". My.Kali. 2 December 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  68. ^ "Nurse Jackie Star Haaz Sleiman Comes Out As Gay In New Facebook Video". instinctmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Lebanon&oldid=1252934260"