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1960s recession in Penang

[edit]
See also: Port of Penang and Bayan Lepas

George Town was established as a free port in 1786 and served as a major entrepôt in British Malaya, trading spices and tin. It was also the first port of call east of the Indian subcontinent.[1] After Malayan independence, the federal government shifted commercial and trading activities to Kuala Lumpur, intending to focus on the development of Port Klang.[2] By 1966, federal amendments to customs made the free port status redundant.[3][4][5] The federal government eventually revoked George Town's free port status in 1969.[6] These policy changes led to massive unemployment and brain drain, creating a period of recession and urban decay in Penang throughout the 1960s.[7]

A critical memorandum from a chamber of commerce in 1968 estimated that the unemployment rate in Penang was at 15 per cent.[8][9] On 24 November 1967, responding to the recession, trade unions called for a general strike in George Town, which devolved into a deadly racial riot.[10][11] Amidst rising discontent, during the 1969 general elections, the ruling Alliance Party led by chief minister Wong Pow Nee was voted out in Penang and replaced by the opposition Malaysian People's Movement Party (Gerakan), with Lim Chong Eu sworn in as chief minister.[12] In 1970, Penang's GDP per capita was 12 per cent below the national average, while its unemployment rate remained at 15 per cent, twice the national average.[13]

Urban development in Penang

[edit]
After 1972, Bayan Lepas became a major industrial centre in Southeast Asia, primarily producing electronics and semiconductors.

As early as 1964, the Munro Report, drafted by a Colombo Plan advisor, identified Penang's economic weaknesses and urged the state to undergo industrialisation, especially at Seberang Perai.[14] The report was enforced by the Penang Master Plan (Nathan Report), commissioned in March 1970 by the government-sanctioned US-based Robert R. Nathan Associates. The newly-elected state government adopted several initiatives proposed under the Nathan Report, which restructured Penang's economy into an industrialised export-oriented economy.[15]

On 17 November 1969, under Lim Chong Eu's personal direction, the Penang Development Corporation (PDC) was founded as a development arm of the state government. The PDC established the first free trade zone in Penang at Bayan Lepas in January 1972, becoming the centre of the Malaysian electronics industry.[6][13] Lim negotiated for Gerakan's entry into the Alliance Party as a method to retain a degree of political independence.[16] These measures proved to be effective – for five years between 1975 and 1980, Penang's economy increased by 11.2 per cent annually.[17]

The PDC focused on resolving urban overcrowding by constructing inexpensive multi-storey apartment blocks. Four sites within George Town were designated by the PDC as Comprehensive Development Areas (CDA) for urban redevelopment, which included the construction of low-cost flats on reclaimed land, as well as Komtar.[18] In 1969, the PDC approved the formation of the Central Area Planning Unit (CAPU) for monitoring residential and highway infrastructural projects in George Town, and would eventually be influential in the development of Komtar.[19]

References

[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

Seberang Perai

District Subdivision Population (2020) Area (km2) Population

density (/km2)

Northeast Paya Terubong 226,712 32.7 6,933
Bukit Paya Terubong 1,998 4.9 408
Mukim 15 13 4.8 3
Mukim 16 1,408 3.7 381
Mukim 17 2,579 25 103
Mukim 18 18,217 9.2 1,980
Ayer Itam 16,974 1.8 9,430
Batu Ferringhi 9,046 2.3 3,933
Penang Hill 332 3.6 92
Gelugor 18,662 2.9 6,435
City centre 158,336 25.5 6,209
Jelutong 63,507 4.4 14,433
Tanjong Bungah 14,271 2.8 5,097
Tanjong Tokong 12,550 1.5 8,367
Seri Tanjong Pinang 11,970 4.5 2,660
Southwest Pantai Acheh 4,302 23 187
Teluk Bahang 2,531 20.4 124
Bukit Sungai Pinang 1,919 6.2 310
Batu Hitam 3,574 10 357
Bukit Balik Pulau 1,282 5.2 247
Pondok Upih 7,679 8.9 863
Bukit Genting 1,509 6.1 247
Bukit Pasir Panjang 1,444 5.6 258
Bukit Gemuruh 17,379 9.6 1,810
Bukit Relau 18,755 11.5 1,631
Teluk Kumbar 21,481 6.8 3,159
Bayan Lepas 130,455 31.9 4,089
Sungai Pinang 2,323 2 1,162
Sungai Rusa 2,817 4.2 671
Permatang Pasir 2,439 6 407
Bagan Air Hitam 3,382 3.6 939
Titi Teras 2,394 3.6 665
Kongsi 2,730 1 2,730
Kampung Paya 3,981 1 3,981
Sungai Burung 1,523 2.9 525
Pulau Betong 1,551 3.9 398
Dataran Genting 2,179 2.2 990
Balik Pulau 109 0.1 1,090

George Town

District Subdivision Population (2020) Area (km2) Population

density (/km2)

Northeast Paya Terubong 226,712 32.7 6,933
Bukit Paya Terubong 1,998 4.9 408
Mukim 15 13 4.8 3
Mukim 16 1,408 3.7 381
Mukim 17 2,579 25 103
Mukim 18 18,217 9.2 1,980
Ayer Itam 16,974 1.8 9,430
Batu Ferringhi 9,046 2.3 3,933
Penang Hill 332 3.6 92
Gelugor 18,662 2.9 6,435
City centre 158,336 25.5 6,209
Jelutong 63,507 4.4 14,433
Tanjong Bungah 14,271 2.8 5,097
Tanjong Tokong 12,550 1.5 8,367
Seri Tanjong Pinang 11,970 4.5 2,660
Southwest Pantai Acheh 4,302 23 187
Teluk Bahang 2,531 20.4 124
Bukit Sungai Pinang 1,919 6.2 310
Batu Hitam 3,574 10 357
Bukit Balik Pulau 1,282 5.2 247
Pondok Upih 7,679 8.9 863
Bukit Genting 1,509 6.1 247
Bukit Pasir Panjang 1,444 5.6 258
Bukit Gemuruh 17,379 9.6 1,810
Bukit Relau 18,755 11.5 1,631
Teluk Kumbar 21,481 6.8 3,159
Bayan Lepas 130,455 31.9 4,089
Sungai Pinang 2,323 2 1,162
Sungai Rusa 2,817 4.2 671
Permatang Pasir 2,439 6 407
Bagan Air Hitam 3,382 3.6 939
Titi Teras 2,394 3.6 665
Kongsi 2,730 1 2,730
Kampung Paya 3,981 1 3,981
Sungai Burung 1,523 2.9 525
Pulau Betong 1,551 3.9 398
Dataran Genting 2,179 2.2 990
Balik Pulau 109 0.1 1,090

Seberang Perai

District Subdivision Population (2020)
Malaysian citizens Non-citizens Total
Malay Other

Bumiputeras

Chinese Indian Others
North Mukim 1 8,067 8 201 59 5 90 8,430
Mukim 2 5,997 4 383 4 3 73 6,464
Mukim 3 9,756 19 241 66 15 191 10,288
Mukim 4 12,898 26 182 41 13 206 13,366
Mukim 5 7,352 8 591 150 43 213 8,357
Mukim 6 41,757 114 5,778 3,333 117 1,970 53,069
Mukim 7 15,062 63 4,024 1,347 48 658 21,202
Mukim 8 15,885 16 395 196 43 1,500 18,035
Mukim 9 3,573 97 6,451 1,535 135 585 12,376
Mukim 10 4,701 1 18 5 2 19 4,746
Mukim 11 14,783 53 6,275 786 51 205 22,153
Mukim 12 24,257 83 3,921 1,434 70 1,395 31,160
Mukim 13 9,587 14 68 280 9 734 10,692
Mukim 14 804 75 18,990 1,139 108 822 21,938
Mukim 16 8,697 41 6,477 730 28 107 16,080
Butterworth 19,346 219 41,489 11,360 367 7,597 80,378
Kepala Batas 129 0 131 100 0 1 361
Central Mukim 1 22,147 142 11,078 7,593 426 7,399 48,785
Mukim 2 3,496 3 1,910 63 3 82 5,557
Mukim 3 7,847 6 435 104 14 46 8,452
Mukim 4 6,269 24 4,714 831 31 233 12,102
Mukim 5 4,488 8 293 21 8 71 4,889
Mukim 6 39,387 232 5,012 1,918 292 7,575 54,416
Mukim 7 4,767 46 967 200 16 60 6,056
Mukim 8 3,124 2 154 8 4 87 3,379
Mukim 9 3,575 16 5,285 222 16 69 9,183
Mukim 10 1,591 22 4,730 873 23 115 7,354
Mukim 11 7,611 175 16,824 3,092 384 9,618 37,704
Mukim 12 4,991 18 3,376 760 48 688 9,881
Mukim 13 7,223 81 8,968 3,196 206 5,308 24,982
Mukim 14 12,571 95 24,347 4,390 234 4,643 46,280
Mukim 15 16,075 176 37,786 7,842 241 5,977 68,097
Mukim 16 9,080 38 6,585 1,233 35 341 17,312
Mukim 17 809 9 2,395 320 10 16 3,559
Mukim 18 1,840 3 690 16 6 50 2,605
Mukim 19 5,364 4 288 27 61 58 5,802
Mukim 20 12,341 19 1,254 203 21 97 13,935
Mukim 21 4,376 2 6 2 4 41 4,431
Bukit Mertajam 2,536 31 8,194 981 67 270 12,079
Perai 4,012 57 5,349 4,089 91 2,552 16,150
South Mukim 1 2,144 3 212 13 5 28 2,405
Mukim 2 1,476 1 0 0 1 32 1,510
Mukim 3 431 1 1,035 238 4 21 1,730
Mukim 4 2,136 8 6,071 1,197 32 440 9,884
Mukim 5 6,257 12 1,121 1,210 12 99 8,711
Mukim 6 6,082 27 525 968 13 64 7,679
Mukim 7 8,348 48 7,063 3,862 36 745 20,102
Mukim 8 2,074 4 157 138 0 9 2,382
Mukim 9 10,724 45 5,770 1,986 58 219 18,802
Mukim 10 6,659 17 1,939 305 11 102 9,033
Mukim 11 5,766 22 8,682 4,851 52 213 19,586
Mukim 12 1,148 0 1,356 506 9 7,271 10,290
Mukim 13 6,861 17 1,735 2,114 36 646 11,409
Mukim 14 5,259 24 11,642 5,124 104 837 22,990
Mukim 15 10,556 92 16,935 7,199 111 745 35,638
Mukim 16 191 0 0 0 0 0 191
Nibong Tebal 118 0 929 367 1 10 1,425
Sungai Bakap 46 1 142 50 0 1 240

George Town

District Subdivision Population (2020)
Malaysian citizens Non-citizens Total
Malay Other

Bumiputeras

Chinese Indian Others
Northeast Paya Terubong 52,182 1,593 127,513 21,305 2,299 21,820 226,712
Bukit Paya Terubong 59 7 1,642 83 9 198 1,998
Mukim 15 0 0 12 0 0 1 13
Mukim 16 60 6 1,168 140 14 20 1,408
Mukim 17 176 3 1,653 231 58 458 2,579
Mukim 18 1,469 64 12,444 2,318 239 1,683 18,217
Ayer Itam 2,071 48 12,316 1,903 57 579 16,974
Batu Ferringhi 1,964 38 4,128 1,408 80 1,428 9,046
Penang Hill 6 1 42 20 7 256 332
Gelugor 8,814 281 6,173 2,406 93 895 18,662
City centre 31,775 880 90,589 13,996 1,169 19,927 158,336
Jelutong 11,570 260 44,458 5,109 544 1,566 63,507
Tanjong Bungah 1,466 56 10,028 1,103 306 1,312 14,271
Tanjong Tokong 4,217 42 6,852 729 115 595 12,550
Seri Tanjong Pinang 2,773 19 5,925 769 280 2,204 11,970
Southwest Pantai Acheh 2,940 2 1,073 229 10 48 4,302
Teluk Bahang 2,139 13 290 43 4 42 2,531
Bukit Sungai Pinang 1,466 3 399 25 3 23 1,919
Batu Hitam 1,302 15 1,932 241 17 67 3,574
Bukit Balik Pulau 295 2 772 103 2 108 1,282
Pondok Upih 4,981 36 2,288 248 28 98 7,679
Bukit Genting 1,256 2 232 2 1 16 1,509
Bukit Pasir Panjang 623 1 783 18 1 18 1,444
Bukit Gemuruh 14,288 57 2,333 471 52 178 17,379
Bukit Relau 6,485 122 10,618 1,067 99 364 18,755
Teluk Kumbar 14,532 116 4,680 1,079 99 975 21,481
Bayan Lepas 55,058 599 52,681 9,172 705 12,240 130,455
Sungai Pinang 1,504 0 808 8 2 1 2,323
Sungai Rusa 2,324 1 470 3 1 18 2,817
Permatang Pasir 2,204 6 194 20 1 14 2,439
Bagan Air Hitam 2,393 13 798 131 5 42 3,382
Titi Teras 2,121 12 148 102 4 7 2,394
Kongsi 2,022 34 522 116 15 21 2,730
Kampung Paya 3,291 8 501 152 8 21 3,981
Sungai Burung 1,507 1 1 0 2 12 1,523
Pulau Betong 1,524 1 5 6 3 12 1,551
Dataran Genting 1,852 17 239 46 6 19 2,179
Balik Pulau 12 0 83 13 0 1 109

Seberang Perai

District Subdivision Population by age group Overall dependency ratio
0-14 15-64 65+
2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020
North Mukim 1 2,555 1,830 5,571 5,980 569 620 56.1 41.0
Mukim 2 1,979 1,548 4,120 4,328 512 588 60.5 49.4
Mukim 3 2,801 1,881 6,228 7,960 768 447 57.3 29.2
Mukim 4 4,084 3,098 7,038 9,677 607 591 66.7 38.1
Mukim 5 2,352 2,206 5,361 5,727 604 424 55.1 45.9
Mukim 6 12,079 13,774 23,187 37,416 1,399 1,879 58.1 41.8
Mukim 7 5,103 4,449 11,926 15,427 1,082 1,326 51.9 37.4
Mukim 8 4,227 3,867 10,877 13,062 916 1,106 47.3 38.1
Mukim 9 2,835 2,167 8,944 9,028 882 1,181 41.6 37.1
Mukim 10 1,261 1,093 2,818 3,245 412 408 59.4 46.3
Mukim 11 5,512 5,237 13,003 15,457 1,225 1,459 51.8 43.3
Mukim 12 7,893 7,574 16,495 21,669 1,647 1,917 57.8 43.8
Mukim 13 2,230 2,610 4,456 7,609 476 473 60.7 40.5
Mukim 14 3,967 3,434 14,481 16,448 1,158 2,056 35.4 33.4
Mukim 16 3,042 3,933 7,865 11,050 672 1,097 47.2 45.5
Butterworth 14,982 15,555 51,093 59,065 4,839 5,758 38.8 36.1
Kepala Batas 107 52 377 253 75 56 48.3 42.7
Central Mukim 1 9,272 9,852 32,532 36,229 2,072 2,704 34.9 34.7
Mukim 2 1,372 1,365 3,488 3,833 402 359 50.9 45.0
Mukim 3 2,234 2,161 4,539 5,882 399 409 58.0 43.7
Mukim 4 2,498 2,862 7,516 8,467 669 773 42.1 42.9
Mukim 5 1,290 1,106 2,722 3,432 328 351 59.4 42.5
Mukim 6 10,981 11,206 35,982 41,870 963 1,340 33.2 30.0
Mukim 7 1,451 1,546 3,475 4,179 214 331 47.9 44.9
Mukim 8 986 768 2,315 2,340 274 271 54.4 44.4
Mukim 9 1,837 1,784 5,649 6,826 752 573 45.8 34.5
Mukim 10 1,350 1,491 3,902 5,282 516 581 47.8 39.2
Mukim 11 5,315 6,244 25,512 28,972 1,687 2,488 27.4 30.1
Mukim 12 1,888 2,064 4,807 7,165 453 652 48.7 37.9
Mukim 13 4,748 4,441 13,828 19,458 635 1,083 38.9 28.4
Mukim 14 8,324 9,507 23,559 34,274 2,158 2,499 44.5 35.0
Mukim 15 13,864 12,427 41,719 51,202 2,973 4,468 40.4 33.0
Mukim 16 3,721 3,989 9,208 12,403 935 920 50.6 39.6
Mukim 17 607 801 2,246 2,513 262 245 38.7 41.6
Mukim 18 577 746 2,779 1,677 246 182 29.6 55.3
Mukim 19 982 1,611 2,407 3,881 256 310 51.4 49.5
Mukim 20 3,464 3,291 9,109 9,649 759 995 46.4 44.4
Mukim 21 1,298 1,176 2,731 2,892 253 363 56.8 53.2
Bukit Mertajam 2,309 2,352 9,331 8,304 1,457 1,423 40.4 45.5
Perai 3,219 3,043 10,580 12,283 634 824 36.4 31.5
South Mukim 1 900 507 1,994 1,782 216 116 56.0 35.0
Mukim 2 674 298 1,258 1,168 110 44 62.3 29.3
Mukim 3 562 335 1,367 1,282 79 113 46.9 34.9
Mukim 4 2,671 2,033 6,157 7,347 468 504 51.0 34.5
Mukim 5 2,960 1,990 5,351 6,439 386 282 62.5 35.3
Mukim 6 1,041 2,391 2,036 5,183 51 105 53.6 48.2
Mukim 7 4,889 3,863 13,326 15,535 818 704 42.8 29.4
Mukim 8 591 612 1,919 1,609 215 161 42.0 48.0
Mukim 9 6,096 3,851 13,326 13,799 855 1,152 52.2 36.3
Mukim 10 2,914 1,734 6,031 6,676 744 623 60.7 35.3
Mukim 11 5,898 4,053 15,296 14,295 1,571 1,238 48.8 37.0
Mukim 12 520 585 1,484 9,526 297 179 55.1 8.0
Mukim 13 2,083 3,055 3,303 8,135 151 219 67.6 40.2
Mukim 14 6,682 4,964 16,930 17,044 966 982 45.2 34.9
Mukim 15 8,348 7,796 19,134 26,401 1,183 1,441 49.8 35.0
Mukim 16 109 34 263 129 19 28 48.7 48.1
Nibong Tebal 392 219 1,408 1,046 245 160 45.2 36.2
Sungai Bakap 76 47 265 183 57 10 50.2 31.1

George Town

District Subdivision Population by age group Overall dependency ratio
0-14 15-64 65+
2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020
Northeast Paya Terubong 40,076 40,879 151,915 170,748 11,482 15,085 33.9 32.8
Bukit Paya Terubong 291 208 1,197 1,547 211 243 41.9 29.2
Mukim 15 0 0 4 13 0 0 0.0 0.0
Mukim 16 237 234 1,139 982 184 192 37.0 43.4
Mukim 17 922 342 2,499 1,930 157 307 43.2 33.6
Mukim 18 2,194 2,912 9,387 13,764 1,219 1,541 36.4 32.4
Ayer Itam 2,503 2,925 11,845 11,145 2,934 2,904 45.9 52.3
Batu Ferringhi 3,767 1,567 8,674 6,637 1,045 842 55.5 36.3
Penang Hill 34 51 100 253 39 28 73.0 31.2
Gelugor 1,970 2,549 9,583 15,128 1,309 985 34.2 23.4
City centre 24,254 27,778 105,542 115,337 15,586 15,221 37.7 37.3
Jelutong 13,158 13,472 47,899 43,965 5,161 6,070 38.2 44.4
Tanjong Bungah 2,508 1,831 11,038 10,446 1,598 1,994 37.2 36.6
Tanjong Tokong 2,594 2,580 9,784 8,605 1,540 1,365 42.3 45.8
Seri Tanjong Pinang 786 2,517 2,474 8,801 157 652 38.1 36.0
Southwest Pantai Acheh 1,344 888 3,414 3,008 340 406 49.3 43.0
Teluk Bahang 692 584 1,758 1,756 174 191 49.3 44.1
Bukit Sungai Pinang 147 452 444 1,300 44 167 43.0 47.6
Batu Hitam 732 848 2,045 2,461 249 265 48.0 45.2
Bukit Balik Pulau 30 288 127 916 23 78 41.7 40.0
Pondok Upih 2,095 1,632 5,030 5,508 522 539 52.0 39.4
Bukit Genting 387 393 950 953 125 163 53.9 58.3
Bukit Pasir Panjang 272 425 824 945 89 74 43.8 52.8
Bukit Gemuruh 4,518 5,026 9,834 11,679 573 674 51.8 48.8
Bukit Relau 789 4,232 1,680 13,872 204 651 59.1 35.2
Teluk Kumbar 4,731 4,849 10,743 15,808 584 824 49.5 35.9
Bayan Lepas 28,698 25,329 87,786 96,641 5,823 8,485 39.3 35.0
Sungai Pinang 443 500 1,099 1,604 154 219 54.3 44.8
Sungai Rusa 531 615 1,036 2,025 91 177 60.0 39.1
Permatang Pasir 771 705 1,545 1,588 171 146 61.0 53.6
Bagan Air Hitam 463 793 1,313 2,309 181 280 49.0 46.5
Titi Teras 519 599 1,299 1,667 180 128 53.8 43.6
Kongsi 687 728 1,905 1,834 253 168 49.3 48.9
Kampung Paya 893 1,128 1,863 2,738 106 115 53.6 45.4
Sungai Burung 275 426 764 1,013 89 84 47.6 50.3
Pulau Betong 343 382 879 1,087 111 82 51.6 42.7
Dataran Genting 273 585 699 1,467 130 127 57.7 48.5
Balik Pulau 46 24 161 77 38 8 52.2 41.6

Seberang Perai

District Subdivision Population Sex ratio
Male Female
North Mukim 1 4,280 4,150 103
Mukim 2 3,270 3,194 102
Mukim 3 5,210 5,078 103
Mukim 4 6,881 6,485 106
Mukim 5 4,259 4,098 104
Mukim 6 27,341 25,728 106
Mukim 7 10,694 10,508 102
Mukim 8 9,610 8,425 114
Mukim 9 6,367 6,009 106
Mukim 10 2,312 2,434 95
Mukim 11 11,227 10,926 103
Mukim 12 15,959 15,201 105
Mukim 13 5,675 5,017 113
Mukim 14 11,141 10,797 103
Mukim 16 8,129 7,951 102
Butterworth 39,924 40,454 99
Kepala Batas 169 192 88
Central Mukim 1 26,122 22,663 115
Mukim 2 2,819 2,738 103
Mukim 3 4,348 4,104 106
Mukim 4 6,182 5,920 104
Mukim 5 2,414 2,475 98
Mukim 6 29,989 24,427 123
Mukim 7 3,090 2,966 104
Mukim 8 1,656 1,723 96
Mukim 9 4,632 4,551 102
Mukim 10 3,680 3,674 100
Mukim 11 19,210 18,494 104
Mukim 12 5,213 4,668 112
Mukim 13 14,364 10,618 135
Mukim 14 24,829 21,451 116
Mukim 15 36,847 31,250 118
Mukim 16 9,190 8,122 113
Mukim 17 1,815 1,744 104
Mukim 18 1,327 1,278 104
Mukim 19 2,860 2,942 97
Mukim 20 7,006 6,929 101
Mukim 21 2,220 2,211 100
Bukit Mertajam 5,994 6,085 99
Perai 8,899 7,251 123
South Mukim 1 1,227 1,178 104
Mukim 2 765 745 103
Mukim 3 872 858 102
Mukim 4 5,231 4,653 112
Mukim 5 4,500 4,211 107
Mukim 6 3,994 3,685 108
Mukim 7 11,266 8,836 128
Mukim 8 1,273 1,109 115
Mukim 9 9,701 9,101 107
Mukim 10 4,587 4,446 103
Mukim 11 10,246 9,340 110
Mukim 12 1,589 8,701 18
Mukim 13 6,033 5,376 112
Mukim 14 12,199 10,791 113
Mukim 15 18,336 17,302 106
Mukim 16 91 100 91
Nibong Tebal 724 701 103
Sungai Bakap 131 109 120

George Town

District Subdivision Population Sex ratio
Male Female
Northeast Paya Terubong 114,008 112,704 101
Bukit Paya Terubong 1,008 990 102
Mukim 15 13 -   -
Mukim 16 688 720 96
Mukim 17 1,281 1,298 99
Mukim 18 8,994 9,223 98
Ayer Itam 8,396 8,578 98
Batu Ferringhi 4,559 4,487 102
Penang Hill 189 143 132
Gelugor 9,231 9,431 98
City centre 82,757 75,579 109
Jelutong 31,700 31,807 100
Tanjong Bungah 7,271 7,000 104
Tanjong Tokong 6,383 6,167 104
Seri Tanjong Pinang 5,954 6,016 99
Southwest Pantai Acheh 2,232 2,070 108
Teluk Bahang 1,281 1,250 102
Bukit Sungai Pinang 998 921 108
Batu Hitam 1,840 1,734 106
Bukit Balik Pulau 677 605 112
Pondok Upih 3,912 3,767 104
Bukit Genting 831 678 123
Bukit Pasir Panjang 741 703 105
Bukit Gemuruh 9,085 8,294 110
Bukit Relau 9,651 9,104 106
Teluk Kumbar 10,683 10,798 99
Bayan Lepas 65,389 65,066 100
Sungai Pinang 1,187 1,136 104
Sungai Rusa 1,411 1,406 100
Permatang Pasir 1,233 1,206 102
Bagan Air Hitam 1,701 1,681 101
Titi Teras 1,142 1,252 91
Kongsi 1,395 1,335 104
Kampung Paya 2,141 1,840 116
Sungai Burung 737 786 94
Pulau Betong 774 777 100
Dataran Genting 1,111 1,068 104
Balik Pulau 51 58 107

Seberang Perai

State constituency Live births per 1,000 people Death rate per 1,000 people
Penaga 23.6 6.4
Bertam 23.8 6.0
Pinang Tunggal 23.3 6.2
Permatang Berangan 23.8 6.3
Sungai Dua 23.6 6.4
Telok Ayer Tawar 23.2 6.2
Sungai Puyu 22.8 6.1
Bagan Jermal 21.1 6.0
Bagan Dalam 23.4 6.2
Seberang Jaya 23.2 6.0
Permatang Pasir 23.5 6.4
Penanti 23.2 6.3
Berapit 23.6 5.9
Machang Bubuk 24.1 6.2
Padang Lalang 23.6 6.4
Perai 25.6 6.2
Bukit Tengah 24.5 5.8
Bukit Tambun 19.2 5.6
Jawi 24.6 6.4
Sungai Bakap 24.4 6.3
Sungai Acheh 22.9 6.0
National median 28.2 5.4

George Town

State constituency Live births per 1,000 people Death rate per 1,000 people
Tanjong Bunga 23.2 6.3
Air Putih 235.5 28.9
Kebun Bunga 22.9 6.4
Pulau Tikus 20.3 5.6
Padang Kota 23.2 4.7
Pengkalan Kota 22.2 5.2
Komtar 21.7 4.2
Datok Keramat 23.0 6.2
Sungai Pinang 22.9 6.4
Batu Lancang 23.6 6.4
Seri Delima 23.2 6.2
Air Itam 22.4 6.0
Paya Terubong 22.3 6.0
Batu Uban 21.8 6.2
Pantai Jerejak 25.5 6.3
Batu Maung 22.9 6.4
Bayan Lepas 24.0 6.4
Pulau Betong 24.5 6.5
Telok Bahang 23.9 6.4
National median 28.2 5.4
  1. ^ McCready 2021.
  2. ^ Nesadurai 1991, p. 105.
  3. ^ The Straits Times 1967b, p. 6.
  4. ^ The Straits Times 1967a, p. 6.
  5. ^ The Straits Budget 1968, p. 10.
  6. ^ a b Goh 2014a, p. 92.
  7. ^ Teh 2017.
  8. ^ The Straits Times 1968a, p. 10.
  9. ^ The Straits Times 1968b, p. 10.
  10. ^ Snider 1968, pp. 964–965.
  11. ^ The New York Times 1967, p. 6.
  12. ^ Hutchinson 2008, p. 225.
  13. ^ a b Nesadurai 1991, p. 106.
  14. ^ Goh et al. 2010, p. xxii.
  15. ^ Kharas, Zeufack & Majeed 2010, p. 17–18.
  16. ^ Hutchinson 2008, p. 226.
  17. ^ Kharas, Zeufack & Majeed 2010, p. 17.
  18. ^ Jenkins 2008, p. 95.
  19. ^ Devi & Filmer 2008.
  20. ^ "Data siri masa banci penduduk dan perumahan, 1911-2000". Department of Statistics Malaysia. Putrajaya: 4. Dec 2006. ISBN 978-983-9044-29-4.
  21. ^ Population Census 1921 Vol. 1. p. 18.
  22. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia. 33 (Supp. 2): 27–52. ISSN 0127-4082. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  23. ^ Goh, Sang Seong (2015). "Penang Chinese Customs and Traditions" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia. 33 (Supp. 2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 135–152.
  24. ^ Chan, Wai Yeap. "The History of Bukit Mertajam (1800-1957): From Agrarian Town to Central Hub of Northern Malaya". Penang Institute – via Academia.edu.
  25. ^ Zhao, Long (2 December 2018). "The Townscape Evolution of Historic Port Settlement of George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia" (PDF). University of Putra Malaysia. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  26. ^ Hussin, Nordin (Dec 2005). "Networks of Malay Merchants and the Rise of Penang as a Regional Trading Centre" (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies. 43 (3): 215–237.
  27. ^ Abdul Rahim, Hajar (2015). "Bahasa Tanjong: The Heritage Language of the Jawi Peranakans of Penang" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  28. ^ Maria Jolly, Ione (Aug 2017). "Identity, Community and Place: The Post-World War II Eurasian Exodus from Malaysia and Singapore to Australia" (PDF). Charles Darwin University.
  29. ^ Khoo, Salma Nasution (2012). "Exploring Shared History, Preserving Shared Heritage: Penang's Links to a Siamese Past" (PDF). Siam Society. 100: 295–322.
  30. ^ B., Kathy (12 Mar 2021). "The former residence of the first prime minister of Malaysia is on the market for RM62 million". New Straits Times. Retrieved 2 Aug 2024.
  31. ^ Woon Khin, Benny Liow (1989). "Buddhist Temples and Associations in Pennag, 1845—1948". Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 62 (1): 57–87 – via JSTOR.
  32. ^ Cho, Young Mook (Mar 2022). "Formation process of Chinese Community in Penang, 1786-1830" (PDF). University of Leeds.
  33. ^ Pfordten, Diyana (22 Jan 2020). "Malaysia's states set to rapidly age as they fail to retain young talent". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 Aug 2024.
  34. ^ Yeong, Pey Jung; Chan, Xin Ying (28 Oct 2022). "A Sustainable Active Ageing Policy for Penang" (PDF). Penang Institute.
  35. ^ "Age Friendly City". Penang Island City Council. Retrieved 2 Aug 2024.
  36. ^ "Kawasanku". Department of Statistics Malaysia. Retrieved 2 Aug 2024.
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