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Haplogroup J1
Possible time of origin10,000-36,000 years before present[1]
Possible place of originWestern Asia
AncestorJ
DescendantsJ1a, J1b, J1c
Defining mutationsM267
Highest frequenciesSemitic populations generally, and also the Caucasus (especially Dagestan)

In human genetics, Y DNA haplogroup J1, also known as J-M267, is a sub-haplogroup of Haplogroup J, along with its sibling clade Haplogroup J2. It is one of the most commonly shared ancient paternal lineages found amongst men in many parts of North Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, and the Horn of Africa. It is also found in Europe and in significant frequencies it is found as far east as the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia.

This type of Y DNA is defined by the presence of the SNP mutation referred to as M267, since its discovery was announced in Cinnioğlu et al. (2004).

Subclades and proposed origins

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J1 has several recognized sub-clades, some of which were recognized before J1 itself was recognized, for example J-M368.[2] But most of these are not common.[1]

The P58 marker which defines subgroup J1c3 is common, and was first announced in Karafet et al. (2008), but had been announced earlier under the name "Page08" in 2006 in Repping, Van Daalen & Brown (2006). This haplogroup dominates haplogroup J, and is notable as containing the Jewish "Cohen modal haplotype", as well as both the so-called "Galilee modal haplotype" and "P&I Arab modal haplotype" associated with Palestinians and Israeli Arabs by Nebel et al. (2000).[3]

More generally, the J-P58 group has been shown to be closely associated with a large cluster of J1 which had been recognized before the discovery of P58, and which has been associated with Middle Eastern Semitic migrations including Arabs and Jews. This cluster was identified by STR markers - specifically YCAII as 22-22, and DYS388 having unusual repeat values of 15 or higher, instead of 13.[4] Apart from the Jewish "Cohen" haplotype, Semino et al. (2000) associated this DNA profile with the Arab expansion in the seventh century AD, and noted that it was most frequent amoungst J1 men in the Middle East and North Africa, but less frequent in Ethiopia and Europe. Other authors have claimed that the evidence points to older migrations being possibly more important for explaining the distribution of modern J1.

Similarly, Tofanelli et al. (2009) refer to an "Arabic" and a "Eurasian" type of J1. The Arabic type includes Arabic speakers from Maghreb, Sudan, Iraq and Qatar, and it is a relatively homogeneous group. This is the group with YCAII=22-22 and high DYS388 values. The more diverse "Eurasian" group includes Europeans, Kurds, Iranians and Ethiopians (Ethiopia being outside of Eurasia), and is much more diverse. The authors also say that "Omanis show a mix of Eurasian pool-like and typical Arabic haplotypes as expected, considering the role of corridor played at different times by the Gulf of Oman in the dispersal of Asian and East African genes."

A similar geographical pattern is observed by Chiaroni et al. (2010) looking at J-P58. The authors report that "in Ethiopia, all Cushitic Oromo and ∼29% of Semitic Amharic J1 chromosomes are J1*" (meaning that they are J1 but not in J-P58). And furthermore, both the Caucasus region and the nearby eastern regions of Turkey have also been described by researchers as showing the highest frequency of J1 men who are not in the J-P58 sub-clade.[5][4]

The correspondence between P58 and high DYS388 values, and YCAII=22-22 is not perfect. The J-M368 sub-clade of J-P58 has DYS388=13 and YCAII=19-22, like other types of J1 outside the "Arabic" type of J1, and it is therefore believed to be a relatively old offshoot of J-P58, that did not take part in the most recent waves of J1 expansion in the Middle East.[4] These DYS388=13 haplotypes are most common in the Caucasus and Anatolia, but also found in Ethiopia.[1]

In summary, the above mentioned studies agree upon J1 and J-P58 being male lineages which have expanded more than once within the Middle East and neighbouring regions, with J-P58, and especially part of J-P58, having been carried in the more recent wave of expansion that has become dominant amongst Arabic speakers. Concerning both J1 generally and J-P58 specifically within it, the above surveys all agree that oldest diversity appears to be found today in the Middle East, but not in the most central Arabic areas where the YCAII=22-22 type has become most common, but rather to the north and south of that range. Most recently, concerning J-P58, Chiaroni et al. (2010) propose that the most likely point of original expansion is the north of the fertile crescent in the Taurus and Zagros mountains, during the Neolithic. They propose that the later waves of J-P58 expansion may have been associated with pastoralism and semitic languages. With their method of age estimation, they agree with Tofanelli et al. (2009) in expressing doubt that the Islamic expansions of the 7th century are old enough to explain the most obvious patterns of J1 frequencies within the Middle East.

On the other hand both these authors and others note that in the far south of the J1 range, and the J-P58 range, in Oman, Yemen and Ethiopia, there are also signs of J1 and J-P58 being much older than in the Arabian desert. Chiaroni et al. (2010) attribute this to "either sampling variability and/or demographic complexity associated with multiple founders and multiple migrations".

Tree

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This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG (2011) tree, which is in turn based upon the YCC 2008 tree[6] and subsequent published research.

  • J1 (L255, L321, M267) Typical of populations of the Arabian peninsula, Dagestan, Mesopotamia, the Levant and Semitic-speaking populations of North Africa and Northeast Africa, with a moderate distribution throughout Western Asia'
    • J1* -
    • J1a (M62) Found at a low frequency in Britain
    • J1b (M365.1)
    • J1c (L136)
      • J1c1 (M390) - formerly J1c
      • J1c2 (P56) - formerly J1d
      • J1c3 (P58/PAGES00008) - formerly J1e
        • J1c3* -
        • J1c3a (M367.1, M368.1) - formerly J1e1
        • J1c3b (M369) - formerly J1e2
        • J1c3c (L92, L93)
        • J1c3d (L147.1)
          • J1c3d* -
          • J1c3d1 (L174.1)
          • J1c3d2 (L222.2)
            • J1c3d2* -
              • J1c3d2a (L65.2/S159.2)

Distribution

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300px|rightt|thumb|J1 distribution

J1 (or J-M267) is a typical Y chromosome of populations of the Arabian peninsula, Dagestan, Mesopotamia, the Levant and Semitic-speaking populations of North Africa and Northeast Africa, and further distribution throughout Western Asia and other neighbouring areas.

The frequency of Haplogroup J1 is particularly high in Semitic-speaking populations (often much higher in those populations than in neighbouring ones). For comparison with non-semitic Middle Eastern populations only about 10% of men in Iran and Turkey are J1, compared to much high frequencies elsewhere.[7][8]

In the Caucasus and Eastern Turkey, J1 is common in several areas, and particularly common in Daghestan. It is also distinctive. While Middle Eastern J1 tends to be dominated by one sub-clade of J1, called J-P58 or J1c3. Both the Caucusus region and the nearby eastern regions of Turkey have been described by researchers as showing the highest frequencies of J1 which is not in the J-P58 sub-clade.[5][4]

The distribution of J1 outside of the Middle East and Caucasus may be associated with Semites who traded, migrated or conquered in various periods, to such areas as Sicily, southern Italy, Tunisia, Spain, Khartoum, Ethiopia, and Pakistan.[citation needed]

Arabian Plate

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Haplogroup J1, defined by the M267 marker is the most common Y haplogroup in Yemen(80%), Qatar (58%).[9] and Saudi Arabia (64%=68/106).[10]

J1 is generally frequent amongst Negev Bedouins (62%=21/31)[11]. It is also very common among other Arabs such as those of the Levant, i.e. Palestinian (38.4%).[12]

Caucasus

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Haplogroup J1 is the most frequent Y haplogroup in Dagestan among Kubachi (99%), Kaitak (85%), Avars (58%), Dargins (69%), Lezgins (44%) and Chechens (21%).[5]

North Africa and Horn Of Africa

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In North Africa, J1 is found at the highest rates among the Sudanese of Khartoum (74%) [4]. The Haplogroup's frequency rates among the Sudanese Arabs is (45%),Nubians (41%), Copts is (39%), Beja is (36%), and present with lower frequency in the region of Darfur: Masalit (6%), Fur (6%).[13] J1 is also found with high frequency among Algerians (15-35%) and Tunisians (15-34%),where as in Morocco it is (20%).Haplogroup J1 may be found in as many as 20% of Egyptian males,[14] with the frequency of this haplogroup tending to be comparatively high in the south of the country.[15] J1 is also Observed among East Africans Amhara 36% , Arsi Ethiopians 26%, Oromo Ethiopians 2.56%.[16]

Europe

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In general J1 has a very low frequency in Europe. However, higher frequencies has been reported in the central Adriatic regions of Italy Gargano (17.2%),[17] Pescara (15%),[17] in the Mediterranean Paola (11.1%),[17], Crete (8.3%),[18] Malta (7.8%), South Portugal (7%)[19], Cyprus (6.2%),[20] Greece (5.3%).[18] and Sicily(3.8%).[21]

Summary

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The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M267, showing where its distribution is greater than 1%. {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)

Country or region Sampling N J1 Source
Albania 56 3.6 Semino et al. (2004)
Algeria 20 35 Semino et al. (2004)
Algeria Oran 102 22.5 Robino et al. (2008)
Caucasus 1525 23.2 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Avars 115 58.3 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Dargins 101 69.3 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Kubachi 65 98.5 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Kaitak 33 84.8 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Lezghins 81 44.4 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Chechens 330 20.9 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Circassians 142 4.9 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Ingush 143 2.8 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Caucasus Ossets 357 2.2 Balanovsky et al. (2011)
Central Asia 184 9.7 Semino et al. (2004)
Cyprus 164 12.9 El-Sibai et al. (2009)[22]
Egypt 147 19.7 Flores et al. (2005)
Egypt Western Desert (el-Hayez) 35 31.4 Kujanová et al. (2009)
Ethiopia Amhara 48 33.3 Semino et al. (2004)
Ethiopia Oromo 78 2.6 Semino et al. (2004)
Europe Ashkenazim Jewish 442 19 Behar et al. (2004)
Europe Ashkenazim Jewish 82 14.6 Semino et al. (2004)
Europe Sephardim Jewish 42 11.9 Semino et al. (2004)
Georgia 45 6.6 Semino et al. (2004)
Greece 92 2.2 Semino et al. (2004)
Greece 442 2.5 Flores et al. (2005)
Greece Nea Nikomedeia 57 10.5 King et al. (2008)
Greece Sesklo/Dimini 57 3.5 King et al. (2008)
Greece Lerna/Franchthi 57 1.8 King et al. (2008)
Greece Crete 193 8.3 King et al. (2008)
Greece Macedonia 56 1.8 Semino et al. (2004)
Iberia 655 2.1 Fregel et al. (2009)
Iran 318 13.8 Flores et al. (2005)
Iraq 156 28.2 Semino et al. (2004)
Iraq 203 31 Flores et al. (2005)
Israel Palestinians 143 38.4 Semino et al. (2004)
Israel Bedouin 32 62.5 Semino et al. (2004)
Italy Calabria 57 1.8 Semino et al. (2004)
Italy Apulia 86 2.3 Semino et al. (2004)
Italy Sicily 42 7.1 Semino et al. (2004)
Italy Sicily 236 3.8 Gaetano al. (2008)
Italy Sardinia 144 2.8 Semino et al. (2004)
Jordania 101 40.6 Flores et al. (2005)
Jordania 273 31.9 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Kuwait 42 33.3 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Lebanon 40 12.5 Semino et al. (2004)
Lebanon 914 20.1 Zalloua et al. (2008)
Lebanon 104 16.3 Flores et al. (2005)
Malta 90 7.8 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Morocco Arab 49 10.2 Semino et al. (2004)
Morocco Arab 44 13.6 Semino et al. (2004)
Morocco Berber 64 6.3 Semino et al. (2004)
Morocco Berber 103 7.8 Semino et al. (2004)
Morocco Residents in Italy 51 19.6 Onofri et al. (2008)
Morocco Bosh et al 2001 221 5 Fregel et al. (2009)
North Africa Saharawish 29 17.2 Semino et al. (2004)
North Africa Saharawish 89 20.3 Fregel et al. (2009)
North Africa Algeria, Tunisia 202 29.2 Fregel et al. (2009)
Oman 121 37.2 Flores et al. (2005)
Pakistan Hunza 38 2.6 Semino et al. (2004)
Pakistan-India 88 7.9 Semino et al. (2004)
Pakistan 718 4.9 Flores et al. (2005)
Portugal North, Center, South 303 4.3 Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal North 101 1 Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal Center 102 4.9 Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal South 100 7 Goncalves et al. (2005)
Portugal Tras-os-Montes (Jews) 57 12.3 Nogueiro et al. (2010)
Qatar 72 58.3 Cadenas et al. 2008
Saudi Arabia 106 64.2 Alshamaly et al. 2009
Saudi Arabia 157 40.1 Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Somali 201 2.5 Flores et al. (2005)
Spain Andalusia 93 1.1 Semino et al. (2004)
Spain Canary Islands 652 3.53 Fregel et al. (2009)
Sudan Khartoum 35 74 Chiaroni el al. (2010)[4]
Syria 111 32.4 Flores et al. (2005)
Syria 554 33.8 El-Sibai et al. (2009)
Tunisia 73 30.1 Semino et al. (2004)
Tunisia 52 34.6 Onofri et al. (2008)
Turkey Muslim Kurd 95 11.6 Semino et al. (2004)
Turkey Muslim Kurd 251 11.2 Flores et al. (2005)
Turkey Istanbul 73 6.9 Semino et al. (2004)
Turkey Konya 129 3.9 Semino et al. (2004)
Turkey 523 9.2 Flores et al. (2005)
UAE 164 35 Abu-Amero et al. 2009
Yemen 104 80.8 Alshamaly et al. 2009
Yemen 62 72.7 Cadenas et al. 2008

References

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  1. ^ a b c Tofanelli et al. (2009)
  2. ^ Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)
  3. ^ Hammer et al. (2009)
  4. ^ a b c d e f Chiaroni et al. (2011)
  5. ^ a b c Balanovsky et al. (2011)
  6. ^ Karafet et al. (2008)
  7. ^ Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)
  8. ^ Regueiro et al. (2006)
  9. ^ Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 16 (3): 374–86. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Yemen 45/62 = 72.6% J1-M267 Qatar 42/72 = 58.3% J1-M267
  10. ^ Alshamaly et al. 2009
  11. ^ Nebel et al. 2001
  12. ^ Semino et al. (2004)
  13. ^ Hisham Y. Hassan et al., "Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History," American Journal of Physical Anthropology (2008). J-12f2(xJ2-M172) in 46/102 Sudanese Arabs of the Gaalien, Meseria, and Arakien tribes, 16/39 Nubians, 13/33 Copts, 15/42 Beja, 2/32 Masalit, and 2/32 Fur.
  14. ^ Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M; et al. (2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Barbara Arredi, Estella S. Poloni, Silvia Paracchini, Tatiana Zerjal, Dahmani M. Fathallah, Mohamed Makrelouf, Vincenzo L. Pascali, Andrea Novelletto and Chris Tyler-Smith, "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa," American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 75, Issue 2, August 2004, Pages 338-345. Haplogroup J-12f2(xJ2-M172) in 4/44 = 9.1% of a sample of Egyptians from the vicinity of Mansoura in northern Egypt, and 6/29 = 40.7% of a sample of Egyptians from the vicinity of Luxor in southern Egypt.
  16. ^ http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v18/n3/abs/ejhg2009166a.html
  17. ^ a b c http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/italy.pdf
  18. ^ a b King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T; et al. (2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Ann. Hum. Genet. 72 (Pt 2): 205–14. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. PMID 18269686. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link),http://www.atlascom.gr/HELLENIC_DNA_PAPER.PDF,
    Crete 16 out of 193
    Greece 9 out of 171
  19. ^ 7/100,"Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and A¸cores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry," Annals of Human Genetics (2005) 69,443–454, Goncalves et al. (2005) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x/pdf
  20. ^ Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective, Capelli et al. 2005
  21. ^ http://volgagermanbrit.us/documents/ejhg2008120a.pdf
  22. ^ Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast,Annals of Human Genetics (2009) 73,568–581,El-Sibai et al.(2009) (reported results from several studies : Di Giacomo et al. 2003, Al-Zahery et al. 2003, Flores et al.2004, Cinnioglu et al. 2004, Capelli et al. 2005, Goncalves et al. 2005, Zalloua et al. 2008, Cadenas et al. 2008),http://www.lbem.icb.ufmg.br/pdf/elsibai09ahg-levantegenografico.pdf

General listing

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- Draft Category:Human evolution

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