User:Tdorante10/sandbox6

Coordinates: 40°40′26″N 73°53′47″W / 40.673807°N 73.896276°W / 40.673807; -73.896276
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Sandbox 1, Sandbox 2, Sandbox 3, Sandbox 4, Sandbox 5, Sandbox 7, Sandbox 8, Sandbox 9

Halo (safety device)[edit]

The halo system on a Ferrari SF71H driven by Kimi Räikkönen during pre-season testing in February 2018.

The halo is a driver crash protection system used in open-wheel racing series which consists of a curved bar placed to protect the driver's head.

The system was introduced for the first time in 2015 and became mandatory according to FIA homologation and regulation from 2018. The first tests with the prototypes equipped with the system were carried out in 2016 and in July 2017. Since the 2018 season the FIA has made the halo mandatory on every vehicle in Formula 1 and Formula 2 as a new safety measure.[1]

Design and construction[edit]

The halo installed on a Spark SRT 05e Formula E car for the 2018–19 season.

The Halo system is a "wishbone-shaped"[2] bracket that surrounds the driver's head and is connected at three points to the frame of a vehicle. The component is constructed of Grade 5 titanium alloy. It consists of an upper U-shaped half ring, two pieces which attach the ring to the car at the driver's head, and a center pillar placed in front of the driver which holds the device above the driver's head. The pieces are heat-treated and welded together to form the device.[3][4]

The device is designed to withstand up to 125 kilonewtons (28,000 lbf) of force, or 12 tonnes (26,000 lb) of weight from a top or side impact for five seconds.[3][5][6] According to Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport technical director James Allison, the Halo can support the weight of a "London double decker bus".[7][8]

To facilitate the device, the chassis of Formula One cars from each constructor had to be strengthened. In addition, the minimum weight for cars was increased by 6 kilograms (13 lb) to take account for the additional weight of the halo.[5][6][4][7] Further, the weight of the device and its placement near the top of the car changes the car's center of gravity.[5] The Halo's placement on the car also affects its aerodynamics, as well as the airflow to the engine. Because of this, teams are allowed to add carbon fiber fairings atop the halo to improve the aerodynamics of the car.[2][5][6][7][9]

weighed around 7 kilograms in the version presented in 2016. The weight rose to 9 kilograms in 2017.[citation needed] In its current iteration, the device itself weighs approximately 7 kilograms (15 lb). However, the brackets to attach the Halo to a car along with the additional strengthening of the chassis adds a total of 10–15 kilograms (22–33 lb) of weight.[5][6][4][9][10]

The system is not developed by the teams, but is manufactured by 3 approved external manufacturer chosen by the FIA and is the same specification for all vehicles.[3][5]


In a simulation performed by the FIA, using the data of 40 real incidents, the use of the system led to a 17% increase in the survival rate of the driver.[6]

Criticism[edit]

  • "Ugly"
  • culture
  • Another concern was whether or not the halo would impede a driver from exiting the car, particularly when it was upside-down.[2]

History[edit]

Background[edit]

One of the earliest catalysts for improved cockpit protection in single-seater racing automobiles took place in 1994, when Formula One drivers Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna were killed in crashes on consecutive days during the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix weekend.[11][12] In Senna's crash on race day, his car collided with a wall and a section of his right front suspension entered the cockpit and pierced his helmet.[11][13][14][15] Following the incidents, in 1996 the sides of vehicle cockpits were raised to further protect the driver.[11][13][16]

Formula 1 had been considering implementing additional cockpit protection onto cars since at least 2011.[5] This push followed incidents in July 2009, the first when driver Henry Surtees was killed during a Formula Two event at Brands Hatch by a wheel from another race car,[17][18][19][20] and the second during the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix when Felipe Massa was injured by a spring coming from another car. Massa suffered a skull fracture and concussion in the incident.[17][21][22]

In response, in 2011, helmet visors equipped with Zylon strips were introduced to prevent incidents like Massa's.[23][24] The feature was mandated for the 2011 Japanese Grand Prix in October.[25] Also that year, the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety began testing two windscreen devices for cockpit protection, one constructed of polycarbonate and the second based on the canopy of a fighter jet.[17][26] In 2012, the FIA began testing a titanium forward roll hoop device constructed by Lotus F1.[17] In October 2013, F1 team executives including Christian Horner and Ross Brawn along with F1 chief executive Bernie Ecclestone rejected to roll hoop system. The decision was made in large part due to the device not being aesthetically pleasing, and it taking away the open-cockpit identity of F1.[27]

Development of the halo[edit]

Further calls for a closed cockpit system in open-wheel racing came in mid-2015 following two deaths from racing incidents.[28][26] On July 17, 2015, F1 driver Jules Bianchi passed away from a diffuse axonal injury (a form of traumatic brain injury) sustained at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix nine months earlier, when his car collided with a support vehicle in heavy rain conditions.[28][29] [28] On August 23, 2015, former F1 driver Justin Wilson suffered a traumatic brain injury during an IndyCar Series event at Pocono Raceway, after debris from a crashed car struck his helmet. Wilson passed away the next day.[28][30][31]

In the week following the death of Wilson, the FIA announced that it would test three concepts for cockpit protection: a forward roll hoop or roll cage known as the "AFP-V2" with protruding blades to deflect debris, a centerline roll hoop made up of three bars, and a "halo-shaped hoop". The latter concept, the predecessor to the current halo system, was developed by the Mercedes F1 team.[5][28][32][23] Development of the halo concept was performed on the Mercedes simulator by Anthony Davidson.[33][34]

  • Development based on previous racing incidents, in which airborne cars or projectile parts threatened to impact the driver within the cockpit (word better).[2]
    • Grojean 2012
    • Justin Wilson.[2]

The FIA for development examined three fundamental scenarios: collision between two vehicles, contact between a vehicle and the surrounding environment (such as barriers) and collisions with vehicles and debris.[citation needed] Tests have shown that the halo system can significantly reduce the risk of injury to the driver.[citation needed] Moreover, in many cases the system was able to prevent the helmet from coming into contact with a barrier when checked against a series of accidents that had occurred in the past.[citation needed] During the study of the last case it was found that the halo is able to deflect large objects and provide greater protection against smaller debris.[citation needed]

After a one-year delay in January 2017, the FIA announced that the development of the system had been completed and it was ready for use.[citation needed] The device was the first frontal protection system to be approved by the FIA for competition use.[10]

In addition to its use in Formula One, beginning in 2018 all new cars introduced into FIA-sanctioned single-seater series will incorporate the Halo.[35] On August 31, 2017, the Dallara F2 2018 car for the 2018 Formula 2 season was unveiled at Monza prior to that year's Italian Grand Prix. It was the first to install the halo system.[35][36] In January 2018, the Spark SRT05e Formula E car for the 2018–19 season was unveiled, also was equipped with a halo.[37]

Alternative systems[edit]

As an alternative to the halo system, Red Bull Racing developed the "aeroscreen".[citation needed] The design, which was similar to a small fairing, did not receive much interest from the FIA. After the drivers had expressed their opposition to the introduction of the halo system,[citation needed] the FIA developed the "shield", a polyvinyl chloride windscreen based on the airbrush concept.[38]

Sebastian Vettel was the first and only driver to try the shield. During the free practice for the 2017 British Grand Prix, he completed a lap with the new system before ending the test early. He complained of distorted and blurred vision that prevented him from driving.[39] Its introduction was subsequently excluded, partly because the teams did not have enough time to test and study the shield.[citation needed]

Reception[edit]

The system has aroused some criticism, including that of Niki Lauda who claimed that this system distorts the "essence of racing cars".[40] The system has also proved unpopular with fans, who have said that it is ugly, against the concept of open-cockpit racing, and obstructs the driver's vision. For instance, an unofficial online poll among users on the Autosport website showed that around three-quarters of the voters were against the halo.[41] Other former drivers, including Jackie Stewart, welcomed the system and compared it to the introduction of safety belts, which had been similarly criticised, but then became the norm also on road cars.[42]

Despite initial criticism, the halo was praised by the community following two incidents where the halo was struck by another car: one in the Formula 2 race at Catalunya where Tadasuke Makino's halo was landed on by fellow countryman Nirei Fukuzumi's car and one in the Belgian Grand Prix where Charles Leclerc's halo was struck by Fernando Alonso's airborne McLaren, with both of their haloes showing visible impact damage from the impact. Both Makino and Leclerc credited the halo for possibly saving their lives, and Mercedes team principal Toto Wolff, who had criticised the halo earlier in the season, admitted that it had proved itself following Leclerc's incident.[43][44]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "The FIA approves Formula 1's first supplier to the Halo". F1i.com. January 16, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Benson, Andrew (July 21, 2017). "Halo: Is F1's new head-protection system an 'overreaction' or essential?". BBC Sport. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Author, Unknown (March 3, 2018). "How to Make an F1 Halo". FIA. Retrieved October 22, 2018. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  4. ^ a b c Hatton, Gemma (2018). "Tech Explained: Formula 1 Halo". Racecar Engineering. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Stewart, Jack (February 24, 2018). "The Engineering Challenge of Giving Formula 1 Cars Halos". Wired (magazine). Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e Edmondson, Laurence (February 10, 2018). "All you need to know about Halo ahead of the 2018 F1 season". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  7. ^ a b c "F1 Explained: The Halo". Mercedes AMG Petronas. February 7, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  8. ^ Saunders, Nate (February 8, 2018). "F1's Halo device must withstand weight of London bus". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Tech insight: How the teams are developing the halo". Formula1.com. March 5, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  10. ^ a b Parkes, Ian (March 22, 2018). "At the Australian Grand Prix, a New Era of Protecting Drivers". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  11. ^ a b c Spurgeon, Brad (September 18, 2015). "Cockpit Safety Divides Formula One". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  12. ^ Hamilton, Maurice (September 10, 2016). "F1's cockpit protection predicament". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  13. ^ a b Williams, Richard (March 19, 2018). "Halo could be most effective method yet devised to reduce F1's appeal". The Guardian. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  14. ^ "The death of Ayrton Senna: His last 100 hours". February 25, 2008. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  15. ^ Jones, Dylan (22 April 2011). "The last 96 hours of Ayrton Senna". 8wforix. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  16. ^ Benson, Andrew (October 8, 2014). "Jules Bianchi: Ayrton Senna death a 'wake-up call' F1 never forgot". BBC Sport. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  17. ^ a b c d Noble, Jonathan (April 26, 2012). "FIA Institute testing forward roll hoops to increase driver protection". Autosport. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  18. ^ Cary, Tom (July 20, 2009). "Henry Surtees's death shakes motorsport world". telegraph.co.uk. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  19. ^ "F2 bosses to probe Surtees tragedy". thisissussex.co.uk. Kent and Sussex Courier. July 22, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  20. ^ Balakrishnan, Angela (July 19, 2009). "Henry Surtees killed in Brands Hatch crash: 18-year-old son of ex-F1 champion John Surtees dies after an accident during a Formula Two race". The Guardian. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  21. ^ Elizalde, Pablo (July 25, 2009). "Massa crash delays Hungary qualifying". autosport.com. Haymarket Publications. Archived from the original on July 28, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  22. ^ Elizalde, Pablo (July 25, 2009). "Massa suffers skull damage, concussion". Autosport. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  23. ^ a b Parkes, Ian (October 25, 2015). "FIA testing three cockpit safety concepts for Formula 1 cars". Autosport. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  24. ^ "F1 drivers testing stronger visors". Motorsport.com. April 8, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  25. ^ "Safer F1 helmets mandatory at Suzuka". Motorsport.com. October 3, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  26. ^ a b O'Kane, Sean (September 2, 2015). "What is the racing world doing about head injuries? Drivers remain exposed in the world's most thrilling motorsports". The Verge. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  27. ^ Rencken, Dieter; Noble, Jonathan (October 7, 2014). "F1 teams rejected "ugly" closed cockpit solution in 2013". Autosport. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  28. ^ a b c d e DeGroot, Nick (December 31, 2015). "Top Stories of 2015; #1: Cockpit safety in the spotlight after losing Wilson and Bianchi". Motorsport.com. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  29. ^ DiZinno, Tony (July 17, 2015). "Jules Bianchi dies at age 25, his family confirms". NBC Sports. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  30. ^ Glendenning, Mark (August 24, 2015). "Justin Wilson remains in critical condition with severe head injury". Autosport. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  31. ^ "IndyCar Driver Justin Wilson Has Died of a Head Injury". ABC News. August 24, 2015. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  32. ^ "Video - Mercedes cockpit protection concept". Formula1.com. August 28, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  33. ^ Esler, William; Galloway, James (January 1, 2016). "'Halo concept' backed as F1 prepares for closed cockpit debate: F1 driver protection to be discussed on Friday afternoon". Sky Sports. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  34. ^ "Halo safety cockpit 'best compromise', says Davidson". Crash.net. February 1, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  35. ^ a b Edmondson, Laurence (August 31, 2017). "2018 Formula 2 car to feature Halo". ESPN.com. Monza. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  36. ^ "New F2 car revealed, to feature halo device". autosport.com. Motorsport Network. August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  37. ^ Edmondson, Laurence (January 30, 2018). "Formula E reveals next generation car with Halo". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  38. ^ "F1 | FIA working on Halo alternative 'Shield' - FP English". FormulaPassion.it (in Italian). April 8, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  39. ^ "Vettel says Shield made him "dizzy" in test run". Motorsport.com. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  40. ^ Noble, Jonathan. "Niki Lauda: Halo destroys efforts to boost Formula 1's popularity". Autosport.com. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  41. ^ https://forums.autosport.com/topic/208181-the-last-race-without-the-halo-and-i%E2%80%99m-feeling-sad-merged-with-poll/?hl=halo
  42. ^ Kalinauckas, Alex. "Jackie Stewart: F1 halo critics are like 1960s safety backlash". Autosport.com. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  43. ^ Benyon, Jack. "Makino believes halo saved his life in F2 crash". Motorsport.com. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  44. ^ Richards, Giles. "Charles Leclerc pays tribute to halo after walking away from Belgian GP crash". The Guardian. Retrieved October 1, 2018.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halo (cockpit protection system).

77 Greenwich Street / 42 Trinity Place[edit]

77 Greenwich Street
The site (right) at Trinity Place in 2012
Map
General information
Location77 Greenwich Street / 42 Trinity Place
Financial District, Manhattan, New York
Coordinates40°42′26″N 74°00′49″W / 40.707188°N 74.013685°W / 40.707188; -74.013685
Construction started2018
Completed2019
Technical details
Floor count4

Description[edit]

  • Employees Club Chase Manhattan Bank[1]

History[edit]

The former Syms store in 2016, prior to its demolition

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Route 9A Reconstruction Project: Historic Resources Lot Inventory Report" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. August 1990. Retrieved November 26, 2018.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 77 Greenwich Street.

William H. Maxwell Career and Technical Education High School / East New York Transit Tech[edit]

Maxwell Intro[edit]

William H. Maxwell High School
Address
Map
145 Pennsylvania Avenue

East New York, Brooklyn
,
New York
11207

United States
Coordinates40°40′26″N 73°53′47″W / 40.673807°N 73.896276°W / 40.673807; -73.896276
Information
TypePublic
Established1950
Grades9–12
Enrollment465[1][2]

William H. Maxwell Career and Technical High School is a vocational high school in Brooklyn, New York. It lies on Pennsylvania Avenue in the upper half of the East New York neighborhood, close to Liberty Avenue subway station on the C train. The current building was built as Public School 173 in 1913.[3] The high school, meanwhile, was originally the girl's division of the East New York Vocational High School (now Transit Tech High School), and began using the P.S. 173 building in the 1930s. In 1950, it was chartered as William H. Maxwell High School.[4] The school continues to have a majority-female student body.[1] Maxwell High School offers vocational training in a variety of subjects, including cosmetology, fashion, medical assisting and related visual instruction.[1][2][5]

Transit Tech Intro[edit]

Transit Tech High School
Looking south from the Crescent Street subway station
Location
1 Wells St., Brooklyn, NY 11208[6]

United States of America
Information
TypeHigh School
PrincipalMarlon Bynum[6]
Grades09, 10, 11, 12, SE[6]
Enrollment1542[6]
Websitehttps://transittechhs.org
https://transittechhs.org/school-info/

Transit Tech Career And Technical Education High School,[2] previously called East New York High School for Transit Technology[7] or East New York Transit Tech,[8] is a vocational high school in the East New York neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. It's mission is the training of students for careers in the rapid transit (subway) industry. It is located at 1 Wells Street, at the corner of Wells Street and Fountain Avenue, between Atlantic Avenue and Liberty Avenue.

The school was originally established in 1922 as the East New York Continuation School, later East New York Vocational High School, and moved to its current location in 1941. Its girl's division eventually became William H. Maxwell High School, another CTE school, in 1950. The current transit-oriented program was established in 1986 in a partnership with the New York City Transit Authority, part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA).[9]

Description[edit]

First building[edit]

The original site of the East New York Vocational High School was at 2416 Atlantic Avenue, on the south side of Atlantic Avenue west of Van Sindren Avenue.[10] The building was situated near the Atlantic Avenue subway station of the BMT Canarsie Line, and the East New York Long Island Rail Road station.[11] It was a four-story brick factory, which was leased to the school.[12][10][11] It contained numerous industrial arts rooms, including woodworking, printing, electrical, and auto shops[11] The classrooms were separated by thin partitions 6 feet (1.8 m) high.[11]

Second building[edit]

Transit Tech
The current Transit Tech building is located at Wells Street and Fountain Avenue south of Atlantic Avenue in the City Line section of East New York, to the east of the original building. It is located adjacent to the south of City Line Park.[13][7][14] It was completed in 1941.[13][15] The school site and City Line Park were originally occupied by the Brooklyn Water Works pumping station, which pumped water from the Ridgewood Aqueduct (now Conduit Boulevard) north into the Ridgewood Reservoir.[7][16][17]

  • Preliminary layout, 1939.[18]

The school was designed by architect Eric Kebbon, who also designed Forest Hills High School in Queens at the same time.[17][19] The building is "F"-shaped, the long side along Wells Street.[13] It is three-stories tall with a gray brick facade and limestone trim. At the time of its construction, the design was described as "'modern in spirit'".[17] The school was built to accommodate 1,941 students.[20][19] It features standard class rooms and science labs, as well as 21 industrial arts shops. The original purpose of these shops was for the construction of airplanes, boats, and automobiles; welding; painting; printing; and radio and household appliance repair.[15] A weather station was located on the roof.[21][18]

Today the building features a rail car lab, a hangar located at the east end of the school at the rear of the building. The lab was added in 1980.[13] It has been billed the "largest classroom in New York City" and "the country's biggest classroom". It features raised rail tracks and metal platforms or catwalks for students to work on subway trains.[22][8] The lab is currently occupied by two retired R42 subway cars, numbered 4736 and 4737, which were built circa 1970. The two cars were donated by the MTA in 2009. The cars replaced a R30 car built around 1960 and acquired in 1994.[22][23] The rail car lab was featured in a New York Magazine list of the "Coolest Classes" in the city in 2005.[24]

Current building[edit]

Maxwell
William H. Maxwell High School is located the northeast corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Glenmore Avenue, just south of Liberty Avenue.[25][14][26] It consists of two structures which collectively form an L-shape.[3] The original building, the former Public School 173, was completed in 1913 and is located near the center of the block along Pennsylvania Avenue. It is five-stories tall. The new addition, completed in 1998, sits along Glenmore Avenue extending to New Jersey Avenue at the east end of the site. It was designed by architect Richard Dattner and is four-stories tall.[3][27] Both buildings are designed with brick outer facades and limestone trim, with a granite strip along the ground level. The 1998 addition was designed to mimic the original P.S. 173 design. The addition also features curved window bays and a curved roof.[27] The new building contains a first floor cafeteria, science labs, and a gymnasium on the upper floors. The original building features a first-floor auditorium which extends out east to the rear of the building.[3][27]

The current main entrance to the school is along Glenmore Avenue near Pennsylvania Avenue in the new building. This entrance has a wheelchair ramp making it ADA-accessible. A second entrance is located at Glenmore and New Jersey Avenues. Both of these entrances feature curved canopies. The original school entrance is along Pennsylvania Avenue in the P.S. 173 building, leading to the auditorium. Additional exits lead from the auditorium to the rear of the building.[3][27] A nameplate atop the original building's entrance reads "WM. H. Maxwell CTE High School". Another nameplate atop the new building's Pennsylvania Avenue facade reads "William H. Maxwell High School".[3][27]

Transportation[edit]

Maxwell
Maxwell High School is directly served by the Liberty Avenue subway station of the IND Fulton Street Line at Liberty and Pennsylvania Avenues. The Alabama Avenue station of the BMT Jamaica Line is located two blocks further north on Fulton Street.[25][14] The B20 and B83 bus routes operate along Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the school. The Q24 runs along Atlantic Avenue north of the school. The B14 operates along Sutter Avenue to the south.[25][14][28]


Transit Tech
The closest New York City Subway stations to the school are the Euclid Avenue station on the IND Fulton Street Line on Pitkin Avenue to the south of the school, and the Crescent Street and Norwood Avenue stations on the BMT Jamaica Line on Fulton Street to the north of the school.[14] The Q24 bus directly serves the school on Atlantic Avenue one block north. The B13, Q7 and Q8 operate near the Euclid Avenue station.[14][28]

Name[edit]

Maxwell HS
The high school is named after Brooklyn teacher and education executive Dr. William Henry Maxwell.[29] A journalist for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle and later superintendent of the Brooklyn Board of Education, Maxwell was appointed as the first superintendent of the unified New York City school system following consolidation of the five boroughs in 1898.[30][31][32][33][34] The now-defunct Brooklyn Training School for Teachers was also named after Maxwell in 1920 following his death; this building is now Public School 138.[30][31][35]

A local bakery, Mrs. Maxwell's Bakery on Atlantic Avenue north of Maxwell High School, is named after the school and the Maxwell House coffee brand.[36]

History[edit]

ENY Vocational High School[edit]

  • East New York Continuation School
  • The factory building on Atlantic Avenue was constructed in early 1922. In January of that year, while the building was being erected, the New York City Board of Estimate proposed a five-year lease of the site for the East New York Continuation School. The school was projected to serve 3,600 students from East New York as well as Brownsville, who would attend classes while working.[12]
    • Began 1922 w/ two students, two subs, and its first principal J. Ritchie Stevenson.[11]
  • The owner of the factory also operated a knitting plant in the building, which went bankrupt in April 1925.[37]
    • By 1927, the school had an enrollment of 7,500 students, more than any other high school in New York City.[11]
    • Co-ed[11]
  • Classes:
    • Construction, commercial art, mechanical drawing, bookkeeping, office practice, typewriting.[11][38]
    • Aeronautics[38]
    • Issues with truancy (cutting class)[11]
  • Annexes
    • Annex at PS 150 (former Jefferson Annex, 1929[10]
    • Annex at PS 151 (Knickerbocker & Halsey, Ridgewood) - Circa 1959[39][40]
    • Annex at PS 155 (Eastern Pkwy, Herkimer Street), 1933[41]
      • Girl's Annex by 1939.[42]
  • In January 1934, it was renamed the East New York Vocational High School[43]
  • In June 1934, the Board of Ed voted against continuing the lease of the Atlantic Avenue building, due to deteriorating conditions.[44][45]
    • In particular, the building was among 65 school buildings identified as "firetraps" that year. no sprinklers; landlord would not fix[45][46][47]
    • In spite of this, the lease was extended two years in late 1934.[49][50]
  • December 1936: continued to use Atlantic Avenue building. Contined to be labeled a "fire trap" with "little light, no recreation facilities, no rest room for teachers,...no gymnasium". At this time, $2000 was earmarked in the 1937 Board of Education budget for a new building.[51][52]
  • First four-year students graduate on June 21, 1938.[53]
  • began boat construction program in fall 1938.[42][54]
    • By 1941, largest program in the country.[54]

New Building[edit]

The former site of the Ridgewood Aqueduct pumping station was ceded from the New York City Board of Water Supply in 1937.[7] The plans for the new East New York High School building were approved on October 25, 1939, along with plans for Forest Hills High School in Queens.[55][18] Construction contracts for both schools were approved on November 22, 1939.[56] A model of the new school building was displayed at the 1939 New York World's Fair in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park.[42] The cornerstone for the school was laid by Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia on May 13, 1940.[17][19] Around the same time Conduit Boulevard and Conduit Avenue, laid out along the former aqueduct, was widened as part of the construction of the Belt Parkway system.[57][58][59]

The school was planned to open on March 31, 1941, but the opening was delayed due to a lack of equipment for its industrial shops, which was instead taken for the World War II effort. This included a hydraulic press for plane construction.[60][61] The new building was opened April 26, 1941.[15] At the time of its opening, the school operated four additional annexes, and operated three overlapping sessions.[20]

Maxwell History[edit]

P.S. 173 History
During the American Revolution, the area around the current school building was the site of an important event during the Battle of Long Island or Battle of Brooklyn. British troops captured the owners of Howard's Tavern, three blocks from the current school, who lead them through the Jamaica Pass from Brooklyn to Jamaica, Queens.[64]

Bids were opened for construction of Public School 173 on February 19, 1912.[65] The school was planned to have 48 classrooms, a setup that was "most desired in congested districts" at the time.[66] The school was opened September 8, 1913, along with the nearby P.S. 174 on Dumont Avenue.[67][68] Renovations on the building took place in October 1916.[69] The school was alternately known as "The Liberty School",[70] and was also used as community center.[71] Between 1923 and 1925, the lot at Pennsylvania and Glenmore Avenues adjacent to the school was acquired by the City of New York, and it was designated as "a site for school purposes".[72][73] In January 1925, P.S. 173 began vocational classes for its middle school students.[74]


Maxwell HS / ENY Girls History: (mostly) Post-1940

  • 1938: Plans for new building for ENY HS for Girls.[75]
  • 1945-1947: Creation of separate Girls HS in PS 137, as part of the city's plans to turn several vocational school annexes into new independent high schools.[76][77] P.S. 173, meanwhile, was discontinued in fall 1945.[78]
  • 1946: Girl's Annex offers trade, commercial, and "beauty culture" courses.[21]


Paragraph break

  • 1975: By 1975, the Maxwell building (P.S. 173) was considered inadequate, having been operating for 63 years.[79]
  • 1985:
    • October: Maxwell among six most overcrowded high schools in the City.[80]
    • On November 27, 1985, Maxwell was included in a list of the 72 city schools which ranked in the bottom ten percent of school statewide in terms of academic performance.[81]
  • 1988: Violence[82]
  • 1998:
    • New addition completed.[3][27] The renovation cost $29 million[83] or $45 million.[84]
    • The project suffered from delays and mismanagement, with the first two construction companies dismissed and replaced.[83][84]
    • On May 12, 1998 during the rennovation under the second firm, a fire broke out in the school, temporarily trapping 150 students and faculty. The welder who set off the blaze was later found to be uncertified.[83]
    • The problems with the Maxwell High School renovations led in part to the firing of the New York City School Construction Authority vice president in 1999.[84]
  • 2001
    • Into the 21st century, Maxwell continued to have a majority-female enrollment, while other city vocational schools such as East New York Transit Tech had majority-male populations. In 2001, the National Women's Law Center issued a letter to then-Schools Chancellor Harold O. Levy criticizing the enrollment disparity. The law center was also critical of the "traditionally female" trades such as cosmetology taught at Maxwell, High School of Fashion Industries in Manhattan, and the Jane Addams and Grace Dodge High Schools in the Bronx, while other CTE schools like Transit Tech pushed students towards high-tech careers with higher wages.[85]
  • 2002-2004: Overcrowding[86][87]
    • During the 2002-2003 school year, Maxwell was the most overcrowded school in the city, operated at 206 percent of its capacity.[87]
  • July 2004: overcrowded by 180 percent.[88]
    • Increased enrollment from 1,341 to 1,757; school built for 722[86]
    • four sessions, beginning at 7:12AM[86]
    • Library, shops, auditorium converted into classrooms[86]
    • Metal detectors[86]
    • students forced to take gym during night school session[86]
    • extra students from Jefferson and others end up at Maxwell[86]; accused to be dumping ground for unwanted students.[88]
  • 2005: 30% graduation rate.[89][90]

Attempts to close[edit]

On December 9, 2009 the Department of Education announced plans to close Maxwell High School.[91] Under the plan, a new school called Academy for Health Careers would have been started in the Maxwell building.[92] Maxwell had improved on its performance "report card" from a F grade in 2006 to a D grade in 2009.[91] There were also rises in Regents exam scores and graduation rates in that period.[93][90][94] In addition, new disciplinary policies and a uniformed dress code were implemented.[91][94] The staff of the high school earned $180,000 in bonuses for the improvements at the school, which drew controversy as the overall grade of D was still low.[93][91][94]

In protest of the closure, a rally was held on December 9, 2009 outside the school, organized by United Federation of Teachers (UTF).[93] Following a lawsuit by the UTF and NAACP,[95] in March 2010 a Manhattan Supreme Court judge prevented the closure of the school. The judge ruled that the city violated regulations by not disclosing the potential affects of the school's closure to local communities.[96] The ruling was upheld in an Appellate Court ruling on July 1.[97] However, on June 25, 2010, Maxwell High School was placed on a list of 34 failing schools that would be closed, converted to charter schools, or have half of their teaching staff fired and replaced in order to reform them.[98] In Fall 2010, a report was conducted by the New York State Education Department at Maxwell High School as well as Jane Addams High School, and August Martin High School in Queens. The report found that students at the schools lacked books and science labs, and in addition "found students sleeping or listening to MP3 players in class".[99]

In Janaury 2012, Maxwell High School was once again put on a list of schools to be closed.[89] The school had improved from its D grade in 2009 to A grade in 2012.[89][100][101] In addition, the school's graduation rate had risen from 43 percent in 2009 to 60 percent in 2011.[89][100] According to then-Schools Chancellor Dennis Walcott, the school's performance grade was misleading. Walcott pointed out that Maxwell teachers were absent twice as often as city average.[100] On April 2, 2012, Maxwell High School and six other schools with high progress grades were removed from the list of schools to be closed. Because of this the city forfeited $9 million in potential federal aid, which would have gone to the new replacement schools.[102]

Following Hurricane Sandy in fall 2012, the Scholars' Academy of Rockaway Park, Queens was relocated to the Maxwell building due to damage at their school building.[103]

2013

  • Expansion of AP classes.[104]

ENY Transit Tech History[edit]

Creation of Transit Tech[edit]

In 1984, $290 million was earmarked to renovate the 17 vocational high schools in New York City.[105] On November 27, 1985, East New York Vocational was included in a list of the 72 city schools which ranked in the bottom ten percent of school statewide in terms of academic performance. Its former sister school Maxwell was also included in this list.[106] In February 1986, the New York City Transit Authority (TA), a subsidiary of the MTA which operates the New York City Subway, proposed to renovate the East New York Vocational School and convert it into a transit-oriented program. The Transit Authority sought to create a skilled workforce through the school, in order to replace retiring current employees. It would be the first transit-oriented high school program in New York City. An agreement was signed on February 7 at the New York Transit Museum in Downtown Brooklyn, between Schools Chancelor Nathan Quinones and TA president David L. Gunn.[9][107] The school reopened as East New York Transit Tech in September 1986. 400 freshmen applied to the new school. Existing students, meanwhile, continued the previous vocational program.[105][9][107] Initially, the school building was not equipped to facilitate the program. This included not being able to fit a subway car for students to work on inside hangars within the school.[105] Later, $43 million in renovations occurred.[9] The first class under the new program graduated in 1990.[9]

Academics[edit]

Maxwell
Reflective of its history as a girls vocational school, Maxwell High School offers CTE programs in "traditionally female saturated" fields. These programs are "Beauty Science & Technology" (cosmetology), "Design Technology", and "Medical Careers".[1][2] The cosmetology program allows students to work towards state certification in the salon and spa industry.[1][2][86][85] The Design Technology program is divided into Apparel Design (fashion) or advertising.[1][2] As part of this program, students annually participate in Brooklyn Fashion Week.[1] Within the Medical Careers program is the "Vision Technology" track, which includes instruction in the crafting of corrective lenses.[2][109]


Transit Tech
Transit Tech's best known Career and Technical Education (CTE) program is its "Transportation Systems" program, which focuses on transit-oriented careers and utilizes the rail car lab. Courses include "Transit Technology", "Basic Transit Welding", "Rail Car Maintenance", and "Climate Control" (climate systems repair).[22][23][9][2] The other CTE programs offered are information technology, cyber-security, Energy Management and Green Technology, and engineering.[2] The school offers STEM courses based off the Project Lead the Way curriculum.[2] Internships are offered with the MTA and Amtrak, as well as other companies and agencies.[2][9] The school also offers several Advanced Placement (AP) courses.[2] Admission is available to all incoming New York City high school students, who apply for selection in one of the programs. Selection is based on attendance, grades, and standardized test scores.[2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "2017-18 School Comprehensive Educational Plan (SCEP): W. H. Maxwell Career and Technical Education High School" (PDF). New York City Department of Education. 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "2018 New York City High School Directory" (PDF). schools.nyc.gov. New York City Department of Education. 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017. Cite error: The named reference "2018NYCSchoolsCatalog" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "NYC Department of Education Building Condition Assessment Survey 2016-2017: William Maxwell CTE HS" (PDF). New York City Department of Education. February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  4. ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20080727003436/http://www.maxwellvhs.com/pages/information/general%20info.html
  5. ^ http://www.maxwellvhs.com/pages/careers/careers%20home.html
  6. ^ a b c d "Transit Tech High School - School Info".
  7. ^ a b c d "City Line Park: History". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  8. ^ a b Millman, Joel (September 17, 1995). "THE CARIBBEAN SOLUTION: REMAKING INNER CITY SCHOOLS". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Pierre-Pierre, Gary (March 9, 1996). "Express Track for Jobs;Transit Tech Updates Vocational High With Courses on Modern Trains". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  10. ^ a b c "2 New Brooklyn Schools To House 2,500 Students". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. September 26, 1929. p. 9. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pilat, O.R. (October 6, 1927). "Pupils' Verdict on Continuation School System". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. p. 7. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  12. ^ a b "Seek School Lease for East New York". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. January 13, 1922. p. 22. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
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  21. ^ a b "Students Build Boats For Work, Pleasure". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. February 24, 1946. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  22. ^ a b c Mooney, Jake (May 3, 2009). "Very Closely Watched Trains". The New York Times. New York, NY. p. CY1.
  23. ^ a b Mooney, Jake (May 1, 2009). "A School's Subway Car (It's to Dive For)". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
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  31. ^ a b Spellen, Suzanne (February 22, 2013). "Building of the Day: 760 Prospect Place". Brownstoner. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
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  33. ^ Fenwick W. English (February 16, 2006). Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration. SAGE. p. 770. ISBN 978-0-7619-3087-7. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  34. ^ Henry Starkey Fuller (1919). School: Devoted to the Public Schools and Educational Interests. School News Co. pp. 455–. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  35. ^ "TO HONOR MEMORY OF SUPT. MAXWELL; Educators Consider Plans for Erecting a Statue of the Late Official. TEACHERS TO CONTRIBUTE Drive in Schools Opposed and Associations Will Be Asked to Raise the Fund". The New York Times. March 19, 1922. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  36. ^ Dunn, Jancee (March 6, 2014). "A Brooklyn Bakery Named for No One". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  37. ^ "Thousands Lost to Credit Houses". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. August 6, 1925. p. 12. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  38. ^ a b "Mr. Fixit Reports". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. March 7, 1934. p. 6. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  39. ^ "Alternative Plan for School Children". Ridgewood Times. Fultonhistory.com. 1959. p. 1. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  40. ^ "Bussing Tilt". Ridgewood Times. Fultonhistory.com. August 20, 1959. p. 2. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  41. ^ "Plan Hot Lunch For Additional 10,000 Pupils". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 22, 1933. p. 12. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  42. ^ a b c Corby, Jane (February 1, 1939). "Your Principal". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  43. ^ Harum, Albert E. (January 25, 1934). "Wade Choice Is Surprise To Educators: Many Expected Dr. Grady's Appointment as Deputy in Campbell". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. p. 30. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  44. ^ "City Condemns School Building: Will Not Lease Vocational Site in East New York". The Sun (New York City). Fultonhistory.com. June 21, 1934. p. 38. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  45. ^ a b "Won't Renew School Lease; Held Firetrap". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. June 26, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  46. ^ "Vocational School Called Fire Trap". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. March 29, 1934. p. 11. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  47. ^ "65 City Schools Held Firetraps: Deutsch Compile List of Buildings and Asks for Immediate Probe". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. April 3, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  48. ^ "4 Continuation Schools Called Fire Hazards". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. April 17, 1931. p. 11. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  49. ^ "Save $496,672 On City Leases: Renewals Are Effected at Lower Rentals-Mayor Lauds McGoldrick". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. November 28, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  50. ^ "Award Contracts For Boro Repairs". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. December 29, 1934. p. 5. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  51. ^ "Trade School Site Promised". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. December 14, 1936. p. 8. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  52. ^ "New Jamaica Trade School in '37 Assured". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. November 26, 1936. p. 2. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  53. ^ "Vocational School Holds Graduation". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. June 22, 1938. p. 24. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  54. ^ a b "Boro Students Taugut Art of Boat Building: Class Is Largest of Kind in U.S.-9 Craft Under Construction at Vocational High". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. April 6, 1941. p. 10A. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  55. ^ "Plans Voted For 2 New High Schools: $4,791,328 Will Be Spent on Construction Items". The Sun (New York City). Fultonhistory.com. October 26, 1939. p. 32. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  56. ^ "Plan Two New Boro, Queens High Schools: Contracts Approved for Construction To Total $2,694,971". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. November 23, 1939. p. 10. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  57. ^ "MOSES ASKS FUNDS FOR BELT ROAD LINK; Will Submit to Mayor Today Plan for Widening Conduit Blvd. at $2,200,000". The New York Times. June 16, 1941. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  58. ^ "Greenway Master Plan: Conduit-Southern Queens-Laurelton-Cross Island" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. July 2000. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  59. ^ "Ridgewood Reservoir". The East New York Project. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  60. ^ "Defense Plans Delay Boro School Opening: March 31 Event Called Off as U.S. Takes Priority On Equipment for E.N.Y. Vocational High". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. March 5, 1941. p. 3. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  61. ^ "Priorities Hit More Schools: Equipment Threatened for Vocational Centers". The Sun (New York). Fultonhistory.com. March 11, 1941. p. 30. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  62. ^ "E.N.Y. High Trains Hundreds for War Work". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. March 24, 1943. p. 24. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  63. ^ "Students Win Silver Wings: 35 at East New York Vocational in Air Corps Begin Training for Commissions". The Sun (New York). Fultonhistory.com. November 15, 1943. p. 26. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  64. ^ "Students Trace History Of Battle Of Brooklyn". New York Amsterdam News. Fultonhistory.com. April 24, 1976. p. B1. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  65. ^ "News From Headquarters". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. February 20, 1912. p. 13. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  66. ^ "Talk Around Headquarters". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. February 7, 1912. p. 8. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  67. ^ "A Few of Brooklyn's Splendid New School Buildings". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. September 8, 1913. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  68. ^ "Schools Are Ready for New "Kiddies"". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. September 2, 1913. p. 5. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  69. ^ "6,228 Scholars in Building for 2,362". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. October 8, 1916. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  70. ^ "The Liberty School (P. S. No. 173)". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. April 16, 1915. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  71. ^ "East New York". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. November 30, 1919. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  72. ^ "Corporation Notices; New York Supreme Court, Second Judicial District, Kings County". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. October 19, 1923. p. 8A. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  73. ^ "Corporation Notices; New York Supreme Court, Kings County". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. January 9, 1925. p. 6A. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  74. ^ "School happenings: Principal Badanes, of P.S. 173, Develops System of Vocational Guidance, in Connection With Which Parents Association Donate Nucleus for Library - Other Activities". Brooklyn Standard Union. Fultonhistory.com. January 31, 1925. p. 2. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  75. ^ "Boro, Queens Listed to Get 16 High Schools: Six-Year Capital Outlay Program Maps Building to Cost 84 Million". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. July 8, 1938. p. 2. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  76. ^ "Trade Schools in New Setup". The Sun (New York). Fultonhistory.com. February 26, 1945. p. 14. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  77. ^ "Record School Budget Asks for $175,075,182". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. January 13, 1947. p. 2. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  78. ^ "2 Old Schools to be Closed: Pupils Sent Elsewhere-Annex Shifts Made". The Sun (New York City). Fultonhistory.com. May 9, 1945. p. 28. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  79. ^ Burke, Edward B. (June 30, 1975). "City Vocational Schools Thrive as Jobs Tighten". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  80. ^ Perlez, Jane (August 6, 1987). "Bias Seen in New York Policy For Keeping White Students". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  81. ^ Rother, Larru (November 28, 1985). "CITY LISTS HIGH SCHOOLS RATED DEFICIENT BY STATE". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  82. ^ Associated Press (November 17, 1988). "NYC Student Found Heavily Armed; A Typical Day At Public School". Palladium Times. New York. Fultonhistory.com. p. 15. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  83. ^ a b c Sullivan, John; Steinberg, Jacques; Drew, Christopher (July 27, 1999). "Discord Undermines Efforts to Repair and Build Public Schools". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  84. ^ a b c Calderone, Joe (March 10, 1999). "SCA PROJECTS CHIEF AXED". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  85. ^ a b Goodnough, Abby (August 18, 2001). "Sex Bias Alleged in City's Vocational Schools". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h Hays, Elizabeth (October 4, 2004). "A DAY AT SARDINE HIGH: 1,757 frustrated students fill packed school in B'klyn Overcrowding has forced students at Maxwell Tech to attend classes in the auditorium and the library". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  87. ^ a b Andreatta, David (September 8, 2004). "OVERSTUFFED SCHOOLS A REAL CROWD SCENE". New York Post. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  88. ^ a b Campanile, Carl (July 26, 2004). "SCHOOLS FAIL OUR CHILDREN – SHOCKING STATE REPORT". New York Post. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
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  101. ^ Gonen, Yoav (March 7, 2012). "City education and union officials squabbling over schools — again". New York Post. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
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  104. ^ Decker, Geoff (October 1, 2013). "City to Expand AP Classes to Bridge Racial Gap". Voices of NY, GothamSchools. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  105. ^ a b c Perlez, Jane (May 20, 1987). "A GROUP FAULTS DELAY IN FIXING TRADE SCHOOLS". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  106. ^ Rother, Larru (November 28, 1985). "CITY LISTS HIGH SCHOOLS RATED DEFICIENT BY STATE". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  107. ^ a b Heller Anderson, Susan; Dunlap, David D. (February 8, 1986). "NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; TRANSIT AS A VOCATION". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  108. ^ Robinson, Gail (June 30, 2015). "The repackaging of vocational education". Politico. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  109. ^ Shatzky, Joel (December 6, 2017). "Educating for Democracy: A Demonstration Against School Closings". HuffPost. Retrieved February 10, 2018.

Notable alumni[edit]

ENY Vocational

Maxwell

Transit Tech

External links[edit]

Moda Apartments (Jamaica, Queens) / Old Queens Family Court / Old Queens Central Library[edit]

Moda Apartments
Looking from Parsons Boulevard in March 2018
Map
Former namesQueens Central Library
Queens Family Court
General information
Architectural styleRenaissance/Georgian[1][2]
Location89-14 Parsons Boulevard / 153-30 89th Avenue
Jamaica, Queens, New York
Coordinates40°42′19″N 73°48′06″W / 40.705289°N 73.801790°W / 40.705289; -73.801790
OpenedApril 1, 1930 (as Queens Libaray)[3][4]
2010 (as Moda)
Technical details
Floor count4
Design and construction
Architect(s)Robert F. Schirmer and Junius W. Schmidt (original)[3][4][5]
FXFOWLE (Moda)[6][1][7]

Moda Description[edit]

Original building[edit]

Prior to the construction of the MODA complex, the Queens Family Courthouse consisted of two buildings. These were the original 1930 Queens Central Library building fronting Parsons Boulevard, and an annex built in 1966 on 89th Avenue.[1]
Original

The former Central Library building was designed in Italian Renaissance style.[1] During its construction, it was described as having an "English Georgian exterior" with the interior designed in "Florentine Renaissance" style,[2] "of classical design and monumental in character".[9] It has also been described as a Classical Revival-style structure.[10] It was designed by architects Robert F. Schirmer and Junius W. Schmidt.[3][4][5] Murals, ceilings, and other interior design work was done by brothers Thomas Di Lorenzo and Anthony Di Lorenzo, who also worked on the Fisher Building in Detroit.[2]

  • Four-stories[1]
  • The front facade along Parsons Boulevard, which remains as part of the Moda Apartments, features a row of columns or a colonnade above the main entrance.[10]
  • The main entrance hall featured pillars with "Corinthian capitals", a pediment made of Travertine, and a bronze balustrade.[2] The main reading room was located above the entrance hall.[2]
  • Marble staircases[3]
  • "Bronze railings"[3]
  • "High vaulted ceiling"[3][11]
  • "ornate chandeliers"[3]
  • 75,000 square feet (7,000 m2) of space, with storage for 350,000 books and space for 271 library goers.[11]
  • Built with a fire suppression system on each floor.[12]
  • A message was originally inscribed above the main building entrance, reading "These hoards of wealth you can unlock at will."[13][14]
  • An additional inscription was featured on the children's entrance, reading "What Greater Gift or Better Can We Offer to the State Than If We Teach and Train Up Youth."[9]
  • The building housed Queens Library's central circulation and executive offices, and housed special sections on Long Island history and family records.[15]
  • Many of the decorative interior features of the library were destroyed when the building was converted into a courthouse.[16][17]


The 1966-built annex building was three-stories tall[1] and designed in Modernist style.[10] It occupied 32,000 square feet (3,000 m2) of space.[16]

Current building[edit]

Moda Apartments

  • 12 stories[4]
  • Outer facade consists of structural steel and precast concrete.[18]
  • 500-car underground garage.[6][17]
  • "'Manhattan-style' amenities".[19]
  • Concierge service[6][19]
  • rooftop deck[6][19]
  • gym[6][19]
  • "19,500 square-feet of community facility space"[6][19]
  • 346 residential units.[6][19]
    • Co-ops, market rate[19]
    • 70% of the units are affordable housing.[6]
  • 40,000/50,000 square feet of retail space.[6][20]
    • Two identical shop spaces are located on Parsons Boulevard at either side of the building.[21] The northernmost space on 89th Avenue has been used as a restaurant since 2013,[21] currently occupied by Dallas BBQ.
  • Incorporates original facade on parsons boulevard[4]

Moda History[edit]

The Queens Central Library in 1935

Construction of Queens Central Library[edit]

Prior to construction of the building, a house was located on the site, at what was then the intersection of Parsons Boulevard and Shelton Avenue.[22] In 1899, shortly after consolidation of Queens County into New York City, the Queens Borough Library was created to oversee three existing branches of the Long Island City Public Library, and later absorbed other libraries in the borough.[15] The Queens Borough Public Library was created as an independent corporation on April 17, 1907, taking the place of Queens Borough Library.[15] The organization was first headquartered on 164th Street and Clinton Avenue (now 89th Avenue) in Jamaica, then in May 1911 it was moved to Jamaica Colonial Hall (later the site of the Stuart Building) at Fulton Street (now Jamaica Avenue) and 163rd Street. Colonial Hall was the first central branch of the library.[9][15][4][23] A separate Jamaica branch library on Jamaica Avenue and Ray Street (now 153rd Street) had been opened on November 1, 1906.[9]

  • A new central library building had been planned by the library system since 1922.[9]
  • On July 8, 1921, $35,000 was allocated to acquire the site, with $200,000 appropriated for building construction on January 12, 1922.[24]
  • In May 1924, the library trustees created an open design competition for the new central building.[25]
  • Initial sketches of the building were drawn by late-1924.[24]
  • Architects Robert F. Schirmer and Junius W. Schmidt were selected for the project in 1926, paid $26,428 for their services.[26][27]
  • Bids opened April 18, 1928.[28]
  • Cornerstone laid October 23, 1928.[9]
  • Dedicated November 1, 1929 by Mayor Jimmy Walker, with borough president George U. Harvey in attendance.[9][29][30]
  • Opened April 1, 1930 (as Queens Libaray)[3][4]
    • Judged "best public building erected in Queens" by Queensboro Chamber of Commerce.[31]
    • The existing Jamaica library branch was closed and moved into the new central library.[32] The branch had been considered a fire trap.[9][24]
  • In fall 1930, Queens Borough Public Library's library school was moved from Woodhaven branch to the Central Building.[33]
  • By May 1939, American Library Association president Milton J. Ferguson stated that the library was inadequate to serve the entire borough, and that 18 new library branches and 18 replacements for existing branches were required.[34]
  • A ten-story, 70-foot (21 m) tall addition was constructed at the rear of the site with Works Progress Administration (WPA) funds around 1939, referred to as the "book stack".[35][36]
  • Land purchased in 1945 for an expansion of the building.[13] On May 27, 1946, the city library commission reported to the New York City Planning Commission that 33 new library facilities were required in Queens, with priority given to a new northwest wing for the central library.[13][39]
    • In 1955, the city commissioned an architectural survey for an expansion of the library. Following the survey based on American Library Association standards, the library was found to be one-third of its ideal size, with only 75,000 square feet of space instead of 200,000 required for a central borough library. The L-shape of the building's site also hindered potential expansion.[13][40] Plans for an enlargement of the existing site were dismissed by the American Library Association in 1958 as "non-functional".[13] Afterwards, in spring of 1958, $485,000 was allocated for a new central library.[13]


New Building

  • around half-a-million books were moved to the new location beginning on March 22, 1966.[11]
  • New Merrick Boulevard location opened on April 11, 1966.[3][4]

Queens Family Court[edit]

  • While the new central library was being constructed, plans to convert the original library on Parsons Boulevard into a a facility for the Queens Family Court were proposed in 1964 by the Queens County Bar Association. The family court had been located in rented space in Kew Gardens. At the time, the association stated it "does not recommend this temporary usage as a permanent solution for the needs of the Queens Family Court.[41]
  • $1.85 million for conversion requested in August 1966.[42]
  • Approved by New York City Board of Estimate July 18, 1968.[43]


  • In September 1971, the court began a literacy program for truant students.[44]


  • May 31, 1995: New Queens Family Court to be built on Jamaica Avenue and 153rd Street, across from the Joseph P. Addabbo Federal Building.[45]
  • 1996: Planned annex to be built in 1998, to add 12 courthouses.[46]
  • The Parsons Boulevard courthouse had considered to be dilapidated and undersized.[47][45]
    • One particular hearing room only measured 10 X 12 feet and was described as a "closet-sized chamber".[48]
  • Queens Family Court moves to new building on 153rd Street between Jamaica and Archer Avenues on February 4, 2003.[8][49][47][50] The Parsons Boulevard building was to be returned to Queens Library, with plans to use it once again as a central library facility.[47][49] The renovation was estimated to cost $100 million.[51] Queens Library, however, relinquished its claim due to a lack of capital funds to renovate the building for library use.[47][49] Afterwards, the building was managed by the New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services, and remained vacant.[8][49] Shortly after its closure, the former courthouse became overrun with garbage and damaged furniture.[50]

Moda[edit]

  • In 2004, the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) issued a request for proposal for reuse of the building. Any proposal was required to preserve the outer facade of the building.[6][52]
  • On June 16, 2005, the NYCEDC announced that the Dermot Company was selected to renovate the courthouse into an affordable housing complex. Fox & Fowle Architects (now FXFOWLE) were selected to design the project. The original plans called for 380 residential units, 18500 square feet for retail, and 190 parking spaces.[1][8]
  • Brownfield[53]
  • Approved by the New York City Council on March 14, 2007.[7]



  • CityRib opens in July 2013. At the time, it was one of only three sit-in restaurants in Downtown Jamaica.[21]
  • Pre-K[55]
  • MODA Grill replaces CityRib in December 2015/2016[56][57]
  • Dallas BBQ opened in October 2017.[58][59]

Sources[edit]

Reference[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "NYCEDC Selects Developer For Former Queens Family Courthouse". New York City Economic Development Corporation. June 16, 2005. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Artist Finishing Interior Queens Central Library; Mural Ceiling Designs Being Executed by Thomas Di Lorenzo; Schirmer Directing Work". The Leader-Observer. Fultonhistory.com. July 3, 1930. p. 8. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Carl Ballenas; Aquinas Honor Society of the Immaculate Conception School (March 8, 2010). Jamaica Estates. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-1-4396-2363-3. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Carl Ballenas; Aquinas Honor Society of the Immaculate Conception School (May 2, 2011). Jamaica. Arcadia Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-4396-2420-3. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  5. ^ a b "About Moda: History". Moda Upgraded Living.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Queens Family Courthouse". New York City Economic Development Corporation. 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  7. ^ a b "Queens court to be reused". CityLand. April 15, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d Newman, Philip (June 23, 2005). "City chooses firm to develop Jamaica court site". TimesLedger. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Queens Borough Public Library (1919). Report of the Queens Borough Public Library. pp. 8–9, 12, 17–26. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  10. ^ a b c "The Jamaica Plan - Final Environmental Impact Statement; Chapter 8 – Urban Design and Visual Resources" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  11. ^ a b c Dougherty, Philip H. (March 23, 1966). "Queens Books Get Functional Home: Roomy $5.7-Million Library Replaces One 35 Years Old". The New York Times. p. 95. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  12. ^ "Borough Central Library Building Will Open Friday: State and City Officials to Take Part in Jamaica Fete". Brooklyn Daily Star. Fultonhistory.com. October 29, 1929. p. 2. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  13. ^ a b c d e f "Our Library Crisis: Central Library Never Big Enough". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. January 13, 1959. p. 4. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  14. ^ "'These Hoards Of Wealth...'". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. April 9, 1966. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  15. ^ a b c d "First Library Opened In Long Island City; Repositories of Literature for the People of Queens". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. December 5, 1937. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  16. ^ a b Wilson, Linda J. (July 27, 2005). "Queens Family Court To Become Condos, Rentals". Queens Gazette. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  17. ^ a b Siwolop, Sana (January 23, 2006). "A Neighbor Joins the Revival of Jamaica Avenue". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  18. ^ "Former Queens Family Courthouse Residences". DeSimone Consulting Engineers.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Kern-Jedrychowska, Ewa (October 20, 2014). "MAP: Luxury Residence Among Buildings Changing the Face of Jamaica". DNAinfo. Queens.
  20. ^ Brown, Vadaisha (October 1, 2009). "A new supermarket for Jamaica". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  21. ^ a b c Bockmann, Rich (July 31, 2013). "CityRib fills sit-down dining void in Jamaica". TimesLedger. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  22. ^ "Deaths and Funerals: Esther Yates". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. January 17, 1938. p. 7. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  23. ^ Queens Borough Public Library (1911). Report of the Queens Borough Public Library. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  24. ^ a b c "Valuable Books May Be Lost In Queens Library". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. October 16, 1924. p. 1. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  25. ^ "Plans for Library's Big New Building at Jamaica Invited". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. May 21, 1924. p. 1. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  26. ^ "Vote Money to Pay Library Architects". Brooklyn Daily Star. Fultonhistory.com. October 22, 1926. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  27. ^ "Queens Public Library Victim Of Discrimination by City, Dever Charges in His Annual Report". The Daily Star. Fultonhistory.com. March 10, 1926. p. 11. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  28. ^ "Open Bids For Library Wednesday: Jamaica Branch Will Cost $500,000; Slated for Parsons Boulevard". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. April 14, 1928. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  29. ^ "Queens Library Opens Nov. 1st: Mayor to Be Present at Jamaica Branch Opening". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. October 18, 1929. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  30. ^ "5,000 Applaud Dedication of New Library: 1,500 Crowd in Building to See Mayor; Remainder Hear Radio Outsie". Brooklyn Standard Union. Fultonhistory.com. November 2, 1929. p. 7. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  31. ^ "Better Building Awards Made at Chamber Dinner". Long Island Daily Star. Fultonhistory.com. January 22, 1931. p. 9. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  32. ^ "Series of Evangelistic Services To Be Held at the Leverich Church". Brooklyn Daily Star. Fultonhistory.com. March 14, 1930. p. 8. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  33. ^ "14 Young Women Graduated From Library School". The Leader-Observer. Fultonhistory.com. July 3, 1930. p. 7. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  34. ^ "Borough Library Held Inadequate". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. March 11, 1939. p. 8. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  35. ^ "Queens Gets 10-Story Book 'Stack'". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. July 20, 1939. p. 4. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  36. ^ a b "WPA Completes Improvements on Queens Library". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. July 27, 1941. p. 14A. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  37. ^ "Queens Library Job Completed". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. July 20, 1941. p. 12A. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  38. ^ "La Guardia, O'Dwyer Speaking Dates Today". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. October 27, 1941. p. 2. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  39. ^ "Report to City Urges 33 New Libraries Here: Committee of Experts Make Proposals for Queens". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. May 27, 1946. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  40. ^ "LIBRARY LAG IN QUEENS; Facilities Called Inadequate for Growing Population". The New York Times. April 1, 1956. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  41. ^ "Long-Range Planning for Center Urged". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. December 30, 1964. p. 3. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  42. ^ "Cariello Seeks Boro Vote On Capital Budget Projects". Ridgewood Times. Fultonhistory.com. August 18, 1966. p. 9. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  43. ^ "Board Okays Projects Carielo Added To The Mayor's List". Ridgewood Times. Fultonhistory.com. July 18, 1968. p. 7. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  44. ^ Eckerstrom, Steven R. (December 17, 1972). "Reading Is Taught At Queens Court". The New York Times. p. 127. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  45. ^ a b Serant, Claire (June 1, 1995). "COURT'S MOVING NEW FAMILY FACILITY BUILDING PLANNED". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  46. ^ Construction of Regional Office and Laboratory, Site Specific, Jamaica Site, Queen County: Environmental Impact Statement. Food and Drug Administration. 1996. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  47. ^ a b c d Dentch, Courtney (February 6, 2003). "Boro's new Family Court opens on Jamaica Avenue". TimesLedger. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  48. ^ Lipton, Eric (December 5, 2000). "Halls of Justice Going Up All Over; New York City Nears a Peak In Its Courthouse Building Boom". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  49. ^ a b c d Dentch, Courtney (February 13, 2003). "Library officials let go of historic Jamaica building". TimesLedger. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  50. ^ a b Hendrick, Daniel (May 22, 2003). "Family Court Mess—Vacant Courthouse Blights Downtown Jamaica". Queens Courthouse. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  51. ^ Menchaca, Paul (August 15, 2002). "Former Deputy Borough Pres. Begins New Career With Library". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  52. ^ Bertrand, Donald (December 28, 2006). "Jamaica's court-ly building" (PDF). Dermot Company. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  53. ^ "ENB - REGION 2 NOTICES; Brownfield Cleanup Program: Former Queens Family Courthouse-Lumber Yard". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. March 22, 2006. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  54. ^ Costella, AnnMarie (August 5, 2010). "Jamaica: haven for homeless". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  55. ^ Kern-Jedrychowska, Ewa (May 13, 2015). "4 Pre-K Centers to Open in Central and Southeast Queens This Fall". DNAinfo. Queens. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  56. ^ Kully, Sadef Ali (December 4, 2015). "MODA Grill expected to replace CityRib". TimesLedger. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  57. ^ Karoliszyn, Henrick (March 4, 2013). "New BBQ restaurant in downtown Jamaica re-ignites discussion about food choices". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  58. ^ Dowd, Trone (October 11, 2017). "Dallas BBQ To Open In Jamaica Soon". Queens Tribune. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  59. ^ Dowd, Trone (October 24, 2017). "Dallas BBQ Opens For Business". Queens Tribune. Retrieved March 9, 2018.

External links[edit]

Media related to Moda Apartments (Jamaica, Queens) at Wikimedia Commons

William and Anita Newman Library / The Lexington Building / Information and Technology Building, Baruch College[edit]

Lex Sources[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newman Library, Baruch College.

Spring Creek Educational Campus[edit]

References[edit]

Beach Channel High School[edit]

  • Arch reports:
  • On Rockaway articles
  • Construction
    • Pending approval of landfilling by Army Corps of Engineers, 1969. The delay was due to a water main at the site. At the time, the preliminary work for the site including designing a bulkhead (sea wall) was set to be complete by February 1969, while the landfilling and construction was set to begin one year later. The school was projected to be complete by 1972.[1]
  • Opening, circa 1973 / Description
    • Began with 800 students; 4,000 student capacity[2]
    • Cost $27 million.[2][3]
    • School occupies half of the property; Athletic field occupies other half.[3]
    • Brick building, "jutting wings"[2]
    • Built on land reclaimed using hydraulic fill.[2][3]
    • Marine/aquatic-based curriculum, including boat repair and marine biology.[2]
    • Features: dock, boat ramps; fish tank; four-foot deep shallow pool 25 X 40 ft, for swimming and scuba diving; auditorium; gym; athletic field.[2]
    • Drew students from Beach 51st Street in Arverne west to Breezy Point, as well as Broad Channel. 70 percent white[2]
  • Boat ramp is the only one to serve Jamaica Bay; one of only three in the city, the other two on Staten Island; closed in May 2002.[4]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Army Delays Consideration Of High School Site Permit". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. January 30, 1969. p. 3. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Jenkins, Evan (October 10, 1973). "800 Beach Channel Students to Go Down to the Sea in Classrooms". The New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c "Newest Arrivals on Rockaway's Changing Scene Cost $37 Million" (PDF). Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. August 24, 1972. p. 1. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
  4. ^ Bashinsky, Ruth (June 1, 2003). "BEING LEFT HIGH & DRY Boaters want Beach Channel ramp reopened". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
  5. ^ Healey, Mark C. (July 4, 2014). "Final Curtain for Beach Channel High". Wave of Long Island. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  6. ^ D’Arienzo, Nick (June 20, 2014). "A Championship Season: Beach Channel's baseball team shows resilience in victory". Wave of Long Island.
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