Winfield Township, New Jersey

Winfield Township, New Jersey
Township
Township of Winfield
Map of Winfield Township in Union County. Inset: Location of Union County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.
Census Bureau map of Winfield Township, New Jersey.
Country	United States
State	New Jersey
County	Union
Incorporated	July 28, 1941
Government
• Type	Township
• Body	Township Committee
• Mayor	Gary J. Genz (term ends December 31, 2015)
• Clerk	Laura Reinertsen
Area
• Total	0.177 sq mi (0.458 km2)
• Land	0.177 sq mi (0.458 km2)
• Water	0.000 sq mi (0.000 km2)  0.09%
• Rank	561st of 566 in state 21st of 21 in county
Elevation	43 ft (13 m)
Population  (2010 Census)
• Total	1,471
• Estimate  (2014)	1,502
• Rank	514th of 566 in state 21st of 21 in county
• Density	8,320.1/sq mi (3,212.4/km2)
• Rank	44th of 566 in state 3rd of 21 in county
Time zone	UTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
• Summer (DST)	UTC-4 (Eastern (EDT))
ZIP code	07036 – Linden
Area code	908
FIPS code	3403981650
GNIS feature ID	0882215
Website	www.winfield-nj.org

Winfield Township (also called Winfield Park) is a township in Union County, New Jersey, in the United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population decreased to 1,471, the lowest recorded in any decennial census, reflecting a decline of 43 (-2.8%) from the 1,514 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 62 (-3.9%) from the 1,576 counted in the 1990 Census. Winfield and Linden share the same ZIP code.

Winfield Township was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on August 6, 1941, from portions of Clark and Linden, passing over the Governor's veto.

History

The Winfield Park Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Project (Project No. 28071) is a 700 unit development of 254 buildings that was originally planned and developed by and built for the defense workers of the Kearny, New Jersey, shipyards. This was the last of eight projects undertaken by the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency under the leadership of Colonel Lawrence Westbrook. At earlier stages Winfield Park was also known as the Rahway River Park Project. John T. Rowland served as the architect of the project. Winfield Park is located immediately off of exit 136 of the Garden State Parkway; the municipalities of Cranford, Linden and Clark surround Winfield Township, a governmental entity established to enclose the Winfield Park Project. The Township is bordered on three sides by the Rahway River and Rahway River Park (which adds substantially to the park-like setting envisioned by the planners). Units range in size and type from single family homes to two story (plus basement) two- and three-bedroom apartments, better known today as Townhouses; to one story (plus basement) two-bedroom apartments; and one-bedroom apartments, better known to residents as "bachelors." Within the town are located an elementary school, two-store shopping center and Senior Citizen Hall, Community Center, Mutual Housing Office and Garage, Volunteer Fire and Ambulance Squad Building, and Municipal Building/ Police Office.

The defense workers of the Kearny Shipyards had realized early in 1940 that a great housing need was developing in the northern New Jersey area. These workers were early, and vocal, supporters of the National Housing for Defense Act of 1940, also known as the Lanham Act, and the mutual housing program. In January, 1941, a report on the housing requirements of the northern New Jersey area indicated that 1000 units were needed immediately, and the Defense Housing Coordinator approved the construction of a 300 unit project in the Newark/ Harrison area, and a 700 unit project "to be built as a project itself sponsored by a responsible committee of the defense workers who will live in them." The housing committee had seven working policies that it had developed, and that it wanted applied to the workers' housing, all of which they believed conformed with the original intentions of the Lanham Act of 1940 ("The housing is to be wherever feasible of a permanent nature, and after the emergency has passed these homes are to be disposed of, and in that way the Government is to recoup the initial investment... and they will be available for permanent homes." The cost per unit was set at, and not permitted to exceed, $3000.00.) and fit well within the mutual housing program.

1. Management of all community affairs, including relations with local government, should be in the hands of the residents of the new project.
2. Each unit should be assessable for its portion of local taxes, and every effort needs to be made "that both houses and householders should be easily and naturally assimilated into the normal scheme of the locality."
3. The Federal Works Agency (FWA) would provide all streets, sewers, parks, and all other facilities for the project.
4. All dwellings built for civilian defense workers should be sold as a group to local housing corporation as soon as they are completed.
5. All stockholders in the project are, and should be considered as, householders.
6. All management and operating procedures must be carried out under the direction of the local corporation, and not under the direction of the federal government.
7. Housing Corporation must enter into a contract of sale, rather than a rental agreement, with each householder.

Although the committee was completely convinced of the quality of the mutual ownership program itself, they did insist on improvements in the quality of the units over those that had been first designed and built for the Audubon Park project. They especially insisted on the construction of full basements for their new homes.

Choosing the site

Mary Louise Burke in front of her new home at 1B Seafoam Avenue, Spring, 1942. Winfield Park, Winfield Township, New Jersey.

The first major job that faced the development committee was finding and selecting a suitable site for a 700 unit housing project in northern New Jersey. The United States Housing Authority provided two site selection experts, and the New Jersey State Planning Commission provided assistance throughout the site selecting process. The final location had to be relatively inexpensive to purchase, be located near major utility networks for water, gas, electric and sewer connections, and be in a financially stable host community with underutilized public facilities and services. Major urban areas in northern New Jersey were eliminated early because there were no plots of land large enough for the project. The marshy rural areas near the shipyards were also found to be unacceptable early on. Quickly the committee began focusing its attention on the surrounding suburban communities, which were very popular among its work constituency. Suburban communities, however, lacked financial stability, because they lacked the industrial rateables necessary to keep residential property taxes low. The people of these prospective host communities were also frightened that the new project would be a direct liability rather than an asset for their towns.

Early resistance from potential host communities over financial impact concerns meant that the committee had two choices: to stop the project and wait for the problems to be resolved, or push ahead, utilizing the powers granted in the Lanham Act powers to overrule local resistance, but creating a great deal of friction that could potentially effect the project's future success. The housing need was so great, though, that the only viable choice was the second one, and they pushed forward to find a site. Consciously attempting to avoid conflict, the committee tried to assure potential host communities that projects built within the mutual ownership program would pay real taxes, and not make payments in lieu of taxes as outlined in the Lanham Act of 1940. They also petitioned the United States Congress to provide additional funds to host communities that would allow them to expand public services and facilities without imposing additional local taxes. But the financial concerns of the residents only served to exacerbate other local fears about the new project. Many defense workers took these other fears very personally.

"Realizing that such an influx of families would engulf them (host community) in a tidal wave of financial difficulty, the municipal government of the various towns considered, stirred up a tremendous opposition to the project and the people to live in it with untrue and unjust charges such as decreased realty values, 'tax exempt properties,' 'lower class of people,' and so forth, which are all obviously false. We are a class of people who are gainfully employed, we are law abiding, decent, and respectable, and we are Americans."

Seven potential host communities were eventually identified and researched. The committee named Union Township, New Jersey as their final choice, but under intense community and [political pressure] this decision was reversed, and Clark, New Jersey was selected as the final site of the project. Colonel Lawrence Westbrook, Special Assistant in the Federal Works Agency with responsibility for the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division, wrote the following letter to Union Township opponents of the project, clearly showing his frustration.

"Your letter to Congressmen McLean protesting the location of a proposed defense housing project in Union Township has been referred to this office. This is to advise you that a decision has been made to locate the project in Clark Township. It is desired to make it entirely clear, however, that in reaching this decision this office in no manner agrees that the numerous protests received from various persons and organizations in Union Township were based upon valid premises. We feel certain that if you and the other protesters had been acquainted with all of the facts in the situation, you would not have filed your protest. On the contrary, it is believed that you would have urged the Government to locate the project in your township. Since the project will be undertaken in your immediate neighborhood, you will have ample opportunity to determine for yourselves whether or not the disadvantages to the community, as claimed by your Mayor, were based upon sound facts."

Clark Township's municipal government had been very desirous of the siting of the project in their township, and had actually extended an invitation to the Federal Works Agency after the Union Township protests had erupted. However the reaction of Clark's residents to the project clearly indicates that the Township Committee did not have a good understanding of the actual desires of their constituents.

Clark Township protests

The residents of Clark – in 1940 a rural community of 350 homes and 1,250 registered voters – were first informed of their municipality's selection as the final site of the 700-unit mutual housing project at a town meeting on April 1, 1941. During the meeting a letter from John Carmody, Federal Works Administrator, was read to the residents, in which he said:

"I am glad to say that a decision has been reached to construct this project in your township, and I want to take this occasion to thank you and your associates on the Township Committee for your intelligent and patriotic attitude."

But the residents of Clark were not moved by Mr. Carmody's supportive words. One local paper reported that

"Joseph Aaron, who came up from his winter home in Florida to attend the session, demanded the ousting of the Township Committee. Several spirited sallies of this type marked the meeting, the largest gathering of its kind ever held in the township."

The residents of the Township demanded that they be provided with answers to the following questions:

1. Why was the siting of the project in the Township handled so secretly?
2. What guarantees could be given that this project would be permanent in nature?
3. Would Clark have to pick up the cost of maintaining the project after the emergency ends?
4. Who would pay for new schools, equipment, streets, sewers, fire and police protection?
5. Would the Federal Works Agency guarantee in writing that the project will never become a burden to Clark?

Federal Works Agency Special Counsel Colvin, rather than trying to calm the fears of the residents, reminded one and all that the FWA had been empowered by Lanham Act to place a defense housing project anywhere it deemed necessary and appropriate, without discussions with residents. During his remarks he made only brief mention of new public works being provided by the Federal Works Agency, or Title II of the Lanham Act (then being discussed in the US Congress to provide $150 million for the construction and provision of public services and facilities in host communities of defense housing projects). A worker from the Kearny Shipyards also spoke and assured the residents that their new neighbors would be "good people", and that employment at the yards would be stable for at least the "next 10 to 15 years". Not satisfied by any of this information, and feeling betrayed by their own leaders, the residents demanded that an immediate vote be taken against the project. This request was denied. In response the residents announced the formation of an opposition group, headed by Mr. Arthur de Laski, with the stated goals of seeking the impeachment of all municipal officials and stopping the mutual housing project.

The residents of Clark opposed to Winfield believed that its siting within their community would double local taxes. Opposition leaders created elaborate models to show how the additional needs for general services, election, fire and police protection, streets, lighting, water, sanitation, and school costs would quickly double the municipal budget from a yearly total of $33,929, to $66,563. The residents also expressed concern that the project would add approximately 1500 new registered voters to the community: original residents would now be substantially outnumbered in local elections. Additionally, local real estate interests were fearful that the project would flood the local housing market, severely deflating prices after the emergency because of postwar abandonment. The majority of the planned units would not be single-family homes, which many believed would lead to a less stable community and a deterioration of the real estate market. The Union County Parks Department expressed concern about the construction of Winfield— Rahway River Park surrounded the project on three sides—since their own planning program had called for the development of this particularly desirable tract of land with expensive single family homes. The residents continued to be concerned that their new neighbors would be of a lower class of people (although they had been promised that they would be primarily middle-class and would all be white thanks to housing officials not permitting racial integration in most public housing projects of the time), and were annoyed these potential new neighbors would be getting subsidies at their expense.

Lawrence Westbrook believed that Charles Palmer, the Defense Housing Coordinator, had encouraged and supported the formation of the Clark Township opposition group to accomplish his own hidden agenda of centralizing control over the Defense Housing initiative in his hands. Westbrook testified before Congress that Palmer's brother-in-law, who lived in northern New Jersey, had secretly led a delegation from Clark to visit with Palmer and discuss their concerns about the construction of Winfield Park. Westbrook believed that Palmer, during this meeting, had provided this group with information and advice on how to successfully fight the project.

By late May 1941, the Clark opposition group had successfully organized in advance of municipal elections and replaced all township leaders responsible for bringing the Winfield Park project to Clark. Attention now turned to stopping the mutual housing project, or at least transferring most of its costs and impact to someone else. Opposition leaders carefully studied the publicity surrounding the earlier construction of the Audubon Park Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Project just outside Camden, New Jersey. The community in that case had followed an unsuccessful strategy of attempting to stop the project with building codes and local ordinances. All of these attempted blocks to construction were overturned by courts sympathetic to the powers given to the [FWA] by the Lanham Act. The Clark opposition developed a new and innovative opposition strategy. They would attempt to have the entire Winfield Park Mutual Housing project declared as a separate municipality by the New Jersey State Legislature. As a separate municipality all costs for public services and facilities would be the responsibility of the residents of Winfield Park, and not the residents of Clark. With Winfield Park Township established as a separate municipality, opponents believed the project would be killed because the federal government and potential residents would shy away from the overwhelming expenses and confusing legalities of this new governmental structure. Immediately Westbrook and other project supporters reacted to this strategy by declaring that the opposition was attempting the sabotage the entire national defense program. In defiance, Westbrook declared that he was sure the project would not only survive this attack, but would actually outlive its surrounding communities.

The creation of Winfield Township

Winfield Township School 5th Grade Class 1948–1949, Winfield Township, New Jersey.

On June 30, 1941 – six days after the construction of Winfield Park had begun – Union County Assemblyman Pascoe presented a bill to the New Jersey General Assembly establishing Winfield Township, New Jersey (originally the bill called for the establishment of Lindark, New Jersey). After presenting the bill Pascoe asked for, and received, a suspension of the rules so that the vote on the bill could follow its first reading. The bill passed the assembly 35 to 20, and was sent immediately on to the New Jersey Senate, which also suspended its rules, and voted the bill through 14 to 0 on July 14, 1941. On July 21, 1941, Governor Charles Edison vetoed the bill returning it to the legislature with a letter chastising the members for approving a bill that he believed was counter to the needs of the national defense program. In his view it was discriminatory towards defense workers; it did not consider the important passage of Title II of the Lanham Act by the Congress on June 28, 1941 (another indication that money was only a partial driving force for opposition against Winfield); it created an unprecedented "Federal Island" in the State of New Jersey; it failed to consider that the State's constitution would not permit Winfield's new residents to elect local governmental officials until they had resided in the town for at least one year; and ignored the fact that the passage of the bill violated the New Jersey Constitution's specific guidelines concerning public announcements and opening hearings before a bill could be passed. Governor Edison's letter was read before the Legislature on July 28, 1941. At the reading's conclusion there was no debate; Assemblyman Pascoe once again asked for a suspension of the rules, and the veto was immediately overturned by a vote of 33 to 24. The bill was immediately sent to the Senate, which on the same afternoon also suspended its rules and overturned the Governor's veto by a vote of 11 to 5. Thus on July 28, 1941, Winfield Township, New Jersey was established. Forty Clark Township opposition leaders were present in Trenton, New Jersey on July 28, 1941 and celebrated Winfield's establishment in the halls of Capital building.

Winfield Township is a unique municipality in the United States. No other defense housing project had been established as a separate municipality. This unique status also created a number of unique problems. As the Elizabeth Daily Journal reported:

"Now Uncle Sam owns a town. Uncle Sam cannot tax himself or vote for himself. The occupants of houses cannot be taxed like a regular home owner and he has promised them low monthly charges, but with all the benefits of life in town."

But contrary to the opposition's hopes the construction of Winfield continued unabated, and in fact the establishment of Winfield Township resulted in the unforeseen positive effect of permitting the projects residents to control their own future and the eventual destiny of their community. Winfield's new residents would at first feel like second-class citizens, surrounded by hostile enemies. In what would seem to be a deliberately snide article entitled "County Clerk Places Winfield On His List," a local newspaper reported:

"Winfield has attained a modicum of recognition in these days of rebuffs and snubs among the powers. On all lists of municipalities required for records of official business in the office of County Clerk Henry G. Nulton it now appears with its rebellious neighbors, Clark and Linden, the other towns. The fact that it is at the bottom of the list, insisted Abraham Grosman, in charge of revising the list, is that it alphabetically falls there, wrestling last position from Westfield."

Winfield's official history, written in 1976, even begins with the following:

"Winfield, Winfield Park, Winfield Township, is a big title for the 'baby of Union County.' Most of us use the plain 'Winfield' address, simply because it is the quickest to write. People still say, 'Where's that?' However, after thirty-five years of the same question, we are accustomed to the remark. Sometimes the remarks, that are given to our town, when a person knows where Winfield is, are far harder to swallow than when he is ignorant of its location. Some of the milder titles are, 'barracks', or 'oh, those places.' We are so tiny, that even state and county cartographers sometimes forget to put us on their maps. Sure, we feel a bit miffed at times, but we then look across our 'Green Acres' and realize our blessing."

But this local community pressure also had the positive effect of forcing Winfield's residents to work together more closely, and form a more tightly knit community than could ever have been anticipated in the original site plan.

Construction

The construction of Winfield Park began on June 23, 1941, and was contracted through the MacEvoy Company of Newark, New Jersey, a company that built sections of the Newark subway, the Wanaque Reservoir, and was then working on developing reinforced concrete oil tankers (a project that failed spectacularly, and remnants of which can be still be seen off the coastline of Cape May, New Jersey). The entire Winfield project — 254 buildings on 110 acres —eventually required 7500 gallons of paint; 2500 rolls of wallpaper; 5,500,000 board feet (13,000 m³) of lumber; and would employ 1,223 construction workers for five months.

From the start work did not proceed well. Labor Union disputes stopped construction at least once, and the construction work completed by the MacEvoy Company was exceptionally poor—so poor, in fact, that it attracted the attention of the Truman Committee investigating abuses with the National Defense Program. The investigation would eventually uncover the facts that the Winfield Park project lacked complete architectural or engineering plans, and that financial records — at least the few that could be found — were criminally maintained. The projects construction was so badly botched that in many of the new buildings, residents discovered that nails had been hammered through water pipes, chimneys still contained the wooden forms used for their construction, roofs leaked, water pipes had never been soldered, floors were buckled, paint work was molding, sewer lines and pumps rarely worked, and many roads, sidewalks and curbs had never been completed. On average, thirty seven items needed to be repaired and/or replaced in each unit to make it habitable. To accomplish this repair work the federal government spent an additional $100,000.00, and hired a new contractor, even after the project had officially been declared complete by Westbrook. The final cost for Winfield Park, including Federal Works Agency provided public works, came to $4,392,075.55 or $6,274.00/ unit; the Lanham Act specified a limit of $3,500.00. Continuing investigations uncovered that MacEvoy Company had manipulated bids and committed extensive fraud. MacEvoy rented and sold equipment and supplies to itself at inflated cost, provided insurance to the government for its own work, provided employment to the son-in-law of one of the government inspectors on the project, and generally milked the Winfield Park Project for everything that it could.

Community life

The construction difficulties outlined above had a major impact on the early days of Winfield Township. On November 30, 1941, the first 145 families (popularly referred to by township residents today as the "pioneers") arrived in their new town. A planned parade from Newark, New Jersey never materialized, and the families found themselves moving into barely completed, temporarily assigned units, located at the edge of the project so as to make the units more easily accessible across the mud flats that were supposed to be the town's roads, curbs and sidewalks. Most units were not yet connected to utilities, and in some cases would not be for several months, even as winter approached. Early residents vividly remember huddling around car radios, the only radios available because of lack of electricity, to hear the news of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. No fire protection was provided, but a few guards were hired by the government and provided with bicycles for "law enforcement". The school was not yet under construction, and all school-age children were sent to three different school districts. As would be expected, Winfield's neighbors were not warm to the new residents and were even heard to make rude comments as the township's residents trudged into their communities, in their mud-covered boots, to make food purchases. Transportation to the Kearny Shipyards was difficult if not impossible when the bus provided by the government broke down. Although one would think things could not be worse, there was an outbreak of polio in Winfield, and the entire town was quarantined. But even with these difficulties, there would soon be far more applicants than available units. Quickly the township's population increased and the new residents were employed not only by the Kearny shipyards, but also by Merck & Company, National Pneumatic Company, Lawrence Engineering and Research Company, American Type Founders Co., American Gas Accumulator, Singer Manufacturing, and many other manufacturers.

Winfield Township Volunteer Fire Department and Ladies Auxiliary early 1940s, Winfield Township, New Jersey. Mrs. Leona Harriot Burke (1917–2007) 1st President of the Winfield Township Volunteer Fire Department's Ladies Auxiliary, is at the center of the first row of the photograph.

The cooperative nature of the town as a mutual housing project, the difficult physical environment of the town during its early days, and the animosity exhibited toward the new residents by their neighbors all served to bind the community together, creating a very strong and vigorous community life. Volunteer Police and Fire departments were quickly established by the residents, as was a volunteer Ambulance Squad and cooperative food store. Community leaders actively sought to discover the special skills and interests of Winfield's residents, and utilized this information to organize and promote an astonishing number of clubs and social groups for a community of this size. Cooperative child care was provided in a building built by the community itself. Other community construction projects included a community center and shopping center. The great community event of the early days of Winfield Township was the opening of the town's grammar school on September 8, 1943. To increase the speed of repairs of structural deficiencies caused by the MacEvoy Company's poor workmanship, the residents of the Winfield participated in a rent strike against the federal government during the first year of occupancy; it was this strike that brought the attention of the Truman Committee to the Winfield Park project. A lasting problem caused by the township's unique status was the ill-defined relationship between the newly appointed Township Committee and the Mutual Housing Corporation. Both groups represented the same constituency; one (Mutual Housing) controlling all of the buildings and the other (Township Committee) with taxation authority; conflict and confusion were inevitable.

Winfield Township Volunteer Ambulance Squad Ambulance 1947.

After the war

Winfield Township Halloween Parade on the Grounds of Town School 1940s, Winfield Township, New Jersey.

Winfield Park was the last of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Projects to be built and occupied. Because it was opened just prior to the start of the United States involvement in World War II, it was also one of the last housing project of a permanent nature to be built for the defense housing program. Interestingly, the current residents of Winfield believe that their town was built as temporary housing, and are very proud of how well the structures have held up over the past 68 years thanks to their repair efforts; clearly this grew out of the poor workmanship of the original construction.

The Winfield Park Mutual Housing Corporation purchased the Winfield Park project from the federal government for $1,358,567.21 on December 28, 1950, and entered into a 45-year mortgage bearing a 3% interest rate, which was completed on July 1, 1984. By 1966 a Rutgers University economic study of the town reported that the town had "elements of a cooperative utopia, a feudal manor, and company town (with only one party and one company)." It continued on that:

"One of the apparent by-products of this situation (Town and Corporation being one and the same) is that the normal inter-party rivalry has been replaced by a running battle between the corporation and the township, both of which are elected by the same voters."

The 1966 study also made another interesting observation about Winfield Park.

"One effect of outside resentment upon Winfield itself was to solidify sentiment among the inhabitants against their neighbors. If their neighbors didn't like Winfield, the feeling was definitely mutual. Another effect was to make the early Winfield settlers suspicious of all bureaucracy, including their own elected officers. In this respect, the trying experiences and disillusionment attending the early days of Winfield have made its citizens even more sensitive than usual to rumors respecting changes in the community structures."

This sensitivity was especially prevalent by the 1960s, a time when residents began to realize that the town's property was actually now worth far more than the structures built upon it. Although a number of experts have presented proposals to Winfield for more efficient and economical use of the property—ranging from selling the entire community and splitting the profits, to moving every resident into a single high rise building and then developing the remaining property for more profitable uses—residents have never considered any of these proposals very seriously. In fact, the residents have continually recommitted themselves to the mutual ownership concept.

Winfield Township School Christmas Nativity Play 1940s, Winfield Township, New Jersey.

In August, 2001 the entire township celebrated its 60th Anniversary with a community picnic and a parade led by Grand Marshal Leona Harriot Burke (1917–2007) who had moved from Kearny, New Jersey to Winfield Park on the first move-in day for new residents on December 1, 1941. Mrs. Burke had also served as the first president of the Winfield Park Volunteer Fire Department's Ladies Auxiliary. Few could have predicted such an outcome for this experimental housing project from 1941 yet with enormous forces lined up against it the Winfield Park Mutual Housing Corporation and the municipality of Winfield Township continue to operate successfully today as it quickly approaches its seventieth anniversary.

Santa Claus Arrives by Helicopter in field behind Community Center, December 1963, Winfield Township, New Jersey.

Sociological research

The residents of Winfield Park were participants during the mid-1940s in a study of social interactions and patterns within public housing projects. This was one of the first studies undertaken by Columbia University Bureau of Applied Social Research under the leadership of sociologist Robert K. Merton. Dr. Merton would become one of the most influential sociologists of the 20th century; he was known as the "Father of the Focus group" and was the first sociologist to win a National Medal of Science (1994). During his career, Dr. Merton coined terms like "self-fulfilling prophecy" (in article that dealt with Winfield) and "role models". Other sociologists involved in these studies included Paul Lazarsfeld, Patricia Salter West and Marie Jahoda. Winfield Park was presented in a number of published articles by these researchers under the pseudonym "Craftown" and was presented as a homogeneous white middle-income public housing project. In these articles "Craftown" was often compared and contrasted with "Hilltown," a racially integrated lower-income public housing project. An interesting aspect of this research, beyond interviewing every adult resident of the community, was the decision to observe and provided detailed analysis and reports on community organizational meetings taking place during the summer and fall of 1945. In addition to the articles, there was also an unpublished manuscript on this research entitled Patterns of Social Life: Explorations in the Sociology and Social Psychology of Housing. When asked in 2002 why this manuscript had not been published, Dr. Merton described the period of its writing as being during the red scare of the post-war years and his fear, along with those of the other researchers, that the study could have negatively affected Winfield Park. This is certainly understandable when one considers that at about the same time Senator Joseph McCarthy did not hesitate in accusing General George Marshall, war hero and US Secretary of State, of being a communist sympathizer, although it was his Marshall Plan that was rebuilding Europe and keeping much of the West out of Communist control. Dr. Merton described the mutual housing projects as some of the closest examples of functioning socialist communities within the United States, and as such was one of the primary attractions for studying Winfield Park and its residents.

Geography

1960s Map of Winfield Township, New Jersey Voting Districts.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 0.177 square miles (0.458 km²), including 0.177 square miles (0.458 km²) of land and less than 0.001 square miles (<0.001 km²) of water (0.09%).

The township is bordered to the north and east by Linden and to the south and west by Clark. The Rahway River flows outside of the town.

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1950	2,719		—
1960	2,458		−9.6%
1970	2,184		−11.1%
1980	1,785		−18.3%
1990	1,576		−11.7%
2000	1,514		−3.9%
2010	1,471		−2.8%
2014 (est.)	1,502		2.1%
Population sources: 1950–1990 2000 2010

Census 2010

The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $55,323 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,372) and the median family income was $61,563 (+/- $8,257). Males had a median income of $54,034 (+/- $3,966) versus $38,333 (+/- $2,212) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $27,284 (+/- $1,840). About 7.3% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 12.8% of those age 65 or over.

Census 2000

As of the 2000 United States Census there were 1,514 people, 694 households, and 394 families residing in the township. The population density was 8,578.4 people per square mile (3,247.5/km²). There were 697 housing units at an average density of 3,949.2 per square mile (1,495.1/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 96.96% White, 0.33% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.66% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.44% of the population.

There were 694 households out of which 25.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% were non-families. 38.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the township the population was spread out with 20.9% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 32.6% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 84.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $37,000, and the median income for a family was $47,167. Males had a median income of $41,133 versus $30,139 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,565. About 2.8% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Local government

Winfield Township is governed under the Township form of government. The governing body is a three-member Township Committee, whose members are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one seat coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor. The Mayor, in addition to voting as a member of the Township Committee, presides over the meetings of the committee and carries out ceremonial duties.

As of 2015, members of the Winfield Township Committee are Mayor Gary J. Genz (D, term on committee and as mayor ends December 31, 2015), Oneida M. Braithwaite (D, 2017) and Margaret M. McManus (D, 2016).

Federal, state and county representation

Winfield Township is located in the 7th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 22nd state legislative district.

For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 7th congressional district is represented by Thomas Kean Jr. (R, Westfield). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027) and George Helmy (Mountain Lakes, term ends 2024).

For the 2024-2025 session, the 22nd legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Nicholas Scutari (D, Linden) and in the General Assembly by Linda S. Carter (D, Plainfield) and James J. Kennedy (D, Rahway). Template:NJ Governor

Politics

As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 1,030 registered voters in Winfield Township, of which 383 (37.2% vs. 41.8% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 180 (17.5% vs. 15.3%) were registered as Republicans and 467 (45.3% vs. 42.9%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 70.0% (vs. 53.3% in Union County) were registered to vote, including 84.7% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 70.6% countywide).

In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 426 votes (59.0% vs. 66.0% countywide), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 271 votes (37.5% vs. 32.3%) and other candidates with 13 votes (1.8% vs. 0.8%), among the 722 ballots cast by the township's 1,053 registered voters, for a turnout of 68.6% (vs. 68.8% in Union County). In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 406 votes (51.0% vs. 63.1% countywide), ahead of Republican John McCain with 371 votes (46.6% vs. 35.2%) and other candidates with 13 votes (1.6% vs. 0.9%), among the 796 ballots cast by the township's 1,063 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.9% (vs. 74.7% in Union County). In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 420 votes (51.3% vs. 58.3% countywide), ahead of Republican George W. Bush with 389 votes (47.6% vs. 40.3%) and other candidates with 6 votes (0.7% vs. 0.7%), among the 818 ballots cast by the township's 1,051 registered voters, for a turnout of 77.8% (vs. 72.3% in the whole county).

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 61.0% of the vote (282 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 37.0% (171 votes), and other candidates with 1.9% (9 votes), among the 477 ballots cast by the township's 1,048 registered voters (15 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 45.5%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 264 votes (51.9% vs. 41.7% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 189 votes (37.1% vs. 50.6%), Independent Chris Daggett with 38 votes (7.5% vs. 5.9%) and other candidates with 8 votes (1.6% vs. 0.8%), among the 509 ballots cast by the township's 1,049 registered voters, yielding a 48.5% turnout (vs. 46.5% in the county).

Sports

Even though Winfield is a small community, they do have a sports program for their elementary school students. They play soccer, basketball, and baseball. They also have a year-round recreational sports program.

Education

The Winfield Township School District serves public school students in pre-Kindergarten to eighth grade at Winfield School. As of the 2012-13 school year, the district's one school had an enrollment of 158 students and 16.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.52:1. The school offers a class for students with special needs.

Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend David Brearley High School in Kenilworth, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Kenilworth Public Schools. Before the current sending relationship had been established with Brearley, students had attended Rahway High School until a decision by the New Jersey Department of Education in March 2000 allowed for termination of the relationship.

Students in public school for grades 9–12 may also attend the schools of the Union County Vocational Technical Schools in Scotch Plains.

Transportation

Roads and highways

As of May 2010, the township had a total of 3.10 miles (4.99 km) of roadways, of which 3.00 miles (4.83 km) were maintained by the municipality and 0.10 miles (0.16 km) by Union County.

A small piece of County Route 607 (Raritan Road) crosses the township's border with Cranford and Linden.

The Garden State Parkway, west of the Rahway River, just misses the municipality by about 100 yards and is accessible at Exit 136 on the Cranford / Clark border.

Public transportation

New Jersey Transit provides bus service between the township and the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan on the 112 route, with local service offered on the 56 and 57 routes.

Passenger rail service is provided by NJ Transit from the neighboring communities of Cranford on the Raritan Valley Line and from the Linden station on the Northeast Corridor.

Newark Liberty International Airport is approximately 12 minutes away in Newark / Elizabeth, and Linden Airport, a general aviation facility, is in Linden.

Crime

Winfield has experienced a number of violent crimes in recent years. In 2001, there were two stabbings and three robberies. Then in 2003, there were three robberies. Domestic violence incidents tend to dominate local crime with one of the worst incidents occurring in April 1946 when Walter Fizer, an ex-policeman, shot and killed his wife, her sister and her mother, and then killed himself within sight of his three children near his home at 74 C Wavecrest Avenue.

Notable people

See also: Category:People from Winfield Township, New Jersey

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Winfield Township include:

• Al Ashmont, pitcher who played minor league baseball and was drafted by the Chicago Cubs.
• Tom Dugan, actor who starred in the music video Legs by ZZ Top.
• Dan Graham (born 1942), conceptual artist, art critic.
• Jeffrey Moran (born 1946), Ocean County Surrogate and former member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1986 to 2003, where he represented the 9th Legislative District.

References

• "700 Tenants Seek to Buy War Town: Cooperative Starts Action ot Exercise Option on Winfield Park, NJ, Owned by US." The New York Times. February 3, 1947. p. 21.
• Bauer, Catherine. "Social Questions in Housing and Community Planning" in The Journal of Social Issues, Volume VII Numbers 1&2, 1951. p. 1–34
• "Co-Op Stores Sold: Residents of Winfield, NJ Quit $250,000 a Year Business." The New York Times. March 22, 1948. p. 35.
• "Defense Homes Get 135 Tenants: Workers' Families Move Into New Federal Development in Winfield, NJ." The New York Times. December 2, 1941. p. 26.
• "Defense Housing Project to be Built in Clark: Clark Site Fixed Opponents Told." Elizabeth Daily Journal. April 2, 1941.
• "Defense Housing Sold: Deal With US for Development in NJ Authorized." The New York Times. November 18, 1949. p. 47.
• "Edison Veto Hits 'Winfield' Setup: Governor, While Sympathizing with Clark, Linden, Fears Impression of Discrimination Against Defense Workers." Elizabeth Daily Journal. July 22, 1941.
• "Fraud Charges Denied; MacEvoy Groups in Jersey Disavow Housing Project Deals". The New York Times. April 7, 1943.
• "Ideals of Community Living Are to Be Stressed by Winfield Manager." Elizabeth Daily Journal. November 29, 1941.
• Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works. "Urban Housing: The Story of the P.W.A. Housing Division 1933–1936, Bulletin No. 2." Washington, D.C.: GPO, August, 1936.
• Federal Works Agency (United States Housing Authority). "Four Years of Public Housing." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1941.
• Federal Works Agency. "1st Annual Report." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1940.
• Federal Works Agency. "2nd Annual Report." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1941.
• Federal Works Agency. "3rd Annual Report." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1942.
• Form, William H.. "Stratification in Low and Middle Income Housing Areas" in Journal of Social Issues, Volume VII, Number 1&2, 1951. p. 109–131.
• Friedland, Sandra. "Winfield Journal: Painful Debate Over Closing Town's Only School." The New York Times. February 7, 1993.
• Ground Breaking Ceremonies. Clark Township Defense Housing Project. Federal Works Agency. Saturday, June 14, 1941.
• "Grants Winfield Delay: PHA Gives Month's Extension on Purchase of Housing." The New York Times. September 13, 1949. p. 51.
• House of Representatives Hearings on House Resolution 3213, (A Bill to Expedite Further the Provision of Housing in Connection With National Defense, and to Provide Public Works in Relation to such Housing and other National Defense Activities, and For Other Purposes) and House Resolution 3570, (A Bill Authorizing An Appropriation for Providing Additional Community Facilities Made Necessary By National Defense Activities and For Other Purposes). "Hearings Before the Committee On Public Buildings and Grounds, March 4,5,6,7,12 and 13, 1941." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1941.
• House of Representatives Hearings on House Resolution 3486, (A Bill to Authorize An Appropriation of An Additional $150,000,000 for Defense Housing). "Hearings Before the Committee On Public Buildings and Grounds, February 21, 1941." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1941.
• House of Representatives Hearings on House Resolution 5211, (A Bill to Authorize An Appropriation of An Additional $300,000,000 For Defense Housing). "Hearings Before the Committee On Public Buildings and Grounds, July 9,10,11,15,16,17,18,22,23,1941." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1941.
• House of Representatives Hearings on House Resolution 7312, ( A Bill to Increase by $600,000,000 The Amount Authorized To Be Appropriated For Defense Housing Under the Act of October 14, 1940, As Amended). "Hearings Before the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, June 9,10,11,12,16,17,18,19,23,24,25 and 26, 1942." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1942.
• House of Representatives Hearings on House Resolutions 6482 and 6483, (Bills to Amend the Act Entitled 'An Act To Expedite the Provision of Housing In Connection with National Defense and For Other Purposes'). "Hearings Before the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, January 29 and 30, February 3, 1942, March 11,12,17,18,19 and 24, 1942." Washington, D.C." GPO, 1942.
• House of Representatives Hearings on Message from the President of the United States, (A Draft of a Proposed Bill to Increase by $400,000,000 the Amount Authorized to be Appropriated for Defense Housing). "Hearings Before the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, May 18,19,20,21,26 and 27, June 1,2,4,8, and 10, 1943." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1943.
• Jahoda, Maria, Patricia Salter West. "Race Relations in Public Housing," in Journal of Social Issues, Volume VII, Number 1&2, 1951. p. 132–139.
• "Jersey Bill Stirs Housing Officials: Measure to Make Clark Township Project a Separate Area is Held Serious Precedent." The New York Times. July 16, 1941. p. 12.
• Kaledin, Eugenia. Daily Life in the US 1940–1959: Shifting Worlds. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. 2000.
• "Large Housing Job in Jersey Scored: Senate Committee Asks Justice Department to Investigate 'Bad' Winfield Project'." The New York Times. November 20, 1942. p. 17.
• "Launch Housing Work in Clark." Elizabeth Daily Journal. June 16, 1941.
• Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton. "Friendship as Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis" in Morroe Berger, Theodore Abel and Charles H. Page. Freedom and Control in Modern Society. Octagon Books, New York, 1978
• "Many Difficult Engineering Problems Are Solved in Building Winfield." Elizabeth Daily Journal. November 29, 1941.
• Merton, Robert K. "The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy." The Antioch Review, Summer 1948. p. 193–210.
• Merton, Robert K. "Discrimination and the American Creed." In R.M. MacIver ed. Discrimination and National Welfare. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949.
• Merton, Robert K. "Selected Problems of Field Work in the Planned Community." American Sociological Review, Volume 12, Issue 3, June 1947. p. 304–312
• Merton, Robert K. "Social Psychology of Housing." In Wayne Dennis, ed. Current Trends in Social Psychology. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1948.
• Merton, Robert K. and Patricia L. Kendall, "The Focused Interview." American Journal of Sociology, Number 51, 1946. p. 547–557.
• Merton, Robert K. and Paul Lazarsfeld. "Friendship aa a Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis." In Monroe Berger, Theodore Abel, and Charles Page, eds. Freedom and Control in Modern Society. New York, N.Y.: Van Nostrand, 1954.
• Merton, Robert K. and Patricia Salter West. "The First Year's Work, 1945–1946: An Interim Report on the Columbia Lavanburg Researches on Human Relations in the Planned Community", June 1946.
• "Moving Day in Winfield." Elizabeth Daily Journal. December 2, 1941.
• National Housing Agency (Federal Public Housing Authority). "Public Housing: The Work of the Federal Public Housing Authority." Washington, D.C.: GPO, March, 1946.
• National Housing Agency. "Housing for War and the Job Ahead: A Common Goal for Communities...for Industry, Labor and Government." Washington, D.C.: GPO, April, 1944.
• National Housing Agency. "Housing Practices – War and Prewar: Review of Design and Construction, National Housing Bulletin 5." Washington, D.C.: GPO, May, 1946.
• National Housing Agency. "Public Housing: The Work of the Federal Public Housing Authority." Washington, D.C.: GPO, March, 1946.
• National Housing Agency. "Second Annual Report." Washington, D.C.: GPO, Oct., 1944.
• National Housing Agency. "The Mutual Home Ownership Program." Washington, D.C.: Federal Public Housing Authority, January, 1946.
• National Housing Agency. "War Housing In the United States." Washington, D.C.: GPO, April, 1945.
• National Housing Agency/ "Mutual Housing A Veteran's Guide: Organizing, financing, constructing, and operating several selected types of cooperative housing associations, with special reference to Available Federal Aids." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946.
• "New Defense Community: Winfield, NJ, Starts Its Existence as a Municipality." New York Times. August 4, 1941. p. 15.
• New Jersey General Assembly. "Minutes of Votes and Proceedings of the One Hundred and Sixty-Fifth General Assembly of the State of New Jersey." Trenton, N.J.: MacCrellish and Quigley Co., 1941.
• New Jersey Senate. "Journal of the Ninety-Seventh Senate of the State of New Jersey Being the One Hundred and Sixty Fifth Session of the Legislature." Trenton, N.J.: MacCrellish and Quigley Co., 1941.
• "Old Barracks as Co-Ops." The New York Times. October 3, 1976.
• "Pay Rise, Ends Winfield Strike." The New York Times. June 13, 1954. p. 17.
• "Pioneer Residents of Winfield Will be Given Welcome Monday: US Township to Be Opened." Elizabeth Daily Journal. November 29, 1941.
• "Price Set on Housing: Government Fixes $1,400,000 for New Jersey Development." The New York Times. November 9, 1949. p. 48.
• Public Housing Administration. "First Annual Report Public Housing Administration." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1948.
• "Record Number of Carpenters Has Part in Erecting of Winfield Homes." Elizabeth Daily Journal. November 29, 1941.
• Rutgers University Bureau of Economic Research. "An Economic Profile of Winfield Park, New Jersey: Including Alternatives For the Use of Community Resources". New Brunswick, N.J.: Bureau of Economic Research, 1965.
• "School Given to Town: Federal Agency Transfers Control to Winfield, NJ Board." The New York Times. November 23, 1950. p. 38.
• Selvin, Hanan C. "The Interplay of Social Research and Social Policy in Housing" in Journal of Social Issues, Volume VII, Number 1&2, 1951. p. 172–185.
• Senate Hearings on Proposed General Housing Act of 1945. " Hearings Before the Committee on Banking and Currency, Part 2, December 6,7,11,12,13,14,17,18, 1945, January 24 and 25, 1946, Revised." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946.
• Senate Hearings on Senate Resolution 71, (A Resolution Authorizing and Directing An Investigation of the National Defense Program). "Investigation of the National Defense Program, Part 8, October 3,7,8,9,14,15,21,22,23,24,27,28,29, and 31, 1941." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1942.
• Senate Hearings on Senate Resolution 71, (A Resolution Authorizing and Directing An Investigation of the National Defense Program). "Investigation of the National Defense Program, Part 15, November 18,19, 23, 24 and 25, 1942." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1943.
• Szylvian Bailey, Kristin. The Federal Government and the Cooperative Housing Movement, 1917–1955. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation Carnegie-Mellon University, 1988.
• Szylvian, Kristin M. "Our Mutual Friend: A Progressive Housing Legacy from the 1940s." Designer Builder: A Journal of the Human Environment. Vol. 111 No. 9. January 1997.
• Szylvian, Kristin M., "The Federal Housing Program During World War II" in From Tenements to The Taylor Homes: In Search of An Urban Housing Policy in Twentieth Century America edited by John F. Bauman, Roger Biles and Kristin Szylvian. Pennsylvania State Press, 2000.
• "Talents Listed for Like Tastes: Winfield Tenants to be Grouped for Social Life." Elizabeth Daily Journal. November 29, 1941.
• "Tenants in Winfield Set to Buy Project." The New York Times. September 5, 1948. p. R2.
• Time Magazine, "Not for Rent, Not for Sale", June 2, 1941
• "To Buy Jersey Housing: Winfield Group Ready to Acquire Government-Owned Project." The New York Times. May 13, 1947. p. 43.
• "Town is Quarantined: Third Paralysis Death Affects Jersey War Housing Area." The New York Times. September 9, 1942. p. 16.
• "Truman Committee Exposes Housing Mess." Life Magazine. November 29, 1942.
• United States Housing Authority. "Annual Report of the United States Housing Authority." Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1940.
• "US Cuts Housing Price: Asking $50,000 Less for Project in Winfield, NJ." The New York Times. October 14, 1949. p. 47.
• "US Handed Boom Town: Winfield, Created Over Edison's Veto, Has Lone Status. Puzzle for Government Aides." Elizabeth Daily Journal. July 29, 1941. p. 11.
• "US Indicts 3 Firms For Housing Frauds: 5 Individuals Also Accused in Winfield, NJ Project." The New York Times. March 31, 1943. p. 15.
• "US Owned Jersey Town Appeals for Coal; 100,000 Homes Here Still Lacking Fuel." The New York Times. October 21, 1943. p. 29.
• "US to Resume Rule of Winfield Housing: Reason for Shift From Mutual Control Not Explained." The New York Times. April 7, 1944. p. 36.
• Winfield Cultural and Heritage Commission. History of Winfield. Winfield Township, N.J.: Winfield Cultural and Heritage Commission, 1976.
• "Winfield Roads Get Sea Names: Shipyard Workers Honored in Choosing Titles." Elizabeth Daily Journal. November 29, 1941.
• "Winfield Sale Awaited: Meeting Tonight to Hear Terms of Purchase from Government." The New York Times. August 11, 1949. p. 35.
• "Winfield Seeks Town Officers: Pascoe Asked to Sponsor Bill in Legislature: Would Give Governor Appointive Power." Elizabeth Daily Journal. December 9, 1942.
• "Winfield Setup Veto Annulled by Legislature: Edison, US Government Lose Fight to Prevent 'Federal Island'." Elizabeth Daily Journal. July 29, 1941.
• "Winfield Unique Group in Series: No Other Defense Housing Unit Separate Town." Elizabeth Daily Journal. November 29, 1941.
• "Would Cut US Price on Winfield Housing." The New York Times. August 21, 1949. p. R1.
• "WPA Work in Creating New Township Largest Job Ever Done in State." Elizabeth Daily Journal. November 29, 1941.

External links

• Winfield Township
• Winfield Township School District
• School Performance Reports for the Winfield Township School District, New Jersey Department of Education
• School Data for the Winfield Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics
• NJ.com forum for Winfield Township
• John T. Rowland, Architect of Winfield Park
• Robert K. Merton Papers, Series VI: Studies and Projects, 1935–1997 (Housing Study/Craftown and Winfield – Memos and Drafts 1945–1946 – Winfield, General 1945, Card Design, Code Book 1945–1946, Questionnaires 1945–1946)
• "The Mutual Housing Experiment: New Deal Communities for the Urban Middle Class (Urban Life, Landscape, and Policy)" by Kristin M. Szylvian, Temple University Press, 2015. ISBN 143991205X.