List of possible dwarf planets
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Planets |
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The number of dwarf planets in the Solar System is unknown. Estimates have run as high as 200 in the Kuiper belt[1] and over 10,000 in the region beyond.[2] However, consideration of the surprisingly low densities of many dwarf-planet candidates suggests that the numbers may be much lower (e.g. at most 10 among bodies known so far).[3] The International Astronomical Union (IAU) notes five in particular: Ceres in the inner Solar System and four in the trans-Neptunian region: Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, the last two of which were accepted as dwarf planets for naming purposes. Only Pluto is confirmed as a dwarf planet, and it has also been declared one by the IAU independently of whether it meets the IAU definition of a dwarf planet.
Limiting values
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ixion-Spitzer2007.gif/170px-Ixion-Spitzer2007.gif)
Beside directly orbiting the Sun, the qualifying feature of a dwarf planet is that it have "sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid-body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape".[4][5][6] Current observations are generally insufficient for a direct determination as to whether a body meets this definition. Often the only clues for trans-Neptunian objects (TNO) is a crude estimate of their diameters and albedos. Icy satellites as large as 1500 km in diameter have proven to not be in equilibrium, whereas dark objects in the outer solar system often have low densities that imply they are not even solid bodies, much less gravitationally controlled dwarf planets.
Ceres, which has a significant amount of ice in its composition, is the only confirmed dwarf planet in the asteroid belt, though the question remains open for 10 Hygiea.[7][8] 4 Vesta, the second-most-massive asteroid and one that is basaltic in composition, appears to have a fully differentiated interior and was therefore in equilibrium at some point in its history, but no longer is today.[9] The third-most massive object, 2 Pallas, has a somewhat irregular surface and is thought to have only a partially differentiated interior; it is also less icy than Ceres. Michael Brown has estimated that, because rocky objects such as Vesta are more rigid than icy objects, rocky objects below 900 kilometres (560 mi) in diameter may not be in hydrostatic equilibrium and thus not dwarf planets.[1][10]
Based on a comparison with the icy moons that have been visited by spacecraft, such as Mimas (round at 400 km in diameter) and Proteus (irregular at 410–440 km in diameter), Brown estimated that an icy body relaxes into hydrostatic equilibrium at a diameter somewhere between 200 and 400 km.[1] However, after Brown and Tancredi made their calculations, better determination of their shapes showed that Mimas and the other mid-sized ellipsoidal moons of Saturn up to at least Iapetus (which is of the approximate size of Haumea and Makemake) are no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium; they are also icier than TNOs are likely to be. They have equilibrium shapes that froze in place some time ago, and do not match the shapes that equilibrium bodies would have at their current rotation rates.[11] Thus Ceres, at 950 km in diameter, is the smallest body for which gravitational measurements indicate current hydrostatic equilibrium.[12] Much larger objects, such as Earth's moon, are not near hydrostatic equilibrium today,[13][14][15] though the Moon is composed primarily of silicate rock (in contrast to most dwarf planet candidates, which are ice and rock). Saturn's moons may have been subject to a thermal history that would have produced equilibrium-like shapes in bodies too small for gravity alone to do so. Thus, at present it is unknown whether any trans-Neptunian objects smaller than Pluto and Eris are in hydrostatic equilibrium.[3]
The majority of mid-sized TNOs up to about 900–1000 km in diameter have significantly lower densities (~ 1.0–1.2 g/ml) than larger bodies such as Pluto (1.86 g/ml). Brown had speculated that this was due to their composition, that they were almost entirely icy. However, Grundy et al.[3] point out that there is no known mechanism or evolutionary pathway for mid-sized bodies to be icy while both larger and smaller objects are partially rocky. They demonstrated that at the prevailing temperatures of the Kuiper Belt, water ice is strong enough to support open interior spaces (interstices) in objects of this size; they concluded that mid-size TNOs have low densities for the same reason that smaller objects do—because they have not compacted under self-gravity into fully solid objects, and thus the typical TNO smaller than 900–1000 km in diameter is (pending some other formative mechanism) unlikely to be a dwarf planet.
Tancredi's assessment
In 2010, Gonzalo Tancredi presented a report to the IAU evaluating a list of 46 candidates for dwarf planet status based on light-curve-amplitude analysis and a calculation that the object was more than 450 kilometres (280 mi) in diameter. Some diameters were measured, some were best-fit estimates, and others used an assumed albedo of 0.10 to calculate the diameter. Of these, he identified 15 as dwarf planets by his criteria (including the 4 accepted by the IAU), with another 9 being considered possible. To be cautious, he advised the IAU to "officially" accept as dwarf planets the top three not yet accepted: Sedna, Orcus, and Quaoar.[16] Although the IAU had anticipated Tancredi's recommendations, a decade later the IAU had never responded.
Brown's assessment
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/10_Largest_Trans-Neptunian_objects_%28TNOS%29.png/310px-10_Largest_Trans-Neptunian_objects_%28TNOS%29.png)
Brown's categories | Min. ⌀ | Number of objects |
---|---|---|
nearly certainly | >900 km | 10 |
highly likely | 600–900 km | 17 (27 total) |
likely | 500–600 km | 41 (68 total) |
probably | 400–500 km | 62 (130 total) |
possibly | 200–400 km | 611 (741 total) |
Source: Mike Brown,[17] as of 2020 October 22 |
Mike Brown considers 130 trans-Neptunian bodies to be "probably" dwarf planets, ranked them by estimated size.[17] He does not consider asteroids, stating "in the asteroid belt Ceres, with a diameter of 900 km, is the only object large enough to be round."[17]
The terms for varying degrees of likelihood he split these into:
- Near certainty: diameter estimated/measured to be over 900 kilometres (560 mi). Sufficient confidence to say these must be in hydrostatic equilibrium, even if predominantly rocky. 10 objects as of 2020.
- Highly likely: diameter estimated/measured to be over 600 kilometres (370 mi). The size would have to be "grossly in error" or they would have to be primarily rocky to not be dwarf planets. 17 objects as of 2020.
- Likely: diameter estimated/measured to be over 500 kilometres (310 mi). Uncertainties in measurement mean that some of these will be significantly smaller and thus doubtful. 41 objects as of 2020.
- Probably: diameter estimated/measured to be over 400 kilometres (250 mi). Expected to be dwarf planets, if they are icy, and that figure is correct. 62 objects as of 2020.
- Possibly: diameter estimated/measured to be over 200 kilometres (120 mi). Icy moons transition from a round to irregular shape in the 200–400 km range, suggesting that the same figure holds true for KBOs. Thus, some of these objects could be dwarf planets. 611 objects as of 2020.
- Probably not: diameter estimated/measured to be under 200 km. No icy moon under 200 km is round, and the same may be true of KBOs. The estimated size of these objects would have to be in error for them to be dwarf planets.
Beside the five accepted by the IAU, the 'nearly certain' category includes Gonggong, Quaoar, Sedna, Orcus, 2002 MS4 and Salacia.
Grundy et al.’s assessment
Grundy et al. propose that dark, low-density TNOs in the size range of approximately 400–1000 km are transitional between smaller, porous (and thus low-density) bodies and larger, denser, brighter and geologically differentiated planetary bodies (such as dwarf planets). Bodies in this size range should have begun to collapse the interstitial spaces left over from their formation, but not fully, leaving some residual porosity.[3]
Many TNOs in the size range of about 400–1000 km have oddly low densities, in the range of about 1.0–1.2 g/cm3, that are substantially less than dwarf planets such as Pluto, Eris and Ceres, which have densities closer to 2. Brown has suggested that large low-density bodies must be composed almost entirely of water ice, since he presumed that bodies of this size would necessarily be solid. However, this leaves unexplained why TNOs both larger than 1000 km and smaller than 400 km, and indeed comets, are composed of a substantial fraction of rock, leaving only this size range to be primarily icy. Experiments with water ice at the relevant pressures and temperatures suggest that substantial porosity could remain in this size range, and it is possible that adding rock to the mix would further increase resistance to collapsing into a solid body. Bodies with internal porosity remaining from their formation could be at best only partially differentiated, in their deep interiors. (If a body had begun to collapse into a solid body, there should be evidence in the form of fault systems from when its surface contracted.) The higher albedos of larger bodies is also evidence of full differentiation, as such bodies were presumably resurfaced with ice from their interiors. Grundy et al.[3] propose therefore that mid-size (< 1000 km), low-density (< 1.4 g/ml) and low-albedo (< ~0.2) bodies such as Salacia, Varda, Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà and (55637) 2002 UX25 are not differentiated planetary bodies like Orcus, Quaoar and Charon. The boundary between the two populations would appear to be in the range of about 900–1000 km.[3]
If Grundy et al.[3] are correct, then among known bodies in the outer Solar System only Pluto–Charon, Eris, Haumea, Gonggong, Makemake, Quaoar, Orcus, Sedna and perhaps Salacia (which if it were spherical and had the same albedo as its moon would have a density of between 1.4 and 1.6 g/cm3, calculated a few months after Grundy et al's initial assessment, though still an albedo of only 0.04)[18] are likely to have compacted into fully solid bodies, and thus to possibly have become dwarf planets at some point in their past or to still be dwarf planets at present.
Likeliest dwarf planets
The assessments of the IAU, Tancredi et al., Brown and Grundy et al. for the dozen largest potential dwarf planets are as follows. For the IAU, the acceptance criteria were for naming purposes. Several of these objects had not yet been discovered when Tancredi et al. did their analysis. Brown's sole criterion is diameter; he accepts a great many more as highly likely to be dwarf planets (see below). Grundy et al. did not determine which bodies were dwarf planets, but rather which could not be. A red marks objects too dark or not dense enough to be solid bodies, a question mark the smaller bodies consistent with being differentiated (the question of current equilibrium was not addressed).
Mercury, Iapetus, Earth's moon and Phoebe are included for comparison, as none of these objects are in equilibrium today. Triton (which formed as a TNO and is likely still in equilibrium) and Charon are included as well.
Designation | Measured mean diameter (km) |
Density (g/cm3) |
Albedo | Per IAU | Per Tancredi et al.[16] |
Per Brown[17] | Per Grundy et al.[3][18] |
Category |
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4880 | 5.427 | 0.142 | (no longer in equilibrium)[19] | (planet) | |||
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3475 | 3.344 | 0.136 | (no longer in equilibrium)[20][21] | (moon of Earth) | |||
N I Triton | 2707±2 | 2.06 | 0.76 | (likely in equilibrium)[22] | (moon of Neptune) | |||
134340 Pluto | 2376±3 | 1.854±0.006 | 0.49 to 0.66 | ![]() |
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2:3 resonant | |
136199 Eris | 2326±12 | 2.43±0.05 | 0.96 | ![]() |
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SDO | |
136108 Haumea | ≈ 1560 | ≈ 2.018 | 0.51 | ![]() (naming rules) |
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cubewano | |
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1469±6 | 1.09±0.01 | 0.05 to 0.5 | (no longer in equilibrium)[23] | (moon of Saturn) | |||
136472 Makemake | 1430+38 −22 |
1.9±0.2 | 0.81 | ![]() (naming rules) |
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cubewano | |
225088 Gonggong | 1230±50 | 1.74±0.16 | 0.14 | NA | ![]() |
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3:10 resonant | |
P I Charon | 1212±1 | 1.70±0.02 | 0.2 to 0.5 | (possibly in equilibrium)[24] | (moon of Pluto) | |||
50000 Quaoar | 1110±5 | 2.0±0.5 | 0.11 | ![]() |
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cubewano | |
90377 Sedna | 995±80 | ? | 0.32 | ![]() |
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detached | |
1 Ceres | 946±2 | 2.16±0.01 | 0.09 | ![]() |
(close to equilibrium)[25] | asteroid | ||
90482 Orcus | 910+50 −40 |
1.53±0.14 | 0.23 | ![]() |
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2:3 resonant | |
120347 Salacia | 846±21 | 1.5±0.12 | 0.04 | ![]() |
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cubewano | |
(307261) 2002 MS4 | 778±11 | ? | 0.10 | NA | ![]() |
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cubewano | |
(55565) 2002 AW197 | 768±39 | ? | 0.11 | ![]() |
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cubewano | |
174567 Varda | 749±18 | 1.27±0.06 | 0.10 | ![]() |
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4:7 resonant | |
(532037) 2013 FY27 | 742+78 −83 |
? | 0.17 | NA | ![]() |
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SDO | |
(208996) 2003 AZ84 | 707±24 | 0.87±0.01? | 0.10 | ![]() |
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2:3 resonant | |
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213±2 | 1.64±0.03 | 0.06 | (no longer in equilibrium)[26] | (moon of Saturn) |
Largest candidates
The following trans-Neptunian objects have estimated diameters at least 400 kilometres (250 mi) and so are considered "probable" dwarf planets by Brown's assessment. Not all bodies estimated to be this size are included. The list is complicated by bodies such as 47171 Lempo that were at first assumed to be large single objects but later discovered to be binary or triple systems of smaller bodies.[27] The dwarf planet Ceres is added for comparison. Explanations and sources for the measured masses and diameters can be found in the corresponding articles linked in column "Designation" of the table.
The Best diameter column uses a measured diameter if one exists, otherwise it uses Brown's assumed-albedo diameter. If Brown does not list the body, the size is calculated from an assumed-albedo of 9% per Johnston.[28]
Designation | Best[a] diameter km |
Measured | per measured |
Per Brown[17] | Notes on shape | Result per Tancredi[16] |
Category | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mass[b] (1018 kg) |
H | Diameter (km) |
Method | Geometric albedo[c] (%) |
H |
Diameter[d] (km) |
Geometric albedo (%) | |||||
134340 Pluto | 2377 | 13030 | −0.76 | 2377±3 | direct | 63 | −0.7 | 2329 | 64 | spherical | accepted (measured) | 2:3 resonant |
136199 Eris | 2326 | 16466 | −1.17 | 2326±12 | occultation | 96 | −1.1 | 2330 | 99 | spherical | accepted (measured) | SDO |
136108 Haumea | 1559 | 4006 | 0.43 | 1559 | occultation | 49 | 0.4 | 1252 | 80 | Jacobi ellipsoid | accepted | cubewano |
136472 Makemake | 1429 | 3100 | 0.05 | 1429+38 −20 |
occultation | 83 | 0.1 | 1426 | 81 | slightly oblate | accepted | cubewano |
225088 Gonggong | 1230 | 1750 | 2.34 | 1230±50 | thermal | 14 | 2 | 1290 | 19 | 3:10 resonant | ||
50000 Quaoar | 1103 | 1400 | 2.74 | 1103+47 −33 |
occultation | 11 | 2.7 | 1092 | 13 | Maclaurin spheroid | accepted (and recommended) | cubewano |
1 Ceres | 939 | 939 | 3.36 | 939±2 | direct | 9 | Maclaurin spheroid | asteroid belt | ||||
90482 Orcus | 910 | 641 | 2.31 | 910+50 −40 |
thermal | 25 | 2.3 | 983 | 23 | accepted (and recommended) | 2:3 resonant | |
90377 Sedna | 906 | 1.83 | 906+314 −258 |
thermal | 40 | 1.8 | 1041 | 32 | accepted (and recommended) | detached | ||
120347 Salacia | 846 | 492 | 4.27 | 846±21 | thermal | 5 | 4.2 | 921 | 4 | possible | cubewano | |
(307261) 2002 MS4 | 787 | 3.5 | 787±13 | occultation | 11 | 4 | 960 | 5 | Maclaurin spheroid | cubewano | ||
(55565) 2002 AW197 | 768 | 3.57 | 768+39 −38 |
thermal | 11 | 3.6 | 754 | 12 | accepted | cubewano | ||
174567 Varda | 749 | 245 | 3.61 | 749±18 | occultation | 11 | 3.7 | 689 | 13 | Maclaurin spheroid | possible | cubewano |
(532037) 2013 FY27 | 742 | 3.15 | 742+78 −83 |
thermal | 18 | 3.5 | 721 | 14 | SDO | |||
28978 Ixion | 710 | 3.83 | 710±0.2 | occultation | 10 | 3.8 | 674 | 12 | Maclaurin spheroid | accepted | 2:3 resonant | |
(208996) 2003 AZ84 | 707 | 3.74 | 707±24 | occultation | 11 | 3.9 | 747 | 11 | Jacobi ellipsoid | accepted | 2:3 resonant | |
(90568) 2004 GV9 | 680 | 4.23 | 680±34 | thermal | 8 | 4.2 | 703 | 8 | accepted | cubewano | ||
(145452) 2005 RN43 | 679 | 3.89 | 679+55 −73 |
thermal | 11 | 3.9 | 697 | 11 | possible | cubewano | ||
(55637) 2002 UX25 | 659 | 125 | 3.87 | 659±38 | thermal | 12 | 3.9 | 704 | 11 | cubewano | ||
2018 VG18 | 656 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 656 | 12 | SDO | ||||||
229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà | 655 | 136 | 3.69 | 655+14 −13 |
occultation | 14 | 3.7 | 612 | 17 | Maclaurin spheroid | SDO | |
20000 Varuna | 654 | 3.76 | 654+154 −102 |
thermal | 12 | 3.9 | 756 | 9 | Jacobi ellipsoid | accepted | cubewano | |
2018 AG37 | 645 | 4.19 | SDO | |||||||||
2014 UZ224 | 635 | 3.4 | 635+65 −72 |
thermal | 14 | 3.7 | 688 | 11 | SDO | |||
(523794) 2015 RR245 | 626 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 626 | 11 | SDO | ||||||
(523692) 2014 EZ51 | 626 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 626 | 11 | detached | ||||||
2010 RF43 | 611 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 611 | 10 | SDO | ||||||
19521 Chaos | 600 | 4.8 | 600+140 −130 |
thermal | 5 | 5 | 612 | 5 | cubewano | |||
2010 JO179 | 597 | 4 | 4.3 | 597 | 10 | SDO | ||||||
2012 VP113 | 597 | 4 | 4.3 | 597 | 10 | detached | ||||||
2010 KZ39 | 597 | 4 | 4.3 | 597 | 10 | detached | ||||||
(303775) 2005 QU182 | 584 | 3.8 | 584+155 −144 |
thermal | 13 | 3.8 | 415 | 33 | cubewano | |||
(543354) 2014 AN55 | 583 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 583 | 10 | SDO | ||||||
2015 KH162 | 583 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 583 | 10 | detached | ||||||
(78799) 2002 XW93 | 565 | 5.5 | 565+71 −73 |
thermal | 4 | 5.4 | 584 | 4 | SDO | |||
2006 QH181 | 556 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 556 | 9 | SDO | ||||||
2002 XV93 | 549 | 5.42 | 549+22 −23 |
thermal | 4 | 5.4 | 564 | 4 | 2:3 resonant | |||
(84922) 2003 VS2 | 548 | 4.1 | 548+30 −45 |
occultation | 15 | 4.1 | 537 | 15 | triaxial ellipsoid | not accepted | 2:3 resonant | |
(523639) 2010 RE64 | 543 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 543 | 8 | SDO | ||||||
(523759) 2014 WK509 | 543 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 543 | 8 | detached | ||||||
(528381) 2008 ST291 | 543 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 543 | 8 | detached | ||||||
(470443) 2007 XV50 | 543 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 543 | 8 | cubewano | ||||||
(482824) 2013 XC26 | 543 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 543 | 8 | cubewano | ||||||
(523671) 2013 FZ27 | 543 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 543 | 8 | 1:2 resonant | ||||||
2004 XR190 | 538 | 4.3 | 538 | occultation | 12 | 4.6 | 556 | 9 | oblate | detached | ||
2015 BP519 | 530 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 530 | 8 | SDO | ||||||
(278361) 2007 JJ43 | 530 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 530 | 8 | cubewano | ||||||
(470308) 2007 JH43 | 530 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 530 | 8 | 2:3 resonant | ||||||
2014 WP509 | 530 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 530 | 8 | cubewano | ||||||
(145451) 2005 RM43 | 524 | 4.4 | 524+96 −103 |
thermal | 11 | 4.7 | 543 | 8 | possible | SDO | ||
2013 AT183 | 518 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 518 | 8 | SDO | ||||||
2014 FC69 | 518 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 518 | 8 | detached | ||||||
(499514) 2010 OO127 | 518 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 518 | 8 | cubewano | ||||||
2014 YA50 | 518 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 518 | 8 | cubewano | ||||||
2017 OF69 | 518 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 518 | 8 | 2:3 resonant | ||||||
2020 FY30 | 517 | 4.67 | SDO | |||||||||
(84522) 2002 TC302 | 514 | 3.9 | 514±15 | occultation | 14 | 4.2 | 591 | 12 | oblate | 2:5 resonant | ||
(120348) 2004 TY364 | 512 | 4.52 | 512+37 −40 |
thermal | 10 | 4.7 | 536 | 8 | not accepted | 2:3 resonant | ||
(145480) 2005 TB190 | 507 | 4.4 | 507+127 −116 |
thermal | 15 | 4.4 | 469 | 15 | detached | |||
(470599) 2008 OG19 | 506 | 4.7 | 5 | 506 | 7 | elongated | SDO | |||||
2014 FC72 | 506 | 4.7 | 5 | 506 | 7 | detached | ||||||
2014 HA200 | 506 | 4.7 | 5 | 506 | 7 | SDO | ||||||
(315530) 2008 AP129 | 506 | 4.7 | 5 | 506 | 7 | cubewano | ||||||
(472271) 2014 UM33 | 506 | 4.7 | 5 | 506 | 7 | cubewano | ||||||
(523681) 2014 BV64 | 506 | 4.7 | 5 | 506 | 7 | cubewano | ||||||
2010 FX86 | 506 | 4.7 | 5 | 506 | 7 | cubewano | ||||||
2015 BZ518 | 506 | 4.7 | 5 | 506 | 7 | cubewano | ||||||
(202421) 2005 UQ513 | 498 | 3.6 | 498+63 −75 |
thermal | 26 | 3.8 | 643 | 11 | cubewano | |||
(523742) 2014 TZ85 | 494 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 494 | 7 | 4:7 resonant | ||||||
(523635) 2010 DN93 | 490 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 490 | 7 | detached | ||||||
2003 QX113 | 490 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 490 | 7 | SDO | ||||||
2003 UA414 | 490 | 5 | 5.1 | 490 | 7 | SDO | ||||||
(523693) 2014 FT71 | 490 | 5 | 5.1 | 490 | 7 | 4:7 resonant | ||||||
2014 HZ199 | 479 | 5 | 5.2 | 479 | 7 | cubewano | ||||||
2014 BZ57 | 479 | 5 | 5.2 | 479 | 7 | cubewano | ||||||
(523752) 2014 VU37 | 479 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 479 | 7 | cubewano | ||||||
(495603) 2015 AM281 | 479 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 479 | 7 | detached | ||||||
(455502) 2003 UZ413 | 472 | 4.38 | 472+122 −25 |
thermal | 15 | 4.7 | 536 | 8 | 2:3 resonant | |||
(523645) 2010 VK201 | 471 | 5 | 5.3 | 471 | 7 | cubewano | ||||||
2015 AJ281 | 468 | 5 | 5.3 | 468 | 7 | 4:7 resonant | ||||||
(523757) 2014 WH509 | 468 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 468 | 7 | cubewano | ||||||
2014 JP80 | 468 | 5 | 5.3 | 468 | 7 | 2:3 resonant | ||||||
2014 JR80 | 468 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 468 | 7 | 2:3 resonant | ||||||
(523750) 2014 US224 | 468 | 5 | 5.3 | 468 | 7 | cubewano | ||||||
2013 FS28 | 468 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 468 | 7 | SDO | ||||||
2010 RF188 | 468 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 468 | 7 | SDO | ||||||
2011 WJ157 | 468 | 5 | 5.3 | 468 | 7 | SDO | ||||||
(120132) 2003 FY128 | 460 | 4.6 | 460±21 | thermal | 12 | 5.1 | 467 | 8 | SDO | |||
2010 ER65 | 457 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 457 | 6 | detached | ||||||
(445473) 2010 VZ98 | 457 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 457 | 6 | SDO | ||||||
2010 RF64 | 457 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 457 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
(523640) 2010 RO64 | 457 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 457 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
2010 TJ | 457 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 457 | 6 | SDO | ||||||
2014 OJ394 | 457 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 457 | 6 | detached | ||||||
2014 QW441 | 457 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 457 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
2014 AM55 | 457 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 457 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
(523772) 2014 XR40 | 457 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 457 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
(523653) 2011 OA60 | 457 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 457 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
(26181) 1996 GQ21 | 456 | 4.9 | 456+89 −105 |
thermal | 6 | 5.3 | 468 | 7 | SDO | |||
(84719) 2002 VR128 | 449 | 5.58 | 449+42 −43 |
thermal | 5 | 5.6 | 459 | 5 | 2:3 resonant | |||
2013 SF106 | 451 | 4.96 | SDO | |||||||||
2012 VB116 | 449 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 449 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
(471137) 2010 ET65 | 447 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | SDO | ||||||
(471165) 2010 HE79 | 447 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | 2:3 resonant | ||||||
2010 EL139 | 447 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | 2:3 resonant | ||||||
(523773) 2014 XS40 | 447 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
2014 XY40 | 447 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
2015 AH281 | 447 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
2014 CO23 | 447 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
(523690) 2014 DN143 | 447 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
(523738) 2014 SH349 | 447 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
2014 FY71 | 447 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | 4:7 resonant | ||||||
(471288) 2011 GM27 | 447 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | cubewano | ||||||
(532093) 2013 HV156 | 447 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 447 | 6 | 1:2 resonant | ||||||
471143 Dziewanna | 433 | 3.8 | 433+63 −64 |
thermal | 30 | 3.8 | 475 | 25 | SDO | |||
(444030) 2004 NT33 | 423 | 4.8 | 423+87 −80 |
thermal | 12 | 5.1 | 490 | 7 | 4:7 resonant | |||
(182934) 2002 GJ32 | 416 | 6.16 | 416+81 −73 |
thermal | 3 | 6.1 | 235 | 12 | SDO | |||
(469372) 2001 QF298 | 408 | 5.43 | 408+40 −45 |
thermal | 7 | 5.4 | 421 | 7 | 2:3 resonant | |||
(175113) 2004 PF115 | 406 | 4.54 | 406+98 −85 |
thermal | 12 | 4.5 | 482 | 12 | 2:3 resonant | |||
38628 Huya | 406 | 5.04 | 406±16 | thermal | 10 | 5 | 466 | 8 | Maclaurin spheroid | accepted | 2:3 resonant | |
(307616) 2003 QW90 | 401 | 5 | 401+63 −48 |
thermal | 8 | 5.4 | 457 | 6 | cubewano | |||
(469615) 2004 PT107 | 400 | 6.33 | 400+45 −51 |
thermal | 3 | 6 | 302 | 8 | cubewano |
- ^ The measured diameter, else Brown's estimated diameter, else the diameter calculated from H using an assumed albedo of 9%.
- ^ This is the total system mass (including moons), except for Pluto and Ceres.
- ^ The geometric albedo is calculated from the measured absolute magnitude and measured diameter via the formula:
- ^ Diameters with the text in red indicate that Brown's bot derived them from heuristically expected albedo.
See also
- Lists of astronomical objects
- List of trans-Neptunian objects
- List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
- List of former planets
References
- ^ a b c Mike Brown. "The Dwarf Planets". Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- ^ Stern, Alan (24 August 2012). "The Kuiper Belt at 20: Paradigm Changes in Our Knowledge of the Solar System". Applied Physics Laboratory.
Today we know of more than a dozen dwarf planets in the solar system [and] it is estimated that the ultimate number of dwarf planets we will discover in the Kuiper Belt and beyond may well exceed 10,000.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Buie, M.W.; Benecchi, S.D.; Ragozzine, D.; Roe, H.G. (December 2019). "The mutual orbit, mass, and density of transneptunian binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà ((229762) 2007 UK126)" (PDF). Icarus. 334: 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2019.
- ^ "IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes". International Astronomical Union. 24 August 2006. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
- ^ "Dwarf Planets". NASA. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
- ^ "Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto" (Press release). 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
- ^ "ESO science paper 1918a" (PDF).[full citation needed]
- ^ Hanuš, J.; Vernazza, P.; Viikinkoski, M.; Ferrais, M.; Rambaux, N.; Podlewska-Gaca, E.; Drouard, A.; Jorda, L.; Jehin, E.; Carry, B.; Marsset, M.; Marchis, F.; Warner, B.; Behrend, R.; Asenjo, V.; Berger, N.; Bronikowska, M.; Brothers, T.; Charbonnel, S.; Colazo, C.; Coliac, J-F.; Duffard, R.; Jones, A.; Leroy, A.; Marciniak, A.; Melia, R.; Molina, D.; Nadolny, J.; Person, M.; et al. (2020). "arXiv paper 1911.13049". Astronomy & Astrophysics. A65: 633. arXiv:1911.13049. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936639. S2CID 208512707.[full citation needed]
- ^ Savage, Don; Jones, Tammy; Villard, Ray (19 April 1995). "Asteroid or mini-planet? Hubble maps the ancient surface of Vesta". HubbleSite (Press release). News Release STScI-1995-20. Retrieved 17 October 2006.
- ^ https://www.sciencenews.org/article/hygiea-may-be-solar-system-smallest-dwarf-planet
- ^ "Iapetus' peerless equatorial ridge". www.planetary.org. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ "DPS 2015: First reconnaissance of Ceres by Dawn". www.planetary.org. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ Garrick; Bethell; et al. (2014). "The tidal-rotational shape of the Moon and evidence for polar wander". Nature. 512 (7513): 181–184. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..181G. doi:10.1038/nature13639. PMID 25079322. S2CID 4452886.
- ^ Balogh, A.; Ksanfomality, Leonid; Steiger, Rudolf von (23 February 2008). Hydrostatic equilibrium of Mercury. ISBN 9780387775395 – via Google Books.[full citation needed]
- ^ "[no title cited]" (Document). doi:10.1002/2015GL065101.
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(help)[full citation needed] - ^ a b c Tancredi, G. (2010). "Physical and dynamical characteristics of icy "dwarf planets" (plutoids)". Icy Bodies of the Solar System: Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 263, 2009. 263: 173–185. Bibcode:2010IAUS..263..173T. doi:10.1017/S1743921310001717.
- ^ a b c d e Michael E. Brown (13 September 2019). "How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system? (updates daily)". California Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- ^ a b Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Roe, H.G.; Buie, M.W.; Porter, S.B.; Parker, A.H.; et al. (December 2019). "Mutual orbit orientations of transneptunian binaries" (PDF). Icarus. 334: 62–78. Bibcode:2019Icar..334...62G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.035. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2019.
- ^ Sean Solomon, Larry Nittler & Brian Anderson, eds. (2018) Mercury: The View after MESSENGER. Cambridge Planetary Science series no. 21, Cambridge University Press. Chapter 3.
- ^ Matsuyama, Isamu (January 2013). "Fossil figure contribution to the lunar figure". Icarus. 222 (1): 411–414. Bibcode:2013Icar..222..411M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.10.025.
- ^ Bursa, M. (October 1984). "Secular Love Numbers and Hydrostatic Equilibrium of Planets". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 31 (2): 135–140. Bibcode:1984EM&P...31..135B. doi:10.1007/BF00055525. S2CID 119815730.
- ^ Thomas, P.C. (December 2000). "The Shape of Triton from Limb Profiles". Icarus. 148 (2): 587–588. Bibcode:2000Icar..148..587T. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6511.
- ^ Thomas, P.C. (July 2010). "Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission" (PDF). Icarus. 208 (1): 395–401. Bibcode:2010Icar..208..395T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025.
- ^ Kholshevnikovab, K.V.; Borukhaa, M.A.; Eskina, B.B.; Mikryukov, D.V. (23 October 2019). "On the asphericity of the figures of Pluto and Charon". Icarus. 181: 104777. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2019.104777.
- ^ Raymond, C.; Castillo-Rogez, J.C.; Park, R.S.; Ermakov, A.; et al. (September 2018). "Dawn Data Reveal Ceres' Complex Crustal Evolution" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress. Vol. 12.
- ^ Jia-Rui C. Cook; Dwayne Brown (26 April 2012). "Cassini Finds Saturn Moon Has Planet-Like Qualities". JPL/NASA. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012.
- ^ "AstDys (47171) 1999TC36 Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
- ^ Johnston, Wm. Robert (24 May 2019). "List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- ^ "List Of Trans-Neptunian Objects". Minor Planet Center.
- ^ "List Of Centaurs and Scattered-Disk Objects". Minor Planet Center.
External links
- NASA JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine
- TNOs are cool public database, incl. diameters and albedos measured by Herschel and Spitzer to date, Herschel OT KP "TNOs are Cool: A Survey of the Transneptunian Region"
- How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system? (updates daily) (Mike Brown)
- Details on the dwarf planet size calculations (Mike Brown)
- Which are the Dwarfs in the Solar System? Tancredi, G.; Favre, S. Icarus, Volume 195, Issue 2, p. 851–862.