Rice bran oil: Difference between revisions

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WP:MEDRS - claims appear to be cherry-picked primary sources, animal studies, etc. - the only review article used is published in a source widely regarded as a predatory publisher
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== Health benefits ==
{{medical citations needed|section|date=August 2016}}
A component of rice bran oil is the [[antioxidant]] γ-oryzanol, at around 2% of crude oil content. Thought to be a single compound when initially isolated, it is now known to be a mixture of [[sterol|steryl]] and other [[triterpene|triterpenyl]] [[ester]]s of [[ferulic acid]]s.<ref name="baileys"/> Also significant is the relatively high fractions of [[tocopherol]]s and [[tocotrienol]]s, together as [[vitamin E]]. Rice bran oil is also rich in other [[phytosterol]]s.

Isolated Γ-oryzanol ({{zh|s=谷维素}}) is available in China as an [[over-the-counter drug]],<ref>{{cite web |title=National Drug Standard for 谷维素片 / Oryzanol Tablets (DRAFT) |url=http://www.chp.org.cn/upload/sites/chp/resource/2014b/2015030608361130431.pdf |publisher=国家食品药品监督管理总局 |accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729070641/http://www.chp.org.cn/upload/sites/chp/resource/2014b/2015030608361130431.pdf |archivedate=29 July 2018}}</ref> and in other countries as a [[dietary supplement]].

=== Cholesterol ===
Literature review shows rice bran oil and its active constituents improve blood cholesterol by reducing total plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, and increasing the proportion of [[HDL cholesterol]].<ref name="cicerogaddi">{{cite journal
| url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FDN/is_5_6/ai_80490897
| title=Rice bran oil and gamma-oryzanol in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemias and other conditions
|author1=A.F. Cicero |author2=A. Gaddi | journal=Phytother Res
| year=2001
| volume=15
| pages=277–286
| accessdate=2006-10-09
| doi=10.1002/ptr.907
| pmid=11406848
| issue=4
}}</ref> Results of an animal study<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Minhajuddin | first1 = M | last2 = Beg | first2 = ZH | last3 = Iqbal | first3 = J | year = 2005 | title = Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of tocotrienol rich fraction isolated from rice bran oil in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats | url = | journal = [[Food and Chemical Toxicology]] | volume = 43 | issue = 5| pages = 747–53 | doi=10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.015}}</ref>{{npsn|date=August 2016}} indicated a 42% decrease in total cholesterol with a 62% drop in [[LDL cholesterol]], when researchers supplemented test subjects' diets with fractionated vitamin E obtained from rice bran oil.

=== Menopause ===
One small-scale study of γ-oryzanol, a mixture of chemicals found in rice bran oil, found that 90% of the women had some form of relief from hot flashes during [[menopause]] after taking a supplement of the purified concentrate for four to six weeks.<ref>{{cite journal|title=gamma-oryzanol on climacteric disturbance |pmid=7061906 |year=1982 |last1=Ishihara |first1=M |last2=Ito |first2=Y |last3=Nakakita |first3=T |last4=Maehama |first4=T |last5=Hieda |first5=S |last6=Yamamoto |first6=K |last7=Ueno |first7=N |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=243–51 |journal=Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai zasshi}}</ref>{{npsn|date=August 2016}}

=== Antioxidant stability ===
The oryzanol content of the pan heated rice bran oil samples remains approximately the same even when heated at 180&nbsp;˚C for 8 hours, while a decrease in oryzanol content was reported in the case of microwave heating at the same conditions.<ref>{{cite journal
| url=http://www.ijfans.com/vol1issue1/ijfans_vol1_issue1_article13.pdf
| title=COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEAT DEGRADATION OF ORYZANOL IN RICE BRAN OIL, MUSTARD OIL AND SUNFLOWER OIL BY MICROWAVE AND PAN HEATING
| last=Paul | first=A.
| author2=Masih, D., Masih, J., Malik, P.
| journal=International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences
| volume=1
| number=1
| year=2012
| pages=110–117
| accessdate=December 2012
}}</ref>

=== Calcium absorption ===
Rice bran might help lower cholesterol because the oil it contains has substances that might decrease cholesterol absorption and increase cholesterol elimination.{{mcn|date=August 2016}} One of the substances in rice bran might decrease calcium absorption. This might help reduce the formation of certain types of kidney stones.<ref>http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-852-rice%20bran.aspx?activeingredientid=852&activeingredientname=rice%20bran</ref>

=== Insulin resistance ===
In utero exposure to germinated brown rice and its oryzanol-rich extract attenuated high fat diet-induced insulin resistance in rats.
<ref>{{cite journal
| title=In utero exposure to germinated brown rice and its oryzanol-rich extract attenuated high fat diet-induced insulin resistance in F1 generation of rats
| last=Hadiza | first=Altine .
| author2=Mustapha Umar Imam, Der-Jiun Ooi, Norhaizan Mohd Esa, Rozita Rosli
| journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
| volume=17
|issue = 1| year=2017
| pages=67
| pmc=5251246
| pmid=28109299
| doi=10.1186/s12906-017-1571-0
}}</ref>

<br />

=== Anti - Ageing / Cosmetics and Personal Care ===
The oryzanol component acts as a protective agent against UV light induced lipid peroxidation and hence can be used as a potent sunscreen agent.  The  ferulic  acid  and  its  esters  present  in  gamma  oryzanol stimulate hair growth and prevent skin ageing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Nagendra|date=January 2011|title=Health Benefits of Rice Bran - A Review|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269540976_Health_Benefits_of_Rice_Bran_-_A_Review#pf6|journal=J Nutr Food Sci|volume=ISSN: 2155-9600 JNFS, an open access journal Volume 1 • Issue 3|pages=4|via=https://www.researchgate.net/}}</ref>

Rice bran contains approximately  500 ppm of tocotrienols. Tocotrienols  when  applied  to  the  skin  penetrate  and  get  absorbed rapidly.  Majorly they  get  accumulated  at  the strata  corneum of  the skin and act as the first line of defense with their antioxidant property. They stabilize  the free radicals generated in  the skin when  exposed to oxidative rays. They protect the skin against UV induced skin damage and skin ageing and thus help in skin repair. The efficacy of sunscreens containing compounds that reduce penetration of or absorb ultraviolet radiation is augmented by using tocotrienols in them.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Nagendra|date=|title=Health Benefits of Rice Bran - A Review|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269540976_Health_Benefits_of_Rice_Bran_-_A_Review#pf6|journal=J Nutr Food Sci 1:108. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000108|volume=3|pages=4|via=researchgate.net}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 15:20, 2 April 2019

Rice Bran Oil
File:Rice bran oil.jpg
A bottle of rice bran oil
Fat composition
Saturated fats
Total saturated25%
Myristic: 0.6%
Palmitic: 21.5%
Stearic: 2.9%
Unsaturated fats
Total unsaturated75%
Monounsaturated38%
Oleic acid38%
Polyunsaturated37%
Omega-3 fatty acidsα-Linolenic: 2.2%
Omega-6 fatty acidsLinoleic: 34.4%
Properties
Food energy per 100 g (3.5 oz)3,700 kJ (880 kcal)
Smoke point232 °C (450 °F)
Iodine value99-108
Acid value1.2
Saponification value180-190
Unsaponifiable3-5

Rice bran oil is the oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice called chaff (rice husk). It is known for its high smoke point of 232 °C (450 °F) and mild flavor, making it suitable for high-temperature cooking methods such as stir frying and deep frying. It is popular as a cooking oil in several Asian countries, including Bangladesh, Japan, India, and China.[1]

Uses

Rice bran oil is an edible oil which is used in the preparation of vegetable ghee. Rice bran wax, obtained from rice bran oil and palpanese extract, is used as a substitute for carnauba wax in cosmetics, confectionery, shoe creams, and polishing compounds.

Composition

Rice bran oil has a composition similar to that of peanut oil, with 38% monounsaturated, 37% polyunsaturated, and 25% saturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is:[1]

Fatty acid Percentage
C14:0 Myristic acid 0.6%
C16:0 Palmitic acid 21.5%
C18:0 Stearic acid 2.9%
C18:1 Oleic acid (an Omega 9 fatty acid) 38.4%
C18:2 Linoleic acid (LA, an Omega 6 fatty acid) 34.4%
C18:3 α-Linolenic acid (ALA, an Omega 3 fatty acid) 2.2%

Physical properties of crude and refined rice bran oil[2][3]

character Crude Rice bran oil Refined oil
Moisture 0.5-1.0% 0.1-0.15%
Density (15-15 °C) 0.913-0.920 0.913-0.920
Refractive Index 1.4672 1.4672
Iodine value 85-100 95-104
Saponification value 187 187
Unsaponifiable matter 4.5-5.5 1.8-2.5
Free fatty acids 5-15% 0.15-0.2%
oryzanol 2.0 1.5-1.8
Tocopherol 0.15 0.05
Color(Tintometer) 20Y+2.8R 10Y+1.0R

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Orthoefer, F. T. (2005). "Chapter 10: Rice Bran Oil". In Shahidi, F. (ed.). Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Vol. 2 (6 ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 465. ISBN 978-0-471-38552-3. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
  2. ^ http://www.riceactive.com/?page_id=203
  3. ^ SEA HandBook-2009, By The Solvent Extractors'Association of India
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