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Global Terrorism Index

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The Global Terrorism Index (GTI) is a report published annually by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), and was developed by IT entrepreneur and IEP's founder Steve Killelea. The index provides a comprehensive summary of the key global trends and patterns in terrorism since 2000. It is an attempt to systematically rank the nations of the world according to terrorist activity. The index combines a number of factors associated with terrorist attacks to build an explicit picture of the impact of terrorism, illustrating trends, and providing a data series for analysis by researchers and policymakers. It produces a composite score in order to provide an ordinal ranking of countries on the impact of terrorism.

The GTI is based on data from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) which is collected and collated by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) at the University of Maryland. The GTD has codified over 190,000 cases of terrorism,[1] it covers 163 countries, consisting 99.7% of the world's population.

The GTI was developed in consultation with the Global Peace Index expert panel. The aim is to examine trends and to help inform a positive and practical debate about the future of terrorism and the required policy responses.

Methodology

There is no single internationally accepted definition of what constitutes terrorism. IEP accepts the terminology and definitions agreed to by the authors of the GTD, the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) researchers and its advisory panel. The GTI therefore defines terrorism as "the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a state and non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation".[2] This definition recognises that terrorism is not only the physical act of an attack, but also the psychological impact it has on a society for many years after.

In order to be included as an incident in the GTD the act has to be: "an intentional act of violence or threat of violence by a non-state actor". This means an incident has to meet three criteria in order for it to be counted as a terrorist act:

  1. The incident must be intentional – the result of a conscious calculation on the part of a perpetrator.
  2. The incident must entail some level of violence or threat of violence – including property damage, as well as violence against people.
  3. The perpetrators of the incidents must be sub-national actors. This database does not include acts of state terrorism.[3]

Indicators and weighting

The GTI score for a country in a given year is based on a unique scoring system to account for the relative impact of incidents in the year. There are four indicators counted in each country's yearly score:

Each of the indicators is weighted differently:

Dimension Weight
Total number of incidents 1
Total number of fatalities 3
Total number of injuries 0.5
Sum of property damages measure Between 0 and 3 depending on severity

The greatest weighting is thus in general attributed to a fatality. The property damage measure is further disaggregated into four bands depending on the measured scope of the property damage inflicted by one incident. These bandings are shown in the table below, whereby incidents causing less than US$1 million are accorded a weight of 1, between $1 million and $1 billion, and more than $1 billion. A great majority of incidents are coded in the GTD as an 'unknown' level of property damage, thus scoring nil, with 'catastrophic' events being extremely rare.

Damage level Weight
Unknown 0
Minor (likely < $1 million) 1
Major (likely between $1 million and $1 billion) 2
Catastrophic (likely > $1 billion) 3

Example of a country's indicator weighting

To assign a relative number to how a country has been directly impacted by terrorism in any given year, for every incident recorded, the GTI calculates a weighted sum of all indicators. To illustrate, the table below depicts a hypothetical country's score for a given year:

Dimension Weight # of records for the given year Score
Total number of incidents 1 21 21
Total number of fatalities 3 36 108
Total number of injuries 0.5 53 26.5
Sum of property damages measure (depending on severity) 0-3 20 40
Total raw score 195.5

Final score

A five-year weighted average is applied to reflect the lingering psychological effect of terrorist acts over time.

Year Weight
Reference year 16
Previous year 8
Two years ago 4
Three years ago 2
Four years ago 1

The GTI reports are titled by their publication year. The index is calculated up to the preceding year, e.g. the reference year of the 2020 GTI is 2019.

The resulting raw scores are then quasi-logarithmically transformed onto a scale of 0–10 by way of 20 bands. A raw score of corresponds to a GTI of 0. The next 20 steps corresponding to on the GTI scale are defined by

,

where are the steps in the raw score, is the lowest recorded raw score, and the highest recorded raw score.

GTI is interpolated linearly between these steps.[4]

By country

Legend
  •   8-10 (Very high impact)
  •   6-8 (High impact)
  •   4-6(Medium impact)
  •   2-4 (Low impact)
  •   0-2 (Very low impact)
  •   0 (No impact)
2022 Global Terrorism Index Ranking[5]
Rank Country Score
(2022) [6] 		Rank change
1  Afghanistan 9.109 Steady
2  Pakistan 8.511 Steady
3  Somalia 8.398 Steady
4  Burkina Faso 8.270 Positive decrease 2
5  Syria 8.250 Steady
6  Nigeria 8.233 Negative increase 2
7  Mali 8.152 Steady
8  Niger 7.856 Positive decrease 4
9  Myanmar 7.830 Positive decrease 15
10  Iraq 7.825 Negative increase 2
11  Cameroon 7.432 Steady
12  United States 7.432 Negative increase 2
13  Mozambique 7.432 Negative increase 4
14  Colombia 7.068 Steady
15  Egypt 6.932 Negative increase 2
16  Philippines 6.790 Negative increase 1
17  Democratic Republic of the Congo 6.733 Positive decrease 5
18  Chile 6.496 Positive decrease 5
19  Chad 6.379 Negative increase 3
20  Kenya 6.166 Negative increase 2
21  Yemen 5.870 Negative increase 1
22  Thailand 5.723 Negative increase 3
23  Turkey 5.651 Negative increase 6
24  Indonesia 5.500 Positive decrease 4
25  Sri Lanka 5.445 Negative increase 4
26  Libya 5.100 Negative increase 1
27  Iran 5.015 Steady
28  United States 4.961 Negative increase 2
29  Greece 4.849 Positive decrease 10
30  Israel 4.778 Positive decrease 4
31  United Kingdom 4.770 Steady
32  Palestine 4.736 Positive decrease 1
33  Germany 4.729 Negative increase 1
34  Nepal 4.693 Negative increase 4
35  France 4.562 Negative increase 6
36  Tanzania 4.530 Steady
37  Peru 4.471 Positive decrease 18
38  Tunisia 4.447 Negative increase 1
39  Algeria 4.432 Positive decrease 4
40  Bangladesh 4.411 Positive decrease 1
41  New Zealand 4.376 Negative increase 6
42  Ivory Coast 4.310 Positive decrease 2
43  Burundi 4.271 Positive decrease 13
44  Russia 4.219 Negative increase 6
45  Uganda 4.106 Positive decrease 59
46  Venezuela 4.005 Steady
47  Tajikistan 3.988 Negative increase 7
48  Canada 3.882 Steady
49  Ethiopia 3.759 Negative increase 7
50  Italy 3.687 Negative increase 3
51  Lebanon 3.566 Negative increase 6
52  Austria 3.261 Negative increase 2
53  Benin 3.164 Positive decrease 19
54  Saudi Arabia 3.110 Negative increase 5
55  Spain 2.861 Negative increase 3
56  Ecuador 2.766 Negative increase 2
57  Argentina 2.657 Positive decrease 9
58  Jordan 2.594 Negative increase 5
59  Switzerland 2.522 Positive decrease 3
60  Australia 2.438 Negative increase 2
61  Mexico 2.428 Negative increase 4
62  Ukraine 2.304 Negative increase 3
63  Malaysia 2.247 Negative increase 2
64  Paraguay 2.194 Negative increase 4
65  Bahrain 2.145 Negative increase 2
66  Netherlands 2.077 Positive decrease 7
67  China 1.863 Negative increase 3
68  Belgium 1.745 Negative increase 17
69  Sweden 1.660 Negative increase 2
70  Senegal 1.580 Negative increase 2
71  Japan 1.460 Negative increase 1
72  Uruguay 1.322 Positive decrease 1
73  Rwanda 1.243 Positive decrease 3
74  South Africa 1.243 Positive decrease 3
75  Togo 1.243 Positive decrease 31
76  Morocco 1.156 Positive decrease 2
77  Norway 1.109 Positive decrease 2
78  Ireland 1.060 Positive decrease 2
79  Romania 1.060 Positive decrease 3
80  Finland 1.007 Positive decrease 2
81  Brazil 0.951 Positive decrease 2
82  Cyprus 0.922 Positive decrease 2
83  Lithuania 0.827 Positive decrease 2
84  Mauritania 0.509 Positive decrease 3
85  Vietnam 0.407 Positive decrease 3
86  Angola 0.291 Positive decrease 3
87  Czech Republic 0.291 Positive decrease 3
88  Denmark 0.291 Positive decrease 3
89  Gabon 0.291 Positive decrease 3
90  Kosovo 0.291 Steady
91  Sudan 0.291 Positive decrease 3
92  Taiwan 0.227 Positive decrease 4
93  Albania 0.000 Steady
94  Armenia 0.000 Positive decrease 6
95  Azerbaijan 0.000 Positive decrease 6
96  Belarus 0.000 Steady
97  Bhutan 0.000 Steady
98  Bolivia 0.000 Steady
99  Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.000 Steady
100  Botswana 0.000 Steady
101  Bulgaria 0.000 Steady
102  Cambodia 0.000 Steady
103  Central African Republic 0.000 Positive decrease 28
104  Costa Rica 0.000 Steady
105  Croatia 0.000 Steady
106  Cuba 0.000 Steady
107  Djibouti 0.000 Steady
108  Dominican Republic 0.000 Steady
109  El Salvador 0.000 Steady
110  Equatorial Guinea 0.000 Steady
111  Eritrea 0.000 Steady
112  Estonia 0.000 Steady
113  Georgia 0.000 Positive decrease 1
114  Ghana 0.000 Steady
115  Guatemala 0.000 Steady
116  Guinea 0.000 Steady
117  Guinea-Bissau 0.000 Steady
118  Guyana 0.000 Steady
119  Haiti 0.000 Steady
120  Honduras 0.000 Steady
121  Hungary 0.000 Positive decrease 4
122  Iceland 0.000 Steady
123  Jamaica 0.000 Steady
124  Kazakhstan 0.000 Positive decrease 18
125  Kuwait 0.000 Positive decrease 6
126  Kyrgyzstan 0.000 Positive decrease 1
127  Laos 0.000 Positive decrease 22
128  Latvia 0.000 Steady
129  Lesotho 0.000 Steady
130  Liberia 0.000 Steady
131  North Macedonia 0.000 Steady
132  Madagascar 0.000 Positive decrease 24
133  Malawi 0.000 Steady
134  Mauritius 0.000 Positive decrease 6
135  Moldova 0.000 Positive decrease 6
136  Mongolia 0.000 Steady
137  Montenegro 0.000 Steady
138  Namibia 0.000 Steady
139  Nicaragua 0.000 Steady
140  North Korea 0.000 Steady
141  Oman 0.000 Steady
142  Panama 0.000 Steady
143  Papua New Guinea 0.000 Steady
144  Poland 0.000 Positive decrease 5
145  Portugal 0.000 Steady
146  Qatar 0.000 Steady
147  Republic of the Congo 0.000 Steady
148  Serbia 0.000 Steady
149  Sierra Leone 0.000 Steady
150  Singapore 0.000 Steady
151  Slovakia 0.000 Steady
152  Slovenia 0.000 Steady
153  South Korea 0.000 Steady
154  South Sudan 0.000 Steady
155  Eswatini 0.000 Steady
156  Gambia 0.000 Steady
157  Timor-Leste 0.000 Steady
158  Trinidad and Tobago 0.000 Steady
159  Turkmenistan 0.000 Steady
160  United Arab Emirates 0.000 Steady
161  Uzbekistan 0.000 Steady
162  Zambia 0.000 Steady
163  Zimbabwe 0.000 Steady

Economic impact of terrorism

The economic impact of terrorism is calculated using IEP's cost of violence methodology.

The model includes both the direct and indirect costs, such as the lost life-time earnings, cost of medical treatments and property destruction from incidents of terrorism. The direct costs include those borne by the victim of the terrorist act and associated expenditure, such as medical spending. The indirect costs include lost productivity and earning as well as the psychological trauma to the victims, their families and friends.

The analysis presents conservative estimates of the economic impact of terrorism and does not include variables for which detailed appropriate data was not available. For instance, the analysis does not include the impact on business, the cost of fear from terrorism or the cost of counterterrorism.[7]

The global economic impact of terrorism reached US$89.6 billion in 2015, decreasing 15% from its 2014 level.

There have been three peaks in the economic impact of terrorism since the year 2000 and they are linked to the three major waves of terrorism. The first large increase in the economic impact of terrorism happened in 2001, when the attacks of September 11 in New York City and Washington, D.C., took place. The second peak was in 2007 at the height of the Iraq war. The 2007 increase is mainly attributed to al-Qa'ida affiliated terrorist groups and coincided with the coalition troop surge in Iraq. The third wave started in 2012 and is still continuing, with the economic impact of terrorism peaking at US$105.6 billion in 2014.[8] The increase in the last four years was mainly driven by increases in terrorism in Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan.[9]

Publications by year

The Institute for Economics and Peace has published nine editions of the Global Terrorism Index to date. The most recent report was released in March 2022.[10]

2022

Global Terrorism Index report 2022

2020

Global Terrorism Index report 2020

2019

Global Terrorism Index report 2019

2018

Global Terrorism Index report 2018

2017

The fifth edition of the Global Terrorism Index was published in November 2017. The study covered analyses of 163 countries. The global GTI scored deteriorated by four percent from 2015 to 2016.

Overall, deaths from terrorism have fallen for the second consecutive year, resulting in a 22 percent decrease since the peak in 2014. At an all-time high, 106 countries experienced at least one terrorist attack. Of these, 77 countries recorded at least one death, an increase from 65 countries in 2015.

Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Syria, and Pakistan remain the top five countries most affected by terrorism. However, Nigeria also saw the greatest reduction in deaths. In 2016, deaths attributed to Boko Haram decreased by 80 percent, however, deaths attributed to ISIL increased by 49 percent. Together these five countries accounted for three-quarters of all deaths from terrorism in 2016.

OECD countries have experienced a rise in terrorism, accounting for one percent of global deaths from terrorism in 2016. In 2010 OECD countries accounted for just 0.1 percent of deaths. Attacks in OECD countries have shifted tactics since 2014 to utilize simpler methods against non-traditional targets. Less sophisticated attacks can be executed at a lower cost and can be more difficult to detect. Positively, the first six months of 2017 have recorded 82 deaths from terrorism, lower than the 265 deaths in 2016.

2016

A world map indicating the GTI by country (2016)

The fourth edition of Global Terrorism Index was published in November 2016. The study covered analysis of 163 countries. Overall, the global GTI score decreased by six per cent.

In 2015, the number of deaths from terrorism decreased by ten percent, the first decline since 2010. However, the 29,376 deaths recorded still rank 2015 as the second deadliest year on record. While much attention has been devoted to ISIL, the Taliban recorded its deadliest year in Afghanistan.

As with the past three years, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Syria suffered the highest levels of terrorism, accounting for 72 per cent of all deaths from terrorism in 2015. Large decreases in fatalities in Iraq and Nigeria accounted for a large portion of the worldwide decrease.

Conversely, in OECD member countries, deaths from terrorism dramatically increased in 2015, rising by 650 per cent when compared to 2014. Twenty-one of the 34 OECD countries experienced at least one terrorist attack with the majority of deaths occurring in Turkey and France. Of attacks conducted in the United States, 98 per cent were carried out by lone actors, resulting in 156 deaths.[11]

2015

A world map indicating the GTI by country (based on 2015 data)

The third edition of Global Terrorism Index was published in November 2015. The study covered analysis of 162 countries. Data from 2014 showed there has been a nine-fold increase in the number of deaths from terrorism since 2000.

Terrorist activity increased by 80 per cent in 2014 to its highest recorded level. The largest ever year-on-year increase in deaths from terrorism was recorded in 2014, rising from 18,111 in 2013 to 32,765[12] in 2014. Terrorism deaths spread geographically as well with the number of countries experiencing over 500 deaths increasing from five to 11.

The rise in terrorism can largely be attributed to two groups: ISIS; and Boko Haram, the Nigerian jihadist group that pledged allegiance to ISIS in March 2015. Combined, these groups were responsible for 51% of all terrorism-related deaths in 2014.

In the West, lone wolf attacks account for 70 per cent of terrorist deaths since 2006. Amongst lone actors, few attacks were inspired by Islamic fundamentalism, with 80 per cent of attacks were attributed to a range of right-wing extremists, nationalists, and other types of political extremism and supremacism.

The countries most heavily affected by terrorism in 2014 were, Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan and Syria. Terrorism increased most significantly in Nigeria, where deaths increased by over 300 per cent to 7,512 fatalities.

2014

The second edition of Global Terrorism Index was published in November 2014. The study covered analysis of 162 countries. From 2000 to 2013 there was a five-fold increase in the number of people killed by terrorism, resulting in approximately 18,000 deaths.

Of the 162 countries, 87 experienced a terrorist incident, but only 60 countries recorded one or more deaths from terrorism in 2013. Worldwide over 50 per cent of terrorist attacks claimed no fatalities and only 10 per cent claimed more than five lives. Explosives were used for 60 per cent of attacks, with firearms used in 30 per cent and 10 per cent of attacks using other weapons.

In 2013 terrorist activity increased substantially with the total number of deaths rising from 11,133 in 2012 to 18,111[13] in 2013, a 61 per cent increase. Over the same period, the number of countries that experienced more than 50 deaths rose from 15 to 24. This highlighted that not only was the intensity of terrorism increasing, its breadth was increasing as well.

The countries most heavily affected by terrorism in 2013 were, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and Syria. Four terrorist groups, ISIL, Boko Haram, the Taliban, and al-Qa'ida, claimed 66 per cent of deaths in 2013. Among OECD countries, Turkey and Mexico reported the highest deaths in 2013 losing 57 and 40 lives respectively. Since 2000, seven per cent of all terrorist incidents occurred in OECD countries.

2012

The first edition of Global Terrorism Index was published in 2012. The study covered analysis of 158 countries. Data showed that terrorism increased by 234 per cent from 2002 to 2011.

The 2012 report found that the global impact of terrorism increased significantly from 2002 to 2007, reaching its peak in 2007, and subsequently plateauing. The biggest rise took place over the period from 2005 to 2007 when the majority of the global increase in terrorism was driven by events in Iraq. Four other countries also significantly contributed to the global rise with Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Philippines all experiencing increases, especially between 2007 and 2009.

Only 20 nations scored a zero for terrorist impact over the 2002-2011 period, indicating the impact of terror, while heavily concentrated in some places like Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, was widely distributed around the world.

The countries most heavily affected by terrorism in 2011 were, Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India and Yemen. Including these countries, the top ten countries affected by terrorism accounted for 87 per cent of total global incidents.

See also

References

  1. ^ "About the GTI". p. Vision of Humanity. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  2. ^ "Data Collection Methodology". www.start.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  3. ^ https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/downloads/Codebook.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  4. ^ Hyslop, Daniel; Morgan, Thomas (2014). "Measuring Terrorism with the Global Terrorism Index". Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development. 22: 97–114. doi:10.1108/S1572-8323(2014)0000022010. ISBN 978-1-78350-827-3.
  5. ^ "Global Terrorism Index". Vision of Humanity. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  6. ^ "Global Terrorism Index" (PDF). Vision of Humanity. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  7. ^ "Global Terrorism Index 2016". ReliefWeb. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  8. ^ "What is the economic impact of terrorism?".
  9. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ Global Terrorism Index 2022: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism (PDF). Institute for Economics and Peace. March 2022.
  11. ^ "The 10 developed countries that have suffered the most deaths from terrorism". The Independent. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  12. ^ Report 2015 says 32,685, but Report 2016 actualized the number.
  13. ^ Report 2015 says 17,958, but Report 2016 actualized the number.

Sources

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