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The Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy,[1] often known as the Integrated Review, and titled as Global Britain in a Competitive Age,[2] was a review carried out by the British government led by Boris Johnson into the foreign, defence, security and international development policies of the United Kingdom.[3] Described by Johnson as "the largest review of its kind since the Cold War",[3] the review was published on 16 March 2021.[4]

The Integrated Review sets out the government's vision for Global Britain, the UK's role in the world following its withdrawal from the European Union. Its four overarching objectives are for the UK to sustain a strategic advantage through science and technology, for the UK to shape the open international order through working with partners and international institutions, for the UK to strengthen its security at home and abroad and for the UK to become more resilient to threats at home and overseas.[5] The review identified Russia as an "acute threat", China a "systemic challenge" and climate change the UK's highest international priority.[6] It was first announced in December 2019 by the first Johnson ministry with a publication date set for "early 2020", however the COVID-19 pandemic caused it to be delayed several times. A number of preliminary decisions were published in November 2020 ahead of the review's full publication.

A defence command paper, titled Defence in a Competitive Age, was published by the Ministry of Defence on 22 March 2021 which outlined changes to the armed forces in order to meet the objectives of the Integrated Review.[4][7]

Johnson's successors, Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak both pledged to update the Integrated Review to ensure it keeps pace with evolving threats, particularly Russia, following its invasion of Ukraine.[8]

Background

The Integrated Review combines previously separate reviews into foreign policy, defence, national security and international development, such as the National Security Strategy and the Strategic Defence and Security Review[9] into one, making it the largest review of its kind carried out by a UK government since the Cold War.[3] It follows several notable developments since previous reviews, namely the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent economic downturn, the 2019–2020 Persian Gulf crisis, the rise in space warfare, several terrorist attacks and the use of hybrid warfare, particularly by Russia and China.[10][11][12] The review also follows the merging of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Department for International Development into the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office which occurred in September 2020.[13]

Overview

Today the Government is setting out its approach to the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy. The Government has set in train the biggest review of our foreign, defence, security and development policy since the end of the Cold War.

— Prime Minister Boris Johnson, (February 2020)[14]

The review was first announced during the December 2019 State Opening of Parliament in a speech outlining the second Johnson ministry's plans for that parliamentary year.[15]

Objectives

In a statement in September 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson confirmed the Integrated Review would be underpinned by a commitment to spend at least 2% of GDP on defence—as defined as a target by NATO, 0.7% of GNI on Official development assistance and the maintenance of the British nuclear deterrent. The Prime Minister summarised the review's objectives as follows:[14]

  • To define the United Kingdom's role in the world, as well as its long-term strategic aims for national security and foreign policy.
  • To set out how the UK will be a "problem-solving" and "burden-sharing" nation, working more effectively with its allies.
  • To determine the capabilities required for the next decade and beyond to pursue the UK's objectives and address the risks and threats it faces.
  • To address reforms to Government systems and structures to achieve these goals.
  • To outline the implementation for these goals and how it will be evaluated.

In September 2020, Defence Secretary Ben Wallace explained that the review would deliver an armed forces that was "fit for tomorrow's battles" by switching from "traditional warfighting" to "technological warfighting". He explained that this would entail being forward deployed — for example, in Europe to deter Russian activity, in the Middle East to combat terrorism or in the Asia-Pacific to counter China — and relying on technology to deliver "speed, readiness and resilience" instead of "mass and mobilisation", including in the domains of space, cyberspace and sub-sea.[16][17]

Complications

The review suffered several delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic, causing it to miss its original publication date of "early 2020".[18] The review was first postponed in April 2020 but was restarted in July of that same year, with an unspecified publication date. A call for evidence was published on 13 August 2020 by the Cabinet Office.[19] In October 2020, the review's future came into question once again following a decision by the government to implement a separate spending review, which covered one year instead of three, due to the economic uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[20][21][22] A new publication date for February 2021 was then set but was subsequently missed, due again to the pandemic.[23] This date was then replaced by one during March.[24]

Decisions

In November 2020, Johnson announced an investment of £16.5 billion into defence over four years — representing a share of over 2.2% of GDP[25] — as the first conclusion of the Integrated Review. Reported as the "largest military investment in 30 years", Johnson stated: "This is our chance to end the era of retreat, transform our Armed Forces, bolster our global influence, unite and level up our country, pioneer new technology and defend our people and way of life".[26] The investment amounts to an increase of between 10–⁠15 percent on the current annual budget of £41.5 billion.[27]

The full review, titled Global Britain in a Competitive Age, was published on 16 March 2021 by the Cabinet Office.[5] It resulted in the following notable conclusions:

Defence

The UK Carrier Strike Group during an exercise in 2019. The review outlined the government's plans to maintain two aircraft carriers, with one carrier strike group permanently available for operations.

Foreign policy

  • A constructive and productive relationship must be maintained with the European Union based on a mutual respect for sovereignty.[5]
  • The United States must remain the UK's most important bilateral relationship and strategic ally.[5]
  • Russia remains the most active threat to UK security, whilst North Korea and Iran represent growing threats.[5]
  • A positive trade and investment relationship must be maintained with China whilst addressing the "systemic challenge" it represents to UK security.[5]
  • The UK must be active in Africa (in particular East Africa and with Nigeria), the Middle East and the Persian Gulf for trade, green innovation and to make them more resilient regions which are self-reliant for their own security.[5]
  • The UK must continue to be a leading member in NATO — the leading European member — committed to the collective security of the Euro-Atlantic region.[5]
  • By 2030, the UK must be "deeply engaged" in the Indo-Pacific region with a larger, more persistent presence than any other European country.[5]
  • The UK must strengthen its foreign policy cooperation with the Five Eyes member states.[5]

Other

  • A commitment of 0.7% of gross national income (GNI) on development must be reinstated when the "fiscal situation allows".[5]
  • A new Situation Centre to be established to address future crisis'.[5]
  • The UK must become a "science and tech superpower" by 2030 through the redoubling of research and development, bolstering innovation partnerships, and improving national skills – including by attracting the world's "best and brightest" to the UK through a new Global Talent Visa.[5]
  • Tackling climate change and biodiversity loss is to be the government's highest international priority.[5]
  • The UK must become one of the world's leading democratic cyber powers.[5]

Reaction

Jeremy Farrar, director of the health research foundation Wellcome, praised the review's ambitions for the UK to become a "science superpower", however he warned that these ambitions were at risk of being damaged by government cuts to research and development.[30] Dr Jack Watling of the Royal United Services Institute stated that the review had "much to commend", due to its well-evidenced judgments and accurate descriptions of the UK's interests but added that it was "fundamentally incomplete".[31] In an article published by Chatham House, Baroness Joyce Anelay, Chair of the House of Lords International Relations & Defence Select Committee, stated that the Integrated Review over-promised and under-delivered.[32]

The Integrated Review received criticism for its lack of focus on European security, particularly following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[33][34] Several MPs and ex-military chiefs demanded a reversal of some of the decisions made in the Integrated Review to help the UK counter Russia.[35] Conversely, some argued that the conflict reinforced the conclusions of the review.[36] Leader of the Opposition Sir Keir Starmer also accused the Prime Minister of breaking an election pledge to not cut the number of British Army personnel.[37] Foreign policy experts and MPs were also critical of the Integrated Review following the 2021 Taliban offensive which exposed a weakness in the review's dependence on the United States.[38]

Defence in a Competitive Age

Main article: Defence in a Competitive Age

Following the publication of the Integrated Review, the government published a defence command paper, titled Defence in a Competitive Age on 22 March 2021. The document outlined the government's planned investments and savings to defence to allow it to meet the objectives set out in the Integrated Review.[39]

Revision

Over a year since its original publication, in September 2022, the newly-incumbent Prime Minister Liz Truss announced that the Integrated Review would be updated to ensure it is "keeping pace" with evolving threats posted by hostile nations, especially Russia in the wake of its invasion of Ukraine. This update was also expected to be backed by a promised rise in defence spending, accounting for 3% of GDP by 2030.[40] However, Truss' successor, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, who took office in October, has not confirmed he would uphold this promise due to economic uncertainty.[41] Irrespective of this, Sunak remains committed to updating the Integrated Review.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy:Written statement - HCWS126". parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  2. ^ "Russia an 'active threat' and China a 'systemic challenge', Integrated Review will warn". Sky News. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  3. ^ a b c "PM outlines new review to define Britain's place in the world". GOV.UK. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  4. ^ a b "UK foreign policy review will focus on China's growing power". The Guardan. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Global Britain in a Competitive Age: the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy". GOV.UK. Cabinet Office. 16 March 2021.
  6. ^ "Russia an 'active threat' and China a 'systemic challenge', Integrated Review will warn". Sky News. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  7. ^ "Axing the Royal Navy's Wildcat helicopters – still an option for the Integrated Review". Navy Lookout. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Prime Minister announces crucial winter kit delivery for Ukrainian Forces as he meets NATO Chief". GOV.UK. 9 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  9. ^ "Planning for the Next Strategic Defence and Security Review – A Much-Needed Peg in the Ground". RUSI. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  10. ^ "In an era of hybrid warfare, departments must work together to protect Britain". PoliticsHome. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  11. ^ "Defence Secretary Ben Wallace vows to counter space threat from Russia and China". PoliticsHome. 26 July 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  12. ^ "The Integrated Review: The UK's Iran Policy in a Changing Global Security Environment". RUSI. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  13. ^ "Global Britain". hansard.parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  14. ^ a b Johnson, Boris (26 February 2020). "Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy". UK Parliament. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  15. ^ "UK Government sets the stage for sweeping defence review". Army Technology. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  16. ^ "Rivals have surged ahead of UK's armed forces, Ben Wallace warns". The Guardian. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  17. ^ "Defence secretary admits UK is behind adversaries". Financial Times. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  18. ^ "UK hits pause on defense review due to coronavirus". Defense News. 15 April 2020.
  19. ^ "Integrated Review: call for evidence". gov.uk. UK Cabinet Office. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020. Submissions of evidence are invited to inform the government's Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy.
  20. ^ "Government Considering Future Of Integrated Review". BFBS. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  21. ^ "Correspondence to the Prime Minister on the Integrated Review and biosecurity". committees.parliament.uk. Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020. With significant and concerning uncertainty about whether the Integrated Review will be delayed
  22. ^ Chalmers, Malcolm (29 October 2020). "A Reckoning Postponed? The Defence Arithmetic of the Integrated Review" (PDF). rusi.org. Royal United Services Institute. Retrieved 3 November 2020. The [UK Government's] decision to abandon its plans for a multi-year Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) has thrown its plans for the Integrated Review into disarray.
  23. ^ "Integrated Review Findings To Be Published In 'Coming Months'". BFBS. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  24. ^ "Integrated Review Set To Be Published In March". Forces News. 10 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Integrated Review — in the House of Commons at 12:03 pm on 19th November 2020". Hansard. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  26. ^ "PM to announce largest military investment in 30 years". Ministry of Defence. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  27. ^ Rayner, Gordon (18 November 2018). "Boris Johnson to end 'era of retreat' with £24bn Armed Forces spending pledge". The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  28. ^ "UK To Increase Its Nuclear Warhead Stockpile For The First Time Since The Cold War: Report" (PDF). The Wire. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  29. ^ "Air Commodore Paul Godfrey announced as Commander United Kingdom Space Command". Ministry of Defence. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  30. ^ "'Science superpower' ambitions risk being undermined by lack of investment". Wellcome. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  31. ^ "The Integrated Review: Can the UK Avoid Being Overcommitted?". Royal United Services Institute. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  32. ^ "The UK's Integrated Review overpromises and under-delivers". Chatham House. 2 April 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  33. ^ "War in Ukraine — a preliminary audit". The Article. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  34. ^ Cliffe, Jeremy (9 March 2022). "As a new Iron Curtain descends, Europe is already irreversibly changed". The New Statesman. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  35. ^ Sheridan, Danielle (26 February 2022). "Troop cuts must be reversed to counter threat from Russia, warn MPs and military chiefs". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  36. ^ "Ukraine reinforces the case for the Integrated Review". The Telegraph. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  37. ^ "Sir Keir Starmer accuses Boris Johnson of 'breaking promise' on Army troop numbers". BBC News. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  38. ^ "What now for Global Britain after Afghanistan crisis?". PoliticsHome. 2 September 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  39. ^ "Defence in a competitive age" (PDF). Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  40. ^ "Prime Minister to tell UN General Assembly: I will lead a new Britain for a new era". GOV.UK. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  41. ^ "Ben Wallace won't quit despite Rishi Sunak's refusal to commit to defence spending target". Daily Telegraph. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.

Further reading

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