International Freedom Battalion

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International Freedom Battalion
Tabûra Azadî ya Înternasyonal
Dates of operation10 June 2015 – present
Group(s)See groups
Active regionsRojava, Syria
IdeologyRevolutionary socialism
Proletarian internationalism
Political positionFar-left
Allies Syrian Democratic Forces

International Anti-Fascist Battalion[1][2]
TKP-Kıvılcım
Kurdistan Workers' Party

Opponents Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
 Turkey
Battles and warsSyrian Civil War
Flag
Insignia

The International Freedom Battalion (Turkish: Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu, Kurdish: Tabûra Azadî ya Înternasyonal, Arabic: تابور الحرية العالمي), commonly abbreviated as IFB or EÖT, is an armed group consisting of leftist foreign fighters fighting for the People's Protection Units in the Syrian Civil War in support of the Rojava Revolution and against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[3][4] The formation of the International Freedom Battalion was announced on 10 June 2015 in Serê Kaniyê (Ras al-Ayn).[5][6] Inspiration for the group came from the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War. The political ideologies of the fighters include Marxism–Leninism, Hoxhaism, Maoism, and anarchism.

Main groups

The International Freedom Battalion is made up of fighters from left-wing armed groups (as well as individuals not part of any other groups) most of whom had been fighting with the YPG before the creation of the International Freedom Battalion. These groups include:

Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi

Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkish: Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi, abbreviated as MLKP) is an underground Hoxhaist communist party from Turkey. MLKP fighters had been reportedly been sent to Syria to fight with the People's Protection Units since 2012. MLKP fighters have also joined Kurdistan Workers' Party fighting in Northern Iraq in defence of the Yezidi minority in Sinjar.[7] In April 2015, it was announced that MLKP founded a permanent military training centre in the PKK-controlled areas of the Iraqi Kurdistan.[8] In March 2015 a 19-year-old German woman, Ivana Hoffmann, was killed whilst fighting ISIL during the battle of Tell Tamer making her the third western fighter, as well as the first female western fighter, to die while fighting alongside the YPG.[9][10] MLKP's female organisation, Komünist Kadın Örgütü, is also involved in fighting.[11] MLKP was heavily involved in forming the International Freedom Battalion.

Sosyal İsyan

Social Insurrection was founded in 2013 in Turkey by a group of green anarchists in Tuzluçayır. [12][13][14]

TKP/ML TİKKO

Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye İşci ve Köylü Kurtuluş Ordusu, abbreviated as TİKKO) is the armed wing of the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist (Turkish: Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist-Leninist, abbreviated as TKP/ML), a Maoist insurgent organisation in Turkey. On 25 March 2016, the TKP/ML TİKKO headquarters in Serêkaniyê were targeted by a motorcycle bomb causing slight injuries to two members and damage to the headquarters, two suspects were detained by Asayiş.[15][16][17]

Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri

Main article: United Freedom Forces

The United Freedom Forces (Turkish: Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri, or BÖG), inspired by the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War, were founded in December 2014 in the town of Kobanê as an organization of foreign leftist fighters of both revolutionary socialist and anarchist convictions. However groups such as the predominant MLKP didn't join,[18] but eventually BÖG and those other groups participated in the formation of the International Freedom Battalion. BÖG also has a female branch named "Women's Freedom Forces" (Kadın Özgürlük Gücü in Turkish).[19] BÖG is considered to be the largest group within the International Freedom Battalion.[12] BOG contains several factions, see Member groups

Reconstrucción Comunista

Communist Reconstruction (Spanish: Reconstrucción Comunista, abbreviated as RC) is a Marxist-Leninist group from Spain. The group carries a variant of the Flag of the Second Spanish Republic. RC has strong ties to the MLKP and members fight as part of MLKP formations, even fighting in Sinjar. Two members of the group were arrested by police after their return to Spain and were accused of participating in an armed conflict outside of Spain without authorization from the state, as well as putting national interests at risk and joining groups fighting against ISIL that are considered terrorist organizations by international organizations.[20] In January 2016, eight Spanish citizens and one Turkish citizen were arrested in Spain.[21] The Spanish Interior Ministry said in a statement that "The detained, in collaboration with other individuals residing in various European countries, were providing the necessary infrastructure for displaced people to travel abroad and to finally integrate in the ranks of the Peoples' Protection Units (YPG) or one of the armed wings of the organization" and that the majority of the arrested belong to the group 'Communist Reconstruction'.[22]

Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist

Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist (Turkish: Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist, abbreviated as TKEP/L) is an illegal Marxist-Leninist party in Turkey. The group have set up their own headquarters in Rojava.[23]

Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity

Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity (Greek: Επαναστατικός Σύνδεσμος Διεθνιστικής Αλληλεγγύης, abbreviated as ΕΣΔΑ) is a anarcho-communist group from Greece.[24][25] They have fought in Syria since 2015. Their appearance has alarmed Greek security and intelligence officials alleging that "warriors will be trained in guerilla warfare and then will be able to apply what they have learned in their homeland".[26]

Bob Crow Brigade

Flag of the Bob Crow Brigade

The Bob Crow Brigade (abbreviated as BCB) is a group of fighters from the United Kingdom and Ireland[27] named after Bob Crow, an English trade union leader and self-described "communist/socialist", who had died of a heart attack in March 2014. The group expressed solidarity with striking rail workers in the United Kingdom.[28][29] Steve Hedley, senior assistant general secretary of the RMT, said: "Bob would have been honoured that young people from Britain would fight the forces of evil in his name. A great admirer of the international brigades that fought in Spain, Crow would of course have drawn the parallels with the new international brigades fighting clerical fascism and defending Yazhidi, Muslim and Christian workers from slavery and persecution."[30]

The group criticized the Labour Party leadership candidate, Owen Smith, for proposing negotiations with ISIL.[31] After Turkey and its allied rebel groups invaded parts of northern Syria and clashed with the Syrian Democratic Forces, Turkish officials stated that they will treat British and other foreign volunteers fighting alongside the YPG as terrorists.[32][33] On 2 September, the Bob Crow Brigade relocated from the Raqqa front to Manbij and stated "When we came to defend the revolution we meant from all enemies, big or small".[34] On 7 September 2016, the Bob Crow Brigade sent a message of solidarity to the women of Ireland fighting to repeal the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland on the 33rd anniversary of its approval by referendum, as well as striking Irish bus workers the following day.[35][36]

Henri Krasucki Brigade

The flag of the Henri Krasucki Brigade[25]

The Henri Krasucki Brigade (French: Brigade Henri Krasucki) is a group of fighters from France. Inspired by their English-speaking counterparts of the Bob Crow Brigade, they named themselves after the French trade-unionist Henri Krasucki.[25] The group expressed solidarity with the CGT union and the Air France workers on trial for the "shirt-ripping case" over an incident on 5 October 2015, which arose from a dispute over the aviation giant's plans to cut 2,900 jobs.[37]

International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces

The flag of the IRPGF

The International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces (abbreviated as IRPGF) is a militant, armed, self-organized, and horizontal collective of foreign anarchist fighters from around the world. The formation of the IRPGF was announced on 31 March 2017 in a video and text release to several revolutionary websites and media organizations.[38] According to the declaration of the group, their goals are to defend the social revolution in Rojava and spread anarchism.

They are a member organization and part of the management team of the International Freedom Battalion since April 2017, this was announced by the IFB on 17 May on their Facebook page. Their public formation and solidarity campaigns have garnered interest and support from around the world as well as backlash.[39][40] On 24 July, the group established an LGBT unit, the TQILA.[41][42]

The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army

The flag of TQILA

The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army (abbreviated as TQILA)[note 1] is an unit of the IFB anounced in 24 July 2017, by members of the IRPGF from Raqqa City. The group launched a statement explaining the purposes of its formation in which the response to persecution of LGBT persons by ISIL is highlighted as one of the main motivations of the group. The testimonial image of its formation, in which fighters posed alongside a sign with the motto "These faggots kill fascists" and two flags —one belonging to the recent group and an LGBT flag— that was quickly viralized by several western media that, surprised by the paradoxical unit against Daesh, echoed the event with large repercussions.[note 2]

They are part of the International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces and International Freedom Battalion.

Structure

Gallery

  • Members of International Freedom Battalion.
    Members of International Freedom Battalion.
  • IFB members in the ceremony and burial of Ayşe Deniz Karacagil of MLKP in Kobanê.
    IFB members in the ceremony and burial of Ayşe Deniz Karacagil of MLKP in Kobanê.
  • Women of IFB in solidarity with Ni una menos.
    Women of IFB in solidarity with Ni una menos.
  • Members of International Freedom Battalion.
    Members of International Freedom Battalion.
  • IFB members in solidarity with PFLP.
    IFB members in solidarity with PFLP.
  • Some members of the Bob Crow Brigade.
    Some members of the Bob Crow Brigade.

International Freedom Battalion fatalities

Date of death Name Age Nationality Group Location of death
September 2013 Serkan Tosun N/A Turkish MLKP Ras al-Ayn, Al-Hasakah Governorate[50]
23 February 2015 Ashley Johnston 28 Australian Lions of Rojava, YPG near Tell Hamis, Al-Hasakah Governorate[51]
2 March 2015 Konstandinos Erik Scurfield 25 British Lions of Rojava, YPG Tal Khuzela, Al-Hasakah Governorate[52]
7 March 2015 Ivana Hoffman 19 German MLKP near Tell Tamer, Al-Hasakah Governorate[53]
mid-May 2015 N/A N/A Iranian YPG south of Ras al-Ayn, Al-Hasakah Governorate[54]
25 May 2015 Bedrettin Akdeniz N/A Turkish BÖG Til Xenzir, Al-Hasakah Governorate[55]
2 June 2015 Mahir Arpaçay N/A Turkish BÖG near Ras al-Ayn, Al-Hasakah Governorate[56]
3 June 2015 Keith Broomfield 36 American Lions of Rojava, YPG Suluk, Raqqa Governorate[57]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[50]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[50]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[50]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[50]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[50]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[50]
27 June 2015 Reece Harding 23 Australian Lions of Rojava, YPG Al-Kantari, Raqqah Governorate[58][54]
6 July 2015 Kevin Jochim 21 German Lions of Rojava, YPG near Suluk, Raqqa Governorate[59][60]
21 September 2015 Aziz Güler N/A Turkish BÖG near Ras al-Ayn, Al-Hasakah Governorate[61]
4 November 2015 John Robert Gallagher 32 Canadian The 223, YPG near Al-Hawl, Al-Hasakah Governorate[62][63][64]
23 February 2016 Gunter Helsten 47 German YPG Al-Shaddadah, Al-Hasakah Governorate[65]
3 May 2016 Mario Nunes 22 Portuguese YPG Tell Tamer, Al-Hasakah Governorate[66]
25 May 2016 Jamie Bright 45 Australian YPG Al-Shaddadah, Al-Hasakah Governorate[67]
28 June 2016 Eylem Ataş N/A Turkish BÖG Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[68]
14 July 2016 Levi Jonathan Shirley 24 American YPG Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[69][70]
21 July 2016 Martin Gruden N/A Slovenian YPG Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[71][72]
27 July 2016 Dean Carl Evans 22 British YPG Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[71]
3 August 2016 Jordan MacTaggart 22 American YPG Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[73]
10 August 2016 William Savage 27 American YPG Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[74][75]
August 2016 Amir Qobadi N/A Iranian YPG near Kobanî, Aleppo Governorate[76][77]
24 November 2016 Michael Israel 27 American YPG & BÖG west of Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[78][79]
24 November 2016 Anton Leschek N/A German YPG west of Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[78]
21 December 2016 Ryan Lock 20 British YPG west of Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[80]
21 December 2016 Nazzareno Tassone 24 Canadian YPG west of Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[81]
7 January 2017 Muzaffer Kandemir N/A Turkish BÖG west of Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[82]
15 January 2017 Paolo Todd 33 American YPG west of Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[83]
18 January 2017 Albert Avery Harrington 49 American YPG & SMC west of Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[84][83]
10 May 2017 Ulaş Bayraktaroğlu N/A Turkish BÖG near Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[85]
29 May 2017 Ayşe Deniz Karacagil 23 Turkish MLKP near Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[86][87]
29 May 2017 Hasan Ali N/A Turkish MLKP near Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[88][89]
5 July 2017 Robert Grodt 28 American YPG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[90]
5 July 2017 Luke Rutter 22 British YPG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[91]
5 July 2017 Nicholas Warden 29 American YPG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[91]
16 July 2017 David Taylor 26 American YPG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[92]
14 August 2017 Nubar Ozanyan 61 Turkish TKP/ML Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[93]
September 2017 Gökhan Taşyakan 38 Turkish BÖG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[94]
7 September 2017 Frederic Henri Georges Demonchaux 49 French YPG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[95]
16 September 2017 Siyabend Nasir N/A Iraqi YPG Deir ez-Zor Governorate[95]
26 September 2017 Mehmet Aksoy 32 British YPG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[96]
24 October 2017 Jac Holmes 24 British YPG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[97]
25 November 2017 Oliver Hall 24 British YPG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[98]

See also

References

  1. ^ Pronounced [teˈkila]ⓘ like the word Tequila.
  2. ^ Newspapers both digital and physical, echoed the news such as HuffPost,[43] The Sun,[44] Newsweek,[45] The Independent,[46] New York Post,[47] Euronews,[48] El Confidencial[49] among others.
  1. ^ Tonacci, Fabio (29 December 2016). "La brigata degli italiani con i curdi verso Raqqa: "Ma a casa non sanno che qui combattiamo"". la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. p. 8.
  2. ^ Harp (2017), p. 49.
  3. ^ "Rojava'da ilk Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu kuruldu". YPG News (in Turkish). 10 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  4. ^ "International Freedom Battalion: women of the world, defend the Rojava revolution–a report from JINHA". signalfire. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  5. ^ "The First Internationalist Freedom Battalion Established in Rojava". Isyandan. 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "New Leftist 'Freedom Brigade' to Join Kurdish Forces in Rojava". TeleSUR. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  7. ^ "MLKP fighters also in Sinjar". Kurdish info. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  8. ^ "MLKP komutanı Can: 'Gerilla tarzı yaşam bizim geleceğimizdir'". Etkin Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 27 April 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  9. ^ "German woman fighting ISIL killed in Syria". Al Jazeera. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  10. ^ "Funeral for German woman Ivana Hoffmann killed fighting IS". BBC News Online. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  11. ^ "MLKP Rojava/KKÖ: Halkımızın acıları acımızdır". Etkin Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 1 June 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  12. ^ a b The Carter Center (2017), p. 2.
  13. ^ Anarquistas en Rojava http://325.nostate.net/tag/sosyal-isyan-social-rebellion/ Consultado el 22 de julio de 2016
  14. ^ Anarquistas ecologistas en Rojava (texto en turco) http://sosyalsavas.org/2015/02/rojava-ve-kobanedeki-yeniden-insaa-surecinde-anarsist-ve-ekolojist-gerillalar/ Consultado el 22 de julio de 2016
  15. ^ "Islamic State bomb attack against Serêkaniyê HQ of TKP/ML-TIKKO". Signalfire. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  16. ^ "TKP-ML TİKKO'ya yönelik bombalı saldırı". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 26 March 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  17. ^ The Carter Center (2017), pp. 2, 3.
  18. ^ "Enternasyonal cepheye çağrı". Özgür Gündem (in Turkish). 8 December 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  19. ^ "Kadın Özgürlük Gücü kuruldu". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 14 August 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  20. ^ Rodríguez, Jorge A. (7 July 2015). "Two Spaniards arrested on return from fighting ISIS in Syria". El País. Translated by Hunter, Simon. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  21. ^ "Spanish police arrest 9 for suspected PKK links". Rudaw. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  22. ^ "Police Arrest Eight Spaniards And One Turk For Recruiting Fighters For PKK-KCK". The Spain Report. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  23. ^ "TKEP-L Rojava'da merkez açtı". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 22 January 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  24. ^ "The International Freedom Battalion of Rojava and participation from greece". athens.indymedia.org. Independent Media Center. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  25. ^ a b c The Carter Center (2017), p. 3.
  26. ^ "Greek anarchists vow to implement warfare methods they learned from PYD terrorists in Syria". Daily Sabah. Istanbul. 29 May 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  27. ^ MacDonald, Alex (16 August 2016). "Bob Crow brigade '30 miles' from IS-stronghold of Raqqa in Syria". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  28. ^ MacDonald, Alex (10 August 2016). "'Bob Crow Brigade' in Syria solidarity with striking London Tube workers". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  29. ^ Verkaik, Robert (10 August 2016). "British in Syria rename themselves Bob Crow Brigade and break off from fighting ISIS". Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
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  31. ^ Verkaik, Robert (26 August 2016). "'Bob Crow Brigade' attack Labour's Owen Smith over ISIS talks comment". Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
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  33. ^ Ensor, Josie (1 September 2016). "Turkey warns: we will treat Britons fighting with Kurds as terrorists". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  34. ^ Baker, Graeme (2 September 2016). "British YPG fighters 'head to Manbij to face Turkish forces'". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  35. ^ Anderson, Claire (7 September 2016). "Ní Saoirse go Saoirse na mBan: There is no freedom until the freedom of women". BreakingNews.ie. Landmark Digital Ltd. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  36. ^ Ó Conghaile, Tomaí (8 September 2016). "Comharthaí Gaeilge á n-ardú ag trodaithe sa Chordastáin". Nós (in Irish). Rua Media. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
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  40. ^ "В Рожаве создана новая организация партизан-анархистов | Новости Курдистана". kurdistan.today (in Russian). Retrieved 30 June 2017.
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  42. ^ Kentish, Ben (25 July 2017). "'The Queer Insurrection': Coalition forces fighting Isis in Syria form first LGBT unit". The Independent. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
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  50. ^ a b c d e f g Outlawed Turkish party
  51. ^ Kurdish militia pays tribute to Ashley Johnston, killed fighting with its forces
  52. ^ British citizen fighting with Kurds killed in Syria
  53. ^ German woman, 19, dies fighting Islamic State in Syria
  54. ^ a b A second German fighter in YPG killed in clashes with “Islamic State”
  55. ^ SDP Bedrettin Akdeniz için mesaj yayınladı
  56. ^ BÖG: Mahir yoldaş ölümsüzdür
  57. ^ American fighting with Kurds is killed in Syria
  58. ^ Australian man Reece Harding killed helping Kurds fight Isis in Syria – reports
  59. ^ YPG announces death of German fighter Kevin Jochim
  60. ^ Young German fighting with Kurds against Isis dies in battle in Syria
  61. ^ Governor once again rejects application of Rojava martyr Güler’s family
  62. ^ John Gallagher: Here’s what we know about the Canadian killed while fighting ISIS in Syria
  63. ^ The Canadian fighter who died in an explosion in the countryside of al-Hool
  64. ^ A secretive unit of international veterans went on its first anti-ISIL mission last fall. Hours later, a Canadian was dead
  65. ^ German warrior fighting with Syrian Kurds against Islamic State killed in battle
  66. ^ Portuguese YPG fighter dies in Syria
  67. ^ Tributes flow after Australian man Jamie Bright killed fighting with Kurds against Islamic State
  68. ^ Thousands bid farewell to BÖG fighter and HPG guerrilla in Adana
  69. ^ Colorado man who joined Kurdish forces in their fight against ISIS killed in combat in Syria
  70. ^ Bodies of three Americans fighting with YPG repatriated through Kurdistan Region
  71. ^ a b Two Western YPG volunteers killed in Manbij
  72. ^ The British dairy farmer who fell in battle against Isis
  73. ^ Colorado family says son died fighting for Kurdish militia
  74. ^ American volunteer with YPG died two days before Manbij victory
  75. ^ American Volunteer Killed While Battling IS in Syria
  76. ^ Iranian Kurds Bolster Anti-IS Forces in Iraq, Syria
  77. ^ Turkey and US clash in northern Syria
  78. ^ a b International YPG Volunteers Fighting ISIS Killed by Turkish Warplanes – Updated
  79. ^ "BÖG: Michael Israel yoldaşımız Minbic'in batısında ölümsüzleşmiştir". Hawat News (in Turkish). ANHA. 2 December 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  80. ^ Briton Ryan Lock 'killed himself' to avoid IS capture
  81. ^ Canadian man killed while fighting ISIS in Syria
  82. ^ BÖG fighter Kandemir martyred in the Operation Wrath of Euphrates
  83. ^ a b Two US Volunteers Killed Fighting for Kurdish Militia in Syria – The Whim
  84. ^ Kurds confirm death of third US volunteer as part of Raqqa campaign
  85. ^ Syria: United Freedom Forces (BÖG) Commander Ulaş Bayraktaroğlu martyred during the operation to liberate Raqqa
  86. ^ MLKP: Ayşe Deniz Karacagil'in mirasını yaşatacağız
  87. ^ Martyrs Karacagil, Bayraktaroğlu and Güler commemorated in London
  88. ^ Unsere Genossin Ayşe Deniz Karacagil (Destan Temmuz) ist am 29. Mai unsterblich geworden!
  89. ^ Four martyrs of Raqqa operation laid to rest
  90. ^ Two Americans killed battling ISIS in Syria
  91. ^ a b British man and two Americans killed fighting Isis in Syria
  92. ^ U.S. NATIONAL DAVID TAYLOR KILLED FIGHTING ISIS FOR KURDISH MILITIA IN SYRIA
  93. ^ "TKP/ML-TİKKO Commander in Rojava falls a martyr". ANF News. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  94. ^ "Gökhan Taşyakan martyred in Rojava". KurDdaily. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  95. ^ a b Şehit düşen 5 YPG savaşçısının kimliği açıklandı
  96. ^ British film-maker killed by IS fighters in Syria
  97. ^ IS-fighting British man Jac Holmes killed in Syria
  98. ^ British man who went to fight Isis in Syria killed in Raqqa

Bibliography

External links

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