Maenad

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In Greek mythology, maenads were the female followers of Dionysus, the most significant members of the Thiasus, the retinue of Dionysus. Their name literally translates as "raving ones". Often the maenads were portrayed as inspired by him into a state of ecstatic frenzy, through a combination of dancing and drunken intoxication.^[1] In this state, they would lose all self control, begin shouting excitedly, engage in uncontrolled sexual behavior, and ritualistically hunt down and tear animals (and sometimes men and children) to pieces, devouring the raw flesh. During these rites, the maenads would dress in fawn skins and carry a thyrsus, a long stick wrapped in ivy or vine leaves and tipped by a cluster of leaves, weave ivy-wreaths around their heads, and often handle or wear snakes.^[2]

German philologist Walter Friedrich Otto writes that, "The Bacchae of Euripides gives us the most vital picture of the wonderful circumstance in which, as Plato says in the Ion, the god-intoxicated celebrants draw milk and honey from the streams. They strike rocks with the thyrsus, and water gushes forth. They lower the thyrsus to the earth, and a spring of wine bubbles up. If they want milk, they scratch up the ground with their fingers and draw up the milky fluid. Honey trickles down from the thyrsus made of the wood of the ivy, they gird themselves with snakes and give suck to fawns and wolf cubs as if they were infants at the breast. Fire does not burn them. No weapon of iron can wound them, and the snakes harmlessly lick up the sweat from their heated cheeks. Fierce bulls fall to the ground, victims to numberless, tearing female hands, and sturdy trees are torn up by the roots with their combined efforts.”^[3]

The maddened Hellenic women of real life were mythologized as the mad women who were nurses of Dionysus in Nysa: "he that on a time drave down over the sacred mount of Nysa the nursing mothers of mad Dionysus; and they all let fall to the ground their wands." (Iliad, VI.130ff). They went into the mountains at night and practised strange rites.^[4]

In Macedon, according to Plutarch's Life of Alexander, they were called Mimallones and Klodones. In Greece they were described as Bacchae, Bassarides, Thyiades, Potniades and other epithets.^[5]

The maenads were also known as Bassarids (or Bacchae or Bacchantes) in Roman mythology, after the penchant of the equivalent Roman god, Bacchus, to wear a fox-skin, a bassaris.

In Euripides' play The Bacchae, Theban maenads murdered King Pentheus after he banned the worship of Dionysus. Dionysus, Pentheus' cousin, himself lured Pentheus to the woods, where the maenads tore him apart. His corpse was mutilated by his own mother, Agave, who tore off his head, believing it to be that of a lion.

A group of maenads also killed Orpheus.^[6]

In Greek vase-painting, the frolicking of maenads and Dionysus is often a theme depicted on Greek kraters, used to mix water and wine. These scenes show the maenads in their frenzy running in the forests, often tearing to pieces any animal they happen to come across.

See also Icarius, Butes, Dryas, and Minyades for other examples of Dionysus inflicting insanity upon women as a curse.

Contents 1 Categories of maenads 1.1 Nurses/nymphs 1.2 Resisters to the new religion 1.3 Voluntary revelers 1.4 Priestesses of Dionysus 1.5 Other groups 2 Maenadic practices: the Bacchanalia 3 Myths about the maenads 4 Maenads in art 5 Maenads in later culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links

[edit] Categories of maenads

[edit] Nurses/nymphs

The name maenad has come to be associated with a wide variety of women, supernatural, mythological, and historical,^[7] associated with the god Dionysus and his worship. In the realm of the supernatural, we have the category of nymphs/nurses who care for the young Dionysus, and continue in his worship as he comes of age. The god Hermes is said to have carried the young Dionysus to the nymphs of Nysa.

Different from gods, nymphs are generally regarded as divine spirits who animate nature, and are usually depicted as beautiful, young girls who love to dance and sing; their amorous freedom sets them apart from the restricted and chaste wives and daughters of the Greek polis. Throughout Greek mythology, they often act as attendants for one or more of the major gods or goddesses. They are extremely long-lived, but not necessarily immortal.

In another myth, when his mother, Semele, is killed, the care of young Dionysus falls into the hands of her sisters, Ino, Agave, and Autonoe, who later are depicted as participating in the rites and taking a leadership role among the other maenads.

[edit] Resisters to the new religion

The term ‘maenad’ also is used to refer to a category of women in the mythology who resist the worship of Dionysus, and are therefore driven mad by him, being forced against their will to participate in often horrific rites. The doubting women of Thebes, the prototypical maenads, or ‘mad women’, left their homes to live in the wilds of the nearby mountain Cithaeron. When they discover Pentheus spying on them, dressed as a maenad, they tear him limb from limb.

This also occurs with the three daughters of Minyas, who reject Dionysus and remain true to their household duties, becoming startled by invisible drums, flutes, cymbals, and seeing ivy hanging down from their looms. As punishment for their resistance, they become madwomen, choosing the child of one of their number by lot and tearing it to pieces, as the women on the mountain did to young animals. A similar story with a tragic end is told of the daughters of Proetus.

[edit] Voluntary revelers

Not all women were inclined to resist the call of Dionysus, however. Maenads, possessed by the spirit of Dionysus, traveled with him from Thrace to mainland Greece in his quest for the recognition of his divinity. Dionysus was said to have danced down from Parnassos accompanied by Delphic virgins, and we know that even as young girls the women in Boeotia practiced not only the closed rites but also the bearing of the thyrsos and the dances.

The foundation myth is believed to have been reenacted every other year during the Agronia. Here the women of Thebes were organized in to three dance groups and rushed off to Mount Cithaeron with ritual cries of “to the mountain!” As “mad women,” they pursued and killed, perhaps by dismemberment (sparagmos) the ‘king’, possibly represented by a goat. The maenads may have eaten the meat of the goat raw (omophagia) or sacrificed it to Dionysys. Eventually the women would be freed from their madness and return to Thebes and their usual lives, but for the time of the festival they would have had an intense ecstatic experience. The Agrionia was celebrated in several Greek cities, but especially in Boeotia. Each Boeotian city had its own distinct foundation myth for it, but the pattern was much the same: the arrival of Dionysus, resistance to him, flight of the women to a mountain, the killing of Dionysus’ persecutor, and eventual reconciliation with the god.

[edit] Priestesses of Dionysus

In this category of ‘maenad’ is found the later references to priestesses of the Dionystic cult. In the third century BCE, when an Asia Minor city wanted to create a maenadic cult of Dionysus, the Delphic Oracle bid them to send to Thebes for both instruction and three professional maenads, stating, “Go to the holy plain of Thebe so that you may get maenads who are from the family of Ino, daughter of Cadmus. They will give to you both the rites and good practices, and they will establish dance groups (thiasoi) of Bacchus [ie: Dionysus] in your city.”

[edit] Other groups

The names of other associations of women who can be characterized as maenads are the Laphystiai, the Dionysiades, the Leucippides, the Bassarai, the Dysmainai, the Klodones, and the Mimallones. The memory of the Thyiades and of their cymbals, which people thought they heard, was still alive in the vicinity of Mr. Parnassos at the beginning of [the 20th] century. For the peasants the Thyiades had become Neraides, ghost women, of whom folk stood in awe believing that they possessed a power which Dionysos himself possessed.

[edit] Maenadic practices: the Bacchanalia

Cultic rites associated with worship of the Greek god of wine, Bacchus (or Dionysus), allegedly characterized by maniacal dancing to the sound of loud music and crashing cymbals, in which the revellers, called Bacchantes, whirled, screamed, became drunk and incited one another to greater and greater ecstasy. The goal was to achieve a state of enthusiasm in which the celebrants’ souls were temporarily freed from their earthly bodies and were able to commune with Bacchus/Dionysus and gain a glimpse of and a preparation for what they would someday experience in eternity after their resurrection. The rite climaxed in a performance of frenzied feats of strength and madness, such as uprooting trees, tearing a bull (the symbol of Dionysus) apart with their bare hands, an act called sparagmos, and eating its flesh raw, an act called omophagia. This latter rite was a sacrament akin to communion in which the participants assumed the strength and character of the god by symbolically eating the raw flesh and drinking the blood of his symbolic incarnation. Having symbolically eaten his body and drunk his blood, the celebrants believed they became possessed by Dionysus. The main shrines where these rites took place were at Delphi and Eleusis

[edit] Myths about the maenads

Dionysus came to his birthplace, Thebes, where neither Pentheus, his cousin who was now king, nor Pentheus’ mother Agave, Dionysus’ aunt (Semele’s sister) acknowledged his divinity. Dionysus punished Agave by driving her insane, and in that condition, she killed her son and tore him to pieces. From Thebes, Dionysus went to Argos where all the women except the daughters of King Proetus joined in his worship. Dionysus punished them by driving them mad, and they killed the infants who were nursing at their breasts. He did the same to the daughters of Minyas, King of Orchomenos in Boetia, and then turned them into bats.

According to Opian, Dionysus delighted, as a child, in tearing kids into pieces and bringing them back to life again. Characterized as “the raging one,” and “the mad one,” the nature of the maenads, from which they get their name, is, therefore, his nature.^[8]

Once during a war in the middle of the third century BC, the entranced Thyiades (maenads) lost their way and arrived in Amphissa, a city near Delphi. There they sank down exhausted in the market place and were overpowered by a deep sleep. The women of Amphissa formed a protective ring around them and when they awoke arranged for them to return home unmolested. This is depicted in "The Women of Amphissa," by Dutch-born British painter Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema.

On another occasion, the Thyiades were snowed in on Parnassos and it was necessary to send a rescue party. The clothing of the men who took part in the rescue froze solid. It is unlikely that the Thyiades, even if they wore deerskins over their shoulders, were ever dressed more warmly than the men.^[9]

[edit] Maenads in art

Maenads have been depicted in art as erratic and frenzied women enveloped in a drunken rapture. The most obvious example being that of Euripides’ play The Bacchae. His play, however, is not a study of the cult of Dionysus or the effects of this religious hysteria of these women. The maenads have often been misinterpreted in art in this way. To understand the play of Euripides though one must only know about the religious ecstasy called Dionysiac, the most common moment maenads are displayed in art. In Euripides’ play and other art forms and works the Dionysiac only needs to be understood as the frenzied dances of the god which are direct manifestations of euphoric possession and that these worshippers, sometimes by eating the flesh of a man or animal who has temporarily incarnated the god, come to partake of his divinity.

In addition to Euripedes' The Bacchae, depictions of maenads are often found on both red and black figure Greek pottery. Also, fragments of reliefs of female worshippers of Dionysis have been discovered at Corinth.^[10] Mark W. Edwards in his paper "Representation of Maenads on Archaic Red-Figure Vases" traces the evolution of maenad's depictions on Red-Figure vases. Edwards distinguishes between "nymphs" which appear earlier on Greek pottery and "maenads" which are identified by their characteristic fawnskin or "nebris" and often carrying snakes in their hands. However, the actions of the figures on the pottery Edwards does not consider a distinguishing characteristic for differentiation between Maendas and nymphs. Rather, the differences or similarities in actions are more striking between black-figure and red-figure pottery as opposed to maenads and nymphs.^[11]

[edit] Maenads in later culture

Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (July 2009)

A maenad appears in the second stanza of Percy Bysshe Shelley's Ode to the West Wind (1819):

Angels of rain and lightning; there are spread

On the blue surface of their airy surge,

Like the bright hair uplifted from the head

Of some fierce Maenad, ev'n from the dim verge

Of the horizon to the zenith's height—

In Algernon Charles Swinburne's quasi-autobiographical poem "Thalassius" (1880), a stunning epic simile of 33 lines (337-70) compares the temptation of the poet to a riot of Bassarides.

The Bassarids (composed 1964-65, premiere 1966), to a libretto by W. H. Auden and Chester Kallman, is the most famous opera composed by Hans Werner Henze.

The maenads correspond to the Shikome in the Japanese myth of Izanami and Izanagi (which has a correspondence with the Orpheus myth).

Maenads, along with Bacchus, and Silenus appear in C.S. Lewis' Prince Caspian. They along with Bacchus, are portrayed as wild, rambunctious young children who dance around and perform somersaults.

In 1932. the small 6th-century BC statuette of a maenad was found in city of Tetovo, Macedonia, and since than is the most promenent simbol of thet city, depicted even on the Coat of Arms of Tetovo, makes it the only Coat of Arms in the world depicting a maenad. ^[12]. Further more this s.c "Tetovo Maenad" is depicted on the obverse of the Macedonian 5000 denars banknote, issued in 1996.^[13]

We see much later references to maenads in Ray Manzarek's Light My Fire: My Life with the Doors. Generally, Manzarek seems to use the term as synonymous with "groupie," but with just a hint of hallucinogenic reality behind the whole thing. Just one brief example: "Now Jim's satyr was a most appropriate hallucination for a Dionysus-like individual. Satyrs are the familiars, the attendees of Dionysus. Also of Bachus, the Roman god of wine and revelry. They mill about Dionysus, waiting for the fun to begin. They wait for the maenads, those frenzied women who take part in the wild, orgiasitic rites that accompany his worship. They wait for the bacchantes. They wait with Dionysus for the rock concert to begin. For the groupies to appear!" (129).

In summer 2009 in the second season of HBO's series "True Blood," the character Maryann is a maenad, Though the portrayal varies substantially from traditional mythology. The character is a loose interpretation of the original maenad featured in the Sookie Stackhouse book series by Charlaine Harris. The maenad in the TV series is lacking traditional elements such as the thyrsus carried by the maenads, and the intense connection between the maenad and true, uncontrolled madness, as opposed to just sex, drunkenness, and violence. ^[14]

[edit] See also

• Anthesteria
• Gerarai

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Abel, Ernest L., Intoxication in Mythology: A Worldwide Dictionary of Gods, Rites, Intoxicants, and Place, McFarland & Co., Inc., Publishers; Jefferson, NC and London 2006.
• Edwards, Mark W. "Representation of Maenads on Archaic Red-Figure Vases." The Journal of Hellenistic Studies 80 (1960): 78-87
• Manheim, Ralph (translator), Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, Bollingen Series LXV 2; Princeton University Press 1976.
• Manzarek, Ray. Light My Fire: My Life with the Doors. New York: Berkly Boulevard Books, 1999
• Mikalson, Jon D., Ancient Greek Religion, Blackwell Publishing Ltd; Malden, MA 2005.
• Morford, Mark P.O.; and Lenardon, Robert J., Classical Mythology, 7th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003.
• Otto, Walter F., Dionysus: Myth and Cult; Indiana University Press; Bloomington and Indianapolis 1965.
• Richardson, Rufus B. "A Group of Dionsiac Sculptures from Corinth. " American Journal of Archaeology 8, no.3 (July- September 1904): 288-296

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Maenads

• Background and Images for the Bacchae