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Social Democratic Party of Finland

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Social Democratic Party of Finland
Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue[nb 1]
Finlands socialdemokratiska parti
AbbreviationSDP
LeaderSanna Marin
Founded20 July 1899; 125 years ago (1899-07-20)
HeadquartersSaariniemenkatu 6, Helsinki
NewspaperDemokraatti
Student wingSocial Democratic Students
Youth wingDemarinuoret
Women's wingSocial Democratic Women in Finland [fi][1]
Membership (2019)39,450[2]
IdeologySocial democracy
Political positionCentre-left
European affiliationParty of European Socialists
European Parliament groupProgressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats[3]
International affiliationProgressive Alliance[4]
Socialist International[5]
Nordic affiliationSAMAK
The Social Democratic Group
Colours  Red
Parliament
40 / 200
European Parliament
2 / 14
Municipality councils
1,449 / 8,999
County seats
275 / 1,379
Website
sdp.fi
Part of a series on
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The Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP, Finnish: Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue [ˈsuo̯men ˈsosiɑ(ː)liˌdemokrɑːtːinen ˈpuo̯lue]; Swedish: Finlands socialdemokratiska parti), shortened to the Social Democrats (Finnish: Sosiaalidemokraatit; Swedish: Socialdemokrater) and commonly known in Finnish as Demarit (Swedish: Socialdemokraterna),[6] is a social-democratic political party in Finland.[7] It is currently the largest party in the Parliament of Finland with 40 seats.

Founded in 1899 as the Finnish Labour Party (Finnish: Suomen työväenpuolue; Swedish: Finska arbetarpartiet), the SDP is Finland's oldest active political party and has a close relationship with the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions. It is also a member of the Party of European Socialists, Progressive Alliance, Socialist International and SAMAK.

Following the resignation of Antti Rinne in December 2019, Sanna Marin became the country's 76th Prime Minister. SDP formed a new coalition government on the basis of its predecessor, in effect continuing cooperation with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the Swedish People's Party. Seven of the government's nineteen ministers are SDP members.[8]

History

File:Emblem of the SDP of Finland.svg
The traditional emblem of the party

The SDP was founded as the Finnish Labour Party in 1899, with its first meeting being held from 17–20 July in Turku. The name was changed to the present form in 1903. The SDP was closely associated with the Finnish Trade Union Federation (SAJ), established in 1907, with all of its members also being members of the party.[9] The party remained a chiefly extra-parliamentary movement until universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, after which the SDP's share of the votes reached 47% in the 1916 Finnish parliamentary election, when the party secured a majority in the parliament, the only time in the history of Finland when one party has had such a majority. The party lost its majority in the 1917 Finnish parliamentary election after independence from Russia and started a rebellion that escalated into the Finnish Civil War in 1918.[citation needed]

SDP members declared Finland a socialist republic, but they were defeated by the forces of the White Guard. The war resulted in most of the party leaders being killed, imprisoned or left to seek refuge in Soviet Russia.[citation needed] In addition, the process leading to the civil war and the war itself had stripped the party of its political legitimacy and respectability in the eyes of the right-wing majority. However, the political support for the party remained strong. In the 1919 Finnish parliamentary election, the party, reorganised by Väinö Tanner, received 80 of the 200 seats of the parliament. In 1918, former exiled SDP members founded the Communist Party of Finland (SKP) in Moscow. Although the SKP was banned in Finland until 1944, it was represented by front organizations, leading to the support of the Finnish working class being divided between the SDP and the SKP.

It became the life's work of Väinö Tanner to re-establish the SDP as a serious, governing party. The result was a much more patriotic SDP which leaned less to the left and was relatively isolated from its Nordic sister parties, namely the Danish Social Democrats, the Norwegian Labour Party and the Swedish Social Democratic Party. President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's animosity kept the SDP out of government during his presidency from 1931 to 1937. With the exception of a brief period in 1926, when Tanner formed a minority government, the SDP was excluded from cabinet participation until Kyösti Kallio was elected President in 1937. During World War II, the party played a central role in a series of broad coalition cabinets, symbolising national unity forged in response to the threat of the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939–1940. The SDP was a member of the Labour and Socialist International from 1923 to 1940.[10]

During the first few months of the Continuation War (1941–1944), the country, the parliament and the cabinet were divided on the question of whether Finland's army should stop at the old border and thereby demonstratively refrain from any attempt of conquests. However, the country's dangerous position called for national unity and the SDP's leadership chose to refrain from any visible protests. This decision is sometimes indicated as one of the main reasons behind the post-war division between the main left-wing parties (the SKP and the SDP) and the high percentage of SKP voters in the first elections after the Continuation War. After the war, the SKP was allowed to continue working and the main feature of Finnish political life during the 1944–1949 period was the competition between the SDP and the SKP, both for voters and for the control of the labor unions. During this time, the political field was divided roughly equally between the SDP, the SKP and the Agrarian League, each party commanding some 25% of the vote. In the post-war era, the SDP adopted a line defending Finnish sovereignty and democracy in line with the Agrarian League and other bourgeois political parties, finally leading to the expulsion of the SKP from the cabinet in 1948. As a result, the Soviet Union remained more openly critical towards the SDP than the centre-right parties.

SDP municipal election poster from 1933 ("Municipal power to those who work")

Because of the SDP's anti-communist activities, the United States Central Intelligence Agency supported the party by means of funds laundered through Nordic sister parties or through organizations that bought luxury goods such as coffee abroad, then imported and sold them for a high profit as post-war rationing served to inflate prices. In the 1956 Finnish presidential election, the SDP candidate Karl-August Fagerholm lost by only one electoral vote to Urho Kekkonen. Fagerholm would act as Prime Minister in the Fagerholm I Cabinet (1956–1957) and the Fagerholm II Cabinet (1958–1959). The latter cabinet was forced to resign due to Soviet pressure, leading to a series of cabinets led by the Agrarian League. In 1958, due to the election of Väinö Tanner as party chairman, a faction of the SDP resigned and formed the Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders (TPSL) around the former SDP chairman Emil Skog. The dispute was over several issues, namely whether the party should function as an interest group and whether it should co-operate with the anti-communists and right-wingers or with president Kekkonen, the Agrarian League and the SKP. During the 1960s, the TPSL dwindled, its members returning one by one to the SDP or joining the SKP, with Skog himself returning to the SDP in 1965. In the 1970 Finnish parliamentary election, the TPSL failed to gain any seats in parliament. Only in 1966 was the SDP able to satisfy the Soviet Union about its friendly attitude towards it and could thus return to the cabinet. Since then, the SDP has been represented in most Finnish cabinets, often cooperating with the centrist-agrarian Centre Party (formerly the Agrarian League), but sometimes with the liberal-conservative National Coalition Party. The SDP was in opposition from 1991 to 1995, when the main parties in the cabinet were the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party (NCP).

The 1995 Finnish parliamentary election saw a landslide victory for the SDP, achieving their best results since World War II. The SDP rose to government from the opposition and leader Paavo Lipponen headed two consecutive cabinets from 1995 to 2003. During this time, the party adopted a pro-European stance and contributed actively to the Finnish membership in the European Union in 1995 in concert with the cabinet. In the 2003 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP won 53 of the 200 seats, ending up a close second to the Centre Party. As a result, Lipponen became the Speaker of Parliament and the Centre Party leader Anneli Jäätteenmäki became the new Prime Minister, leading a coalition cabinet that included the SDP which got eight ministerial posts. After two months in office, Jäätteenmäki resigned due to a scandal relating to the Iraq leak and was replaced by Matti Vanhanen, another Centre Party representative, who commanded the Vanhanen I Cabinet.

Sanna Marin
Support for the Social Democrats by municipality in the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election which saw the party faring strongest in southern and eastern parts of the country

In the 2007 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained the third-most votes. The chairman of the then-largest Centre Party, Matti Vanhanen, became the Prime Minister and formed a coalition cabinet consisting of the Green League, the NCP and the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP), leaving the SDP to the opposition. SDP leader Eero Heinäluoma did not immediately resign as party chairman, but he did announce his withdrawal from running for party chairman in the following party conference. He was replaced by Jutta Urpilainen. The SDP suffered further losses in the 2008 Finnish municipal elections and the 2009 European Parliament election. In the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP lost three more seats, ending up with 19.1 percent of the vote which corresponded to 42 seats, the party's worst-ever result. However, as the Centre Party lost even more voters, the SDP became the second-largest party in the country after the NCP, receiving only some 1,500 votes more than the Finns Party which came in third. After lengthy negotiations, a six-party coalition government, the Katainen Cabinet, was formed with the NCP and the SDP as the two main parties. SDP leader Jutta Urpilainen became the cabinet's Minister of Finance, with NCP chairman Jyrki Katainen serving as Prime Minister.

In the 2014 party conference, Urpilainen was narrowly defeated by her challenger Antti Rinne in a 257 to 243 vote.[11] Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as the Minister of Finance, passing the seat on to Rinne.[12] In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, the drop of support continued for the SDP. The party lost eight more seats compared to the 2011 parliamentary election, ending up with 34 seats and 16.5 percent of the vote. With the repeat of the worst-ever result, the SDP dropped to being the fourth largest political party in Finland, receiving 50,110 fewer votes than the NCP, yet 237,000 more votes than the Green League. The SDP was left in the opposition and provided extensive criticism on the actions of the Sipilä Cabinet on matters such as alcohol policy, cuts to education spending and the so-called active model.[13] On 22 June 2016, Maria Tolppanen, a Finns Party representative, joined the SDP. This increased the SDP's parliamentary seat number to 35.[14] In the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, the SDP gained 6 seats in comparison to the 2015 parliamentary election and became the largest party in the parliament.[15] Based on the answers and initial talks with all parties, Rinne announced that he would negotiate forming a government with the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance and the SFP.[16] The negotiations were ultimately successful and the Rinne Cabinet was formally inaugurated on 6 June 2019.[17] On 3 December 2019, Rinne resigned as Prime Minister after the Center Party had expressed a lack of confidence in Rinne for his handling of the events surrounding a postal strike in Finland.[18] He was followed in the position by Sanna Marin, who was appointed as Prime Minister on 10 December 2019.[19]

Ideology

The SDP is a centre-left social-democratic party.[20][21][22] It is supportive of joining NATO, although up until the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the party opposed joining NATO and instead preferred to remain in the Partnership for Peace.[23] In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, 91% of SDP candidates were opposed to NATO membership.[24]

The SDP is in favor of LGBT adoption rights, the construction of nuclear power plants, the conservation of Swedish as one of Finland's two official languages and the increase of funding to public universities.[25] The party is advocating for Finland to become oil-independent by 2030.[26] The SDP has advocated for policies preventing foreigners from working in Finland.[27] In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election, only the Finns Party had a higher share of candidates opposed to the easing of work-based immigration.[28]

The party opposed economic reforms both in the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election and in the subsequent government program negotiations.[29][30][31] The SDP maintains a close relationship with trade unions. The party has opposed social reforms that would reduce the role of earnings-related unemployment benefits. The government pays them to recipients through financial middlemen that are almost exclusively trade unions.[32] The SDP supports the separation of church and state.[33]

Voter base

The average age of an SDP member is 61.5 years.[34] Over one half of all SDP voters are active members of the workforce.

Prominent Social Democrats

Oskari Tokoi Chairman of the Senate in 1917
Yrjö Sirola Founder of the Communist Party of Finland
Väinö Tanner Prime Minister (1926–1927)
Foreign Minister (1939–1940)
Karl-August Fagerholm Prime Minister (1948–1950, 1956–1957 and 1958–1959)
Speaker of Parliament (1945–1948, 1950–1956, 1957–1958, 1958–1962 and 1965–1966)
Rafael Paasio Prime Minister (1966–1968 and 1972)
Kalevi Sorsa Prime Minister (1972–1975, 1977–1979 and 1982–1987)
Mauno Koivisto Prime Minister (1968–1970 and 1979–1982)
President (1982–1994)
Pentti Väänänen Secretary General of the Socialist International (1983–1989)
Martti Ahtisaari President (1994–2000)
Nobel Peace Prize laureate (2008)
Erkki Tuomioja Foreign Minister (2000–2007 and 2011–2015)
Paavo Lipponen Prime Minister (1995–2003)
Speaker of the Parliament (2003–2007)
Tarja Halonen Foreign Minister (1995–2000)
President (2000–2012)
Eero Heinäluoma Speaker of the Parliament (2011–2015)
Jutta Urpilainen Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister (2011–2014)
Antti Rinne Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister (2014–2015)
Prime Minister (2019)
Sanna Marin Prime Minister (2019–present)
Minister of Transport and Communications (2019)

Leaders of the Social Democrats

1972 the Finnish Social Democratic Party Election Poster
TYÖ Poster used in the 2011 parliamentary elections and the 2012 municipal elections
Time Leader
1899–1900 Nils Robert af Ursin
1900 J. A. Salminen
1900–1903 K. F. Hellstén
1903–1905 Taavi Tainio
1905–1906 Emil Perttilä
1906–1909 Edvard Valpas-Hänninen
1909–1911 Matti Paasivuori
1911–1913 Otto Wille Kuusinen
1913–1917 Matti Paasivuori
1917–1918 Kullervo Manner
1918–1926 Väinö Tanner
1926–1930 Matti Paasivuori
1930–1942 Kaarlo Harvala
1942–1944 Väinö Salovaara
1944–1946 Onni Hiltunen
1946–1957 Emil Skog
1957–1963 Väinö Tanner
1963–1975 Rafael Paasio
1975–1987 Kalevi Sorsa
1987–1991 Pertti Paasio
1991–1993 Ulf Sundqvist
1993–2005 Paavo Lipponen
2005–2008 Eero Heinäluoma
2008–2014 Jutta Urpilainen
2014–2020 Antti Rinne
2020–present Sanna Marin

Election results

See also: Elections in Finland

Parliament of Finland

Parliament of Finland
Election Popular vote Number of seats Status
Votes % ± pp Rank Seats +/– Rank
1907 329,946 37.03 Increase 37.03 Increase 1st
80 / 200
 Increase 80 Increase 1st Opposition
1908 310,826 38.40 Increase 1.37 Steady 1st
83 / 200
 Increase 3 Steady 1st Opposition
1909 337,685 39.89 Increase 1.49 Steady 1st
84 / 200
 Increase 1 Steady 1st Opposition
1910 316,951 40.04 Increase 0.15 Steady 1st
86 / 200
 Increase 2 Steady 1st Opposition
1911 321,201 40.03 Decrease 0.01 Steady 1st
86 / 200
 Steady 0 Steady 1st Opposition
1913 312,214 43.11 Increase 3.08 Steady 1st
90 / 200
 Increase 4 Steady 1st Opposition
1916 376,030 47.29 Increase 4.18 Steady 1st
103 / 200
 Increase 13 Steady 1st Opposition
1917 444,670 44.79 Decrease 2.50 Steady 1st
92 / 200
 Decrease 11 Steady 1st Opposition
1919 365,046 37.98 Decrease 7.51 Steady 1st
80 / 200
 Decrease 12 Steady 1st Opposition
1922 216,861 25.06 Decrease 12.22 Steady 1st
53 / 200
 Decrease 27 Steady 1st Opposition
1924 255,068 29.02 Increase 3.96 Steady 1st
60 / 200
 Increase 7 Steady 1st Opposition (1924–1926)
Coalition (1926–1927)
1927 257,572 28.30 Decrease 0.72 Steady 1st
60 / 200
 Steady 0 Steady 1st Opposition
1929 260,254 27.36 Decrease 0.94 Steady 1st
59 / 200
 Decrease 1 Decrease 2nd Opposition
1930 386,026 34.16 Increase 6.80 Steady 1st
66 / 200
 Increase 7 Increase 1st Opposition
1933 413,551 37.33 Increase 3.17 Steady 1st
78 / 200
 Increase 12 Steady 1st Opposition
1936 452,751 38.59 Increase 1.26 Steady 1st
83 / 200
 Increase 5 Steady 1st Opposition (1936–1937)
Coalition (1937–1939)
1939 515,980 39.77 Increase 1.18 Steady 1st
85 / 200
 Increase 2 Steady 1st Coalition
1945 425,948 25.08 Decrease 14.69 Steady 1st
50 / 200
 Decrease 35 Steady 1st Coalition
1948 494,719 26.32 Increase 1.24 Steady 1st
54 / 200
 Increase 4 Decrease 2nd Coalition (1948–1950)
Opposition (1950–1951)
Coalition (1951)
1951 480,754 26.52 Increase 0.20 Steady 1st
53 / 200
 Decrease 1 Increase 1st Coalition (1951–1953)
Opposition (1953–1954)
Coalition (1954)
1954 527,094 26.25 Decrease 0.27 Steady 1st
54 / 200
 Increase 1 Steady 1st Coalition (1954–1957)
Opposition (1957–1958)
1958 449,536 23.12 Decrease 3.13 Decrease 2nd
48 / 200
 Decrease 6 Decrease 2nd Coalition (1958–1959)
Opposition (1959–1962)
1962 448,930 19.50 Decrease 3.62 Decrease 3rd
38 / 200
 Decrease 10 Decrease 3rd Opposition
1966 645,339 27.23 Increase 7.73 Increase 1st
55 / 200
 Increase 17 Increase 1st Coalition
1970 594,185 23.43 Decrease 3.80 Steady 1st
52 / 200
 Decrease 3 Steady 1st Coalition
1972 664,724 25.78 Increase 2.35 Steady 1st
55 / 200
 Increase 3 Steady 1st Coalition
1975 683,590 24.86 Decrease 0.92 Steady 1st
54 / 200
 Decrease 1 Steady 1st Coalition (1975–1976)
Opposition (1976–1977)
Coalition (1977–1979)
1979 691,512 23.89 Decrease 0.97 Steady 1st
52 / 200
 Decrease 2 Steady 1st Coalition
1983 795,953 26.71 Increase 2.82 Steady 1st
57 / 200
 Increase 5 Steady 1st Coalition
1987 695,331 24.14 Decrease 2.57 Steady 1st
56 / 200
 Decrease 1 Steady 1st Coalition
1991 603,080 22.12 Decrease 2.02 Decrease 2nd
48 / 200
 Decrease 8 Decrease 2nd Opposition
1995 785,637 28.25 Increase 6.13 Increase 1st
63 / 200
 Increase 15 Increase 1st Coalition
1999 612,963 22.86 Decrease 5.39 Steady 1st
51 / 200
 Decrease 12 Steady 1st Coalition
2003 683,223 24.47 Increase 1.61 Decrease 2nd
53 / 200
 Increase 2 Decrease 2nd Coalition
2007 594,194 21.44 Decrease 3.03 Decrease 3rd
45 / 200
 Decrease 8 Decrease 3rd Opposition
2011 561,558 19.10 Decrease 2.34 Increase 2nd
42 / 200
 Decrease 3 Increase 2nd Coalition
2015 490,102 16.51 Decrease 2.59 Decrease 4th
34 / 200
 Decrease 8 Decrease 4th Opposition
2019 546,471 17.73 Increase 1.22 Increase 1st
40 / 200
 Increase 6 Increase 1st Coalition

Municipal

Municipal Councils
Year Councillors Votes %
1945 2,100 265,689
1950 377,294 25.05%
1953 449,251 25.53%
1956 424,977 25.42%
1960 2,261 414,175 21.10%
1964 2,543 530,878 24.75%
1968 2,351 540,450 23.86%
1972 2,533 676,387 27.05%
1976 2,735 665,632 24.82%
1980 2,820 699,280 25.50%
1984 2,830 666,218 24.70%
1988 2,866 663,692 25.23%
1992 3,130 721,310 27.08%
1996 2,742 583,623 24.55%
2000 2,559 511,370 22.99%
2004 2,585 575,822 24.11%
2008 2,066 541,187 21.23%
2012 1,729 487,924 19.57%
2017 1,697 498,252 19.38%
2021 1,449 433,008 17,7%

European Parliament

Parliament of Finland
Year Popular vote Number of seats Status
Votes % ± pp Rank Seats +/– Rank
1996 482,577 21.45% Increase 21.45 Increase 2nd
4 / 16
 Increase 4 Increase 1st
1999 221,836 17.86% Decrease 3.59 Decrease 3rd
3 / 16
 Decrease 1 Decrease 2nd
2004 350,525 21.16% Increase 3.30 Steady 3rd
3 / 14
 Steady 0 Steady 2nd
2009 292,051 17.54% Decrease 3.62 Steady 3rd
2 / 13
 Decrease 1 Steady 2nd
2014 212,211 12.31% Decrease 5.23 Decrease 4th
2 / 13
 Steady 0 Steady 2nd
2019 267,342 14.62% Increase 2.31 Increase 2nd
2 / 13
 Steady 0 Steady 2nd

Presidential elections

Indirect

Electoral college
Year Candidate Popular vote First ballot Second ballot Third ballot Results
Votes % Seats Rank Votes % Rank Votes % Rank Votes % Rank
1919 Väinö Tanner
1 / 300
 0.5 4th Lost
1925 Väinö Tanner 165,091 26.55
79 / 300
 1st
78 / 300
 26.0 1st
2 / 300
 0.7 5th Lost
1931 Väinö Tanner 252,550 30.2
90 / 300
 1st
90 / 300
 30.0 1st
0 / 300
 0.0 4th Lost
1937 341,408 30.68
95 / 300
 1st Lost
1940 Johan Helo
4 / 300
 1.30 2nd Lost
1943
1946
1950 343,828 21.80
64 / 300
 2nd
1956 Karl-August Fagerholm 442,408 23.33
72 / 300
 2nd
72 / 300
 24.0 2nd
114 / 300
 38.0 1st
149 / 300
 49.7 2nd Lost
1962 Rafael Paasio 289,366 13.08
36 / 300
 3rd
37 / 300
 12.3 3rd Lost
1968 Urho Kekkonen 315,068 15.46
55 / 300
 4th
201 / 300
 67.0 1st Won
1978 Urho Kekkonen 569,154 23.25
74 / 300
 1st
259 / 300
 86.3 1st Won
1982 Mauno Koivisto 1,370,314 43.10
144 / 300
 1st
145 / 300
 48.3 1st
167 / 300
 55.7 1st Won
1988[nb 2] Mauno Koivisto 1,513,234 48.90
128 / 301
 1st
144 / 301
 48.0 1st
189 / 301
 63.0 1st Won

Direct

Presidency of the Republic of Finland
Year Candidate 1st round 2nd round Results
Votes % ± pp Rank Votes % ± pp Rank
1994 Martti Ahtisaari 828,038 25.91 Decrease 22.99 Steady 1st 1,723,485 53.85 Increase 5.85 Steady 1st Won
2000 Tarja Halonen 1,224,431 40.03 Increase 14.12 Steady 1st 1,644,532 51.63 Decrease 2.22 Steady 1st Won
2006 Tarja Halonen 1,397,030 46.31 Increase 6.28 Steady 1st 1,630,980 51.79 Increase 0.16 Steady 1st Won
2012 Paavo Lipponen 205,020 6.70 Decrease 39.61 Decrease 5th Lost
2018 Tuula Haatainen 97,294 3.25 Decrease 3.45 Decrease 6th Lost

See also

Notes

  1. ^ For historical reasons, the party's name is spelled in the old-fashioned way, with a short a.
  2. ^ The 1988 presidential election was partially indirect. After Koivisto had failed to get a majority of the popular vote, he was elected president in the electoral college which the voters voted for alongside the direct vote.

References

  1. ^ "Member Organisations". Socialist International Women. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  2. ^ "About the SDP". Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue (in Finnish). 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  3. ^ Terry, Chris (3 March 2014). "Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP)". The Democratic Society. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  4. ^ "Parties & Organisations". Progressive Alliance. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  5. ^ "Full list of member parties and organisations". Socialist International. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  6. ^ Icoronato, Katja (June 25, 2019). "Ministerivastuun alla ei voi enää puhua pötyä - Demarit selittelevät tätä fuulausta vielä pitkään". Uusi Suomi (in Finnish). Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  7. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Finland". Parties and Elections in Europe.
  8. ^ "Ministers". Valtioneuvosto. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  9. ^ Roselius, Aapo; Tepora, Tuomas (2014). The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 32. ISBN 9789004243668.
  10. ^ Kowalski, Werner (1985). Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923–1919. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften (in German).
  11. ^ "Antti Rinne on SDP:n uusi puheenjohtaja". Yle. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  12. ^ "Antti Rinteestä uusi valtiovarainministeri". Helsingin Sanomat. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  13. ^ "Eduskunta hyväksyi työttömyysturvalain aktiivimalleineen – Teollisuusliitto tuomitsee ja väläyttää lakkoa". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 2018-01-02.
  14. ^ "Perussuomalaisten kansanedustaja loikkaa Sdp:n riveihin". Helsingin Sanomat. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  15. ^ "Parliamentary Elections 2019: Party Results". Ministry of Justice. 15 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  16. ^ "Näin syntyi hallitusohjelmasta neuvotteleva uusi punamulta". Yle. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  17. ^ "Finland's new government: SDP, Centre dominate ministerial portfolios". yle. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  18. ^ "Finnish PM Rinne resigns". Yle. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  19. ^ "Finland's record-young PM appointed, faces confidence vote next week". Yle. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  20. ^ "Finland's Social Democrats on top in partial election result". the Guardian. 2019-04-14. Retrieved 2021-12-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ "Finland goes left: Social Democrats win slim victory as far right surges". SBS News. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
  22. ^ "Finland's centre-left and Euro-skeptic populists top parliamentary election". CBC. 14 April 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ Duxbury, Charlie (2022-05-15). "Dramatic U-turns by Social Democrats in Sweden, Finland paved way to NATO". Politico. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  24. ^ "Enemmistö eduskuntavaaliehdokkaista vastustaa Natoa" [A majority of parliamentary candidates oppose NATO]. Iltasanomat (in Finnish). 14 March 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  25. ^ "Values A-Z". Social Democratic Party of Finland. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  26. ^ Sims, Alexandra (14 March 2020). "Finland plans to completely phase out coal by 2030". The Independent. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  27. ^ Bucken-Knapp, Gregg; Hinnfors, Jonas; Levin, Pia; Spehar, Andrea (23 June 2014). "No nordic model: Understanding differences in the labour migration policy preferences of mainstream Finnish and Swedish political parties". Comparative European Politics. 12 (6): 584–602. doi:10.1057/cep.2014.22. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  28. ^ "Centre Party split over immigration". Yle. 7 March 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  29. ^ Elonen, Piia (3 April 2011). "Puolueiden mielestä talouskasvu ratkoo ongelmat" [The parties believe that economic growth will solve the problems]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  30. ^ Elonen, Piia (3 April 2011). "Ekonomistit teilaavat puolueiden talouspolitiikan" [Economists are asking for economic policy]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  31. ^ Sutinen, Teija (2 February 2013). "Sdp:n eläkelinja syntyi puolivahingossa" [The SDP's pension line was born in a semi-accident]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  32. ^ Soininvaara, Osmo (2010). SATA-komitea. Miksi asioista päättäminen on niin vaikeaa (in Finnish).
  33. ^ "Aloite 149 kirkon ja valtion suhde harkintaan" [Initiative 149 Church-State Relationship Consideration] (in Finnish). Social Democratic Party of Finland. 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  34. ^ "Tutkimus: Tällaisia puolueiden jäsenet ovat – keskusta ja SDP eläkeikäisten puolueita ja perussuomalaiset miesten". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 24 November 2017.
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