Paramount Television Network: Difference between revisions
m fix |
→References: remove scroll box, per FAC |
||
| Line 765: | Line 765: | ||
==References== |
==References== |
||
<div class="reflist4" style="height: 300px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px"> |
|||
{{Reflist|2}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
||
</div> |
|||
==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
||
Revision as of 02:52, 13 April 2010
 | |
| Type | Broadcast television network |
|---|---|
| Country | |
| Owner | Paramount Pictures |
Key people | Paul Raibourn (President, Paramount Television Productions)[1] Klaus Landsberg (Producer; VP, Paramount Television Productions)[2] George T. Shupert (Executive, Program Sales, Paramount Television Productions)[3] Burt Balaban (Executive, Programming)[3] John Howell (Executive, Sales)[3] Bernard Goodwin (VP, Paramount Television Productions)[4] |
Launch date | 1948[5] |
| Dissolved | 1956 |
The Paramount Television Network (PTN) was a venture by American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a successful television network in the late 1940s.[6] The company had built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles and WBKB in Chicago. It had also invested $400,000 in the DuMont Television Network, which operated stations WABD, WTTG, and WDTV in New York City, Washington, D.C., and Pittsburgh. Escalating disputes between the two companies—concerning breaches of contract, company control, and network competition—erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956, and culminated in the dismantling of the DuMont Network. Television historian Timothy White has called the clash between Paramount and DuMont "one of the most unfortunate and dramatic episodes in the early history of the television industry."[7]
The Paramount Television Network aired several television programs, among them the Emmy award winning children's series Time For Beany. Hollywood entertainers appeared in Paramount television programs filmed in Hollywood and distributed to an ad-hoc network of stations across the United States. The network signed affiliation agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950; despite this, most of Paramount's series were never widely viewed outside the West Coast. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) also prevented Paramount from acquiring additional television stations. Paramount executives eventually gave up on the idea of a television network, but continued to produce series for other TV networks. In 1995, after four decades of television production for other companies, Paramount would again enter the broadcast network field when the company launched the United Paramount Network (UPN).
Origins
William Wadsworth Hodkinson founded American film corporation Paramount Pictures in 1914. Famous Players-Lasky Corporation acquired the company in 1916 and by the 1920s Paramount had become a key player in Hollywood; the company founded or acquired many film production and exhibition properties, among these the 2,000-screen theater chain United Paramount Theatres (UPT), newsreel service Paramount News, and animation studio Famous Studios. The company was one of the "big five" Hollywood studios. By the 1940s, however, Paramount was the target of several anti-trust lawsuits brought against the studio by the federal government, which accused Paramount of conducting monopolistic practices. The FCC forced Paramount to sell off its theater division in 1949.[8]
As early as 1937, executives at Paramount Pictures were interested in what was then the new medium of television. The following year, Paramount purchased a minority interest in DuMont Laboratories, a pioneer in early television technology founded by Dr. Allen B. DuMont. Relations between Paramount and DuMont were strained by 1940, when Paramount, without DuMont, opened Chicago television station WBKB and Los Angeles station KTLA. Dr. DuMont claimed that the original 1937 acquisition proposal required that Paramount would expand its television interests "through DuMont". Paramount representative Paul Raibourn denied that any such restriction had ever been discussed (a 1953 examination of the original draft document vindicated DuMont on this point).[9] The stock in DuMont, coupled with the Chicago and Los Angeles stations, gave Paramount full or partial ownership of four of the first nine television stations in the United States.[10]
DuMont Laboratories launched the DuMont Television Network in 1946. Despite Paramount's partial ownership of DuMont, Paramount's two stations never aired television programs from DuMont's television network (with the exception of one year on KTLA in 1947–48), and in fact competed against DuMont's affiliates in Los Angeles and Chicago.[7] Paramount's construction of KTLA and WBKB, and its subsequent launch of the Paramount Television Network, "undercut" DuMont, a company it had invested in.[11]
Paramount's Los Angeles television station, KTLA, began commercial broadcasts in January 1947; its first evening broadcast was hosted by Bob Hope and featured Kirk Douglas, William Bendix, Dorothy Lamour, William Demarest, Ray Milland, and Cecil B. DeMille.[12] KTLA was the first commercial station west of the Mississippi River. Although other Los Angeles TV stations operated experimentally and soon received commercial licenses, KTLA had a vital head start which resulted in a large viewership; one early audience estimate from the C.E. Hooper company indicated that KTLA was broadcasting 28 of the top 30 television series in Los Angeles.[13] The popularity of KTLA's local programs opened up the possibility that they would become national hits if released to other stations across the country.
Launch
Paramount's television division, Television Productions, Inc., created the Paramount Television Network in 1948.[5] Full-page advertisements announcing the newly created network ran in Billboard that year and in Television magazine early the following year.[14][15] Filming of programs took place at the Paramount station KTLA in Los Angeles. A coaxial cable link between KTLA and KFMB-TV in San Diego transmitted a live signal to San Diego viewers.[16] Other television stations across the United States received Paramount programs via kinescope recording for airing; these filmed series allowed stations to "fill in" their schedules during hours when ABC, NBC, CBS, and DuMont were not broadcasting shows, or when station managers preferred Paramount's filmed offerings to those of the four networks. Station managers at WBKB-TV in Chicago also had plans to distribute their own kinescoped programs.[17]
Paramount management planned to acquire additional owned-and-operated stations ("O&Os"); the company applied to the FCC for additional stations in San Francisco, Detroit, and Boston.[18] The FCC, however, denied Paramount's applications for three additional O&Os. A few years earlier, the federal regulator had placed a five-station cap on all television networks: no network was allowed to own more than five VHF television stations. Paramount was hampered by its minority stake in the DuMont Television Network. Although both DuMont and Paramount executives stated that the companies were separate, the FCC ruled that Paramount's partial ownership of DuMont meant that DuMont and Paramount were in theory branches of the same company. Since DuMont owned three television stations and Paramount owned two, the federal agency ruled neither network could acquire additional television stations. The FCC requested that Paramount relinquish its stake in DuMont, but Paramount refused.[18] According to television historian William Boddy, "Paramount's checkered antitrust history" helped convince the FCC that Paramount controlled DuMont.[19] Both television networks suffered as a result, with neither company able to acquire five owned-and-operated stations. Having five O&Os was critical because it meant the network's shows would be seen in at least five major American cities. Meanwhile, CBS, ABC and NBC had each acquired the maximum of five stations by the mid-1950s.[20]
Author Timothy White has called Paramount's efforts to launch its own television service, which directly competed with the DuMont Television Network, an unwise decision; Paramount in effect was competing with itself. The resulting ill feelings between Paramount's and DuMont's executives continued to escalate throughout the early 1950s, and the lack of cooperation hindered both entities' network plans. According to White, by 1953, even the public pretense of cooperation between Paramount and DuMont was gone.[7]
Programs
The Paramount Television Network aired several television series during its years of operations. The following is a partial list:
- Armchair Detective, a half-hour crime reenactment series[21] produced at KTLA which aired on both CBS and Paramount stations[22]
- Bandstand Revue,[23] a music program
- Dixie Showboat, a weekly variety program
- Frosty Frolics,[24] an ice skating show which also briefly aired (for four weeks) on ABC.
- Harry Owens' Royal Hawaiians, a series featuring Hawaiian music airing in Los Angeles and San Francisco, which later moved to CBS
- Hollywood Opportunity,[25] a talent show
- Hollywood Reel, a Hollywood gossip program narrated by Hollywood columnist Erskine Johnson[26]
- Hollywood Wrestling, a sports series
- Latin Cruise, a musical series starring Bobby Ramos[21]
- Magazine of the Week[27]
- Meet Me in Hollywood[27]
- Movietown RSVP,[25] a charades program
- Olympic Wrestling,[25] an early professional wrestling series
- Sandy Dreams,[24] a children's program which also briefly aired on ABC stations.
- The Spade Cooley Show,[6] a variety program hosted by Spade Cooley and featuring Dick Lane, Anita Aros, Phil Gray, and Kay Cee Jones
- Time for Beany, a children's series which received an Emmy in 1949 (in the category Best Children's Show)[28]
- Yer Ole Buddy[29]
Additionally, various press releases indicated that other KTLA series would be offered on the network.[30][31][32] There is no indication, however, that the following series aired outside of Los Angeles:
- Girls Only, a comedy/drama starring Mary Gordon as an aging ex-actress with four young female charges[31]
- The Ina Ray Hutton Show,[32] a series featuring bandleader Ina Ray Hutton
- The Lawrence Welk Show,[32] a musical program starring Lawrence Welk which moved to ABC in summer 1955
- Mayfair Mystery House, a 39-episode drama filmed in England[6]
- Spade Cooley's Western Varieties,[30] another series featuring Spade Cooley
Staff
Paul Raibourn served as the president of Paramount Television Productions.[1] Raibourn was also appointed vice president of Paramount Pictures Corporation,[33] and, due to Paramount's minority interest in DuMont, was installed as treasurer of the DuMont Television Network. This appointment created another point of conflict between Paramount and DuMont. Raibourn's position as treasurer on DuMont's board of directors gave him control of expenditures. According to Leonard Goldenson, president of ABC during this era, Raibourn "constantly nitpicked and needled [Allen DuMont] over the smallest expenditures. DuMont came to the point where, psychologically, he thought he couldn't do anything without Raibourn's approval."[34] Raibourn trimmed DuMont's budgets at a time when the network should have been expanding. Goldenson credits Raibourn as one of the reasons ABC eventually became a successful, established television network while the DuMont network failed: "the name of the television game is programs. If you won't put money into programs, you won't succeed."[34]
Klaus Landsberg, a German immigrant, produced many Paramount Television Network series; he also served as one of the company's vice presidents and as KTLA's general manager.[2] Other Paramount executives included: George T. Shupert, Paramount Television Productions' program sales executive;[3] Burt Balaban, programming executive;[3] John Howell, sales executive;[3] and Bernard Goodwin, a director and vice president of Paramount Television Productions.[4]
Affiliates
During the 1940s and '50s, television networks in the United States were restricted to owning no more than five local VHF TV stations.[6] This system, which had evolved from similar FCC regulations governing radio, resulted in TV network executives forming alliances with local station owners in order to air network programs across the U.S. These alliances were codified in network affiliation contracts; Paramount Television Network staff required affiliate station managers to sign a network contract even if the station only aired one Paramount program.[35]
During this era, American television programs were either broadcast live to local television stations via microwave relay and AT&T's coaxial cable service or were recorded on kinescope and delivered through the mail to local stations. The live broadcast method was expensive, but was preferred by executives at each of the four major U.S. television networks (ABC, NBC, CBS, and DuMont); DuMont alone spent $3 million in 1954 on live TV broadcasts.[36] The major networks sent kinescopes to stations when live transmissions were not possible. "Film networks", which sent out only prerecorded material, also existed; kinescopes were cheap to produce and cost little to mail. Paramount's television service was a hybrid of the two systems, with a live connection between KTLA and KFMB-TV in San Diego,[16] and other affiliates broadcasting programs from kinescope recordings.[25][32] Paramount executives considered even a live connection between Los Angeles and San Francisco too expensive. Uniquely, Paramount's The Harry Owens Show was broadcast in both Los Angeles and San Francisco by having the program's performers and crew commute via airplane between the two stations for sequential performances.[37][38]
At its peak in late 1950, the Paramount Television Network was distributing five television series a week to over 40 affiliated television stations.[6] Most Paramount stations were in the United States, but at least two were Canadian stations.[39][40]
The table below lists stations which carried Paramount Television Network programs. Paramount's two owned-and-operated (O&O) stations, KTLA and WBKB, appear in red. DuMont's O&Os, which aired little or no Paramount programming but which the FCC ruled were O&Os of the same entity, appear in green. A number of stations carried Armchair Detective, Sandy Dreams, and Frosty Frolics when those programs aired on CBS and ABC. Stations which aired those programs as part of an ABC or CBS affiliation are not shown in the table below.
|
End of network
In May 1951 ABC chairman Edward Noble and United Paramount Theatres president Leonard Goldenson announced a proposed merger between their companies. The plan was to merge ABC and its five television stations with United Paramount Theatres, a company only recently spun off from Paramount Pictures. UPT also owned the Chicago station, WBKB; that station would have to be sold in order to stay under the five-station cap. Because the proposed merger involved the sale of a television station, it required the approval of the FCC, which opened a hearing on the issue that August. The proposed deal was complex, and would affect many parties involved in television broadcasting other than ABC, including Paramount, DuMont, and CBS (CBS executives wanted to purchase WBKB). During the hearing, Allen DuMont asked the FCC to force Paramount to sell its share of the DuMont Network. He stated that Paramount in effect owned two television networks, the PTN and DuMont; the FCC had similarly forced NBC to sell off one of its two radio networks eight years earlier due to concerns about multi-network ownership. Paramount executives, however, denied ever having operated a television network. Evidence presented against Paramount included network affiliation contracts and advertisements for the Paramount Television Network from 1951.[6] Despite Paramount executives' testimony, advertisements for the Paramount Television Network ran as late as 1952.[200]
After a grueling two-year trial, the federal agency allowed the ABC-UPT merger, but never ruled on Paramount's partial ownership of a second network; Paramount was allowed to retain its shares in DuMont. Leo Resnick, hearing examiner for the Commission, concluded that Paramount did not control DuMont; this ruling would have allowed both Paramount and DuMont to expand to five stations each, but the FCC rejected this portion of Resnick's findings. The FCC restricted Paramount and DuMont to a total of five stations. According to White, the FCC's ruling "ensured that television broadcasting would be controlled by the same three companies that had dominated radio broadcasting, thus fostering a lack of diversity in both station and network ownership".[6]
The 1953 merger of ABC and United Paramount Theatres lead to the divestiture of Paramount's Chicago station, WBKB, which was sold to CBS (it is now WBBM-TV). Paramount retained its Los Angeles station, KTLA, and applied to the FCC for a new station in Boston, but the construction permit was never granted.[9] By this time, Paramount's television arm was called Paramount TV Productions, Incorporated;[201] Paramount ceased using the PTN name. The company continued to distribute programs nationally, however, and continued to sign network affiliation agreements with local television stations.[35]
With just one owned and operated station, Paramount's program service never gelled into a true television network; television historians such as Alex McNeil (1996) consider Paramount programs syndicated rather than network series.[202] While the Paramount series Hollywood Wrestling and Time For Beany were widely seen on stations across the United States, most other Paramount television programs aired in only a handful of markets (another exception, Hollywood Reel, aired in Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Columbus, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Omaha, Pittsburgh, Rochester, San Francisco, Seattle, St. Louis, Syracuse, and Washington, DC in 1950).[160]
American Vitamin Corporation, Paramount's sponsor for both The Spade Cooley Show and Frosty Frolics, pulled its sponsorship in October 1951.[203] In June 1953 it was announced that Time For Beany and Paramount Television Productions were "calling it a day".[204] Paramount ended production of the series in October 1953; rival Los Angeles station KTTV and independent distributor Consolidated Television took over production and distribution, respectively, of Time For Beany.[205] Independent distributor Cinema-Vue took over Hollywood Wrestling.[206] By late 1955, Billboard reported the Paramount Network consisted of just 15 stations airing Bandstand Revue. Billboard called this a "sort of" network.[35] Management changes at KTLA, coupled with low local ratings, caused the cancellation of Bandstand Revue in October 1956.[207]
By Autumn 1955, Hollywood insiders were predicting that Paramount would launch a major television network using KTLA and the DuMont stations. Articles reported that Paramount was seeking television scripts and was constructing theaters and studios which rivaled those of ABC, CBS, and NBC.[35] In a dramatic move, Paramount's board of directors seized control of DuMont Laboratories in a boardroom coup in August 1955. Paramount executives replaced DuMont's board of directors. Dr. DuMont was removed as president of the company, and DuMont Network operations ceased the following year.[208] However, no combined Paramount-DuMont network ever materialized; according to television historian Timothy White, by this time "a television network was no longer among Paramount's plans for exploitation of the small screen".[7] Paramount sold its interest in DuMont (by this time renamed "Metropolitan Broadcasting Company") in 1959;[208] the sale ended Paramount's first ventures into network television.[7]
Later Paramount networks
Despite Paramount's failure to build a national broadcast television network, the company retained KTLA, and executives at Paramount continued to toy with the idea of entering the television medium once more. After acquiring Desilu Productions in 1967, the company continued to produce series seen on the "big three" television networks. Among these programs were Here's Lucy, Mission: Impossible, and Mannix for CBS; The Brady Bunch, The Odd Couple, and Happy Days for ABC; and (in later years) Family Ties and Cheers for NBC.[209][210][211] KTLA was eventually sold to actor and singer Gene Autry for $12 million in 1964.[212]
In 1978 Paramount CEO Barry Diller planned to launch the Paramount Television Service, a new "fourth television network";[213] its programs would have aired only one night a week. Thirty "Movies of the Week" would have followed Star Trek: Phase II on Saturday nights. This plan was aborted when Paramount made the decision to transform Phase II into Star Trek: The Motion Picture.[214]
On January 16, 1995, Paramount launched the United Paramount Network (UPN), a new broadcast television network.[215] Despite eleven years on the air, UPN never made a profit;[216] The New Yorker reported that the network had lost $800 million during its first five years of operation.[217] UPN ceased operations in 2006, when it merged with the WB Television Network to form the CW Television Network.[218] Today Paramount's television division is part of CBS Television Studios.
References
- ^ a b "Tele is Radio Costs". Billboard: p. 17. 1946-10-26.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Billboard. 62 (21): cover. 1950-05-27.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b c d e f "Shupert Joins Peerless TV". Billboard: p. 12. 1951-11-03.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ a b "Sunrise Corp. Buys WLOD". Billboard: p. 34. 1965-06-12.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Schatz, Thomas (1999). Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s. University of California Press. p. 433. ISBN 0520221303.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i White, Timothy R. (1992). "Hollywood on (Re)Trial: The American Broadcasting-United Paramount Merger Hearing". Cinema Journal. 31 (3). University of Texas Press: 19–39. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- ^ a b c d e White, Timothy R. (1992). Hollywood's Attempt to Appropriate Television: The Case of Paramount Pictures. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI. pp. 107–131.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Nelmes, Jill (2003). An Introduction to Film Studies (3 ed.). Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 0415262682.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Hess, Gary Newton (1979). An Historical Study of the DuMont Television Network. New York: Arno Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-405-11758-2.
- ^ Lev, Peter (2006). The Fifties: Transforming the Screen, 1950–1959. University of California Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0520249666.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Auter, P.J. (1995). "DuMont: The Original Fourth Television Network" (PDF). Journal of Popular Culture. 29: pp. 63–83. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1995.00063.x. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
{{cite journal}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Para's KTLA Bows Jan. 22; Hope Emcee – Star-Studded Cast Inked". Billboard: p. 10. 1947-01-18.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Honors to KTLA In March, April L.A. TV Hooper". Billboard: p. 13. 1949-06-11.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Welcome N.A.B. to the Motion Picture, Radio and Television Capital". Billboard. 60 (21): p. 9. 1948-05-22. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
{{cite journal}}:|page=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Jajkowski, Steve (2001). "Chicago Television – WBKB Channel 4". ChicagoTelevision.com. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ a b c "First Coast Network: KTLA Pioneers in Hookup with San Diego". Long Beach Independent. 1949-10-16. p. 14c.
- ^ "WBKB Adds Heft to Indie Position Thru Programming". Billboard: p. 15. 1948-12-04.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Browne, Nick (1994). American Television: New Directions in History and Theory. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 3718605635. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
- ^ Boddy, William (1992). Fifties Television: the Industry and Its Critics. University of Illinois Press. p. 56. ISBN 025206299X.
- ^ Brooks, Tim (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present (9th ed.). New York: Ballantine. p. xiii. ISBN 978--0-345-49773-4.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "Hollywood shows on KEYL". San Antonio Light. 1950-02-19. p. 54.
- ^ The Daily Messenger. Canandaigua, NY. 1949-07-06. p. 4.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b c d e f "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 16. 1955-09-10.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Roman, James (2005). From Daytime to Primetime: the History of American Television Programs. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0313361692.
- ^ a b c d e "Para Mapping Kine Network". Billboard: pp. 13, 43. 1949-09-17.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|pages=has extra text (help) - ^ "Spinning the Dial". Long Beach Independent. 1951-01-24. p. 34.
- ^ a b c d e f g "KFMB-TV Rebeams 6 hrs. of KTLA Segs". Billboard: p. 11. 1949-06-04.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ McNeil, Alex (1997). Total Television (4th ed.). Penguin. p. 1040. ISBN 0-14-024916-8.
- ^ Hilmes, Michele (1999). Hollywood and Broadcasting: From Radio to Cable. University of Illinois Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 0252068467.
- ^ a b "KTLA Renews Cooley". Billboard: p. 17. 1949-01-15.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ a b "'Girls Only' (Nix, Men!)". Long Beach Independent. 1949-10-16. p. 14c.
- ^ a b c d "KTLA to Film, Distribute Own Tele Stanza". Billboard: p. 6. 1954-01-23.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Home Film Test a TV Harbinger?". Billboard: p. 8. 1952-02-23.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Goldenson, Leonard H. (1991). Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC: The Stars, Struggles, and Egos That Transformed Network Television by the Man Who Made it Happen. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 107–108. ISBN 0-684-19055-9.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "Para Looms as TV Biggie of Majors". Billboard: pp. 2–6. 1955-10-08.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|pages=has extra text (help) - ^ Bergmann, Ted (2002). The DuMont Television Network: What Happened?. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 0-8108-4270-X.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "U.A. Sponsors Owens in S.F.". Billboard: p. 3. 1951-10-06.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Abbe, James (1952-01-06). "On the Air". The Oakland Tribune. Oakland, CA. p. 2-B.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c d "TV Film Purchases". Billboard: p. 10. 1952-12-13.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ a b "Television". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg, MB. 1954-08-21. p. 12.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ The New Mexican. Santa Fe, NM. 1955-02-03. p. 15-A.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h "Monthly TV Film Buying Report". Billboard: p. 31. 1953-04-25.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Today's TV Programs". Pampa Daily News. Pampa, TX. 1953-10-30. p. 11.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Top 10 Shows Each Day of the Week in ATLANTA". Billboard: p. 8. 1951-12-01.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "WJBF Channel... 6". Aiken Standard and Review. Aiken, SC. 1955-08-01. p. 6.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Schedule February 6 To 13". Mason City Globe-Gazette. Mason City, IA. 1955-02-04. p. 4.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Log". The Capital. Annapolis, MD. 1951-03-03. p. 3.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 12. 1955-10-08.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Television Programs". Trenton Evening Times. Trenton, NJ. 1950-11-17. p. 17.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Programs". The Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, PA. 1951-03-14. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b "Where Syndicated Series Are Showing". Billboard: p. 16. 1953-05-30.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ The Anniston Star. Anniston, AL. 1950-10-26. p. 12.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ The Anniston Star. Anniston, AL. 1951-12-28. p. 5.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ The Anniston Star. Anniston, AL. 1953-02-26. p. 14.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Daily Guide: Radio & Television". Fitchburg Sentiel. Fitchburg, MA. 1949-09-21. p. 19.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Weekend Television Programs". Portsmouth Herald. Portsmouth, NH. 1951-01-06. p. 9.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Programs". Portland Press Herald. Portland, ME. 1951-04-07. p. 9.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "13 City ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard: p. 12. 1952-12-13.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "TV High Spots". Lowell Sun. Lowell, MA. 1951-07-29. p. 54.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Saturday's TV". The Brownsville Herald. Brownsville, TX. 1955-04-29. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television". Dunkirk Evening Observer. Dunkirk, NY. 1950-02-15. p. 13.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television & Radio Programs". The Derrick. Oil City, PA. 1953-04-10. p. 6.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Log". The Record-Eagle. Traverse city, MI. 1955-05-02. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Weekly Television Programs". The Oelwein Daily Register. Oelwein, IA. 1954-10-23. p. 5.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Top 10 TV Shows Each Day of the Week in CHARLOTTE, NC". Billboard: p. 12. 1952-11-01.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Radio and Television". Racine Journal-Times. Racine, WI. 1951-02-28. p. 32.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Coast TV Outlets Use More Eastern Kine Originations". Billboard: p. 12. 1949-08-27.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Radio and Television". Racine Journal-Times. Racine, WI. 1950-09-11. p. 17.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Weekly TV Roundup". The Star. Chicago, IL. 1951-10-05.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "French Sardine Bites on 'Hollywood Reel'". Billboard: p. 7. 1950-01-28. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
{{cite journal}}:|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "TV Film Purchases". Billboard: p. 9. 1952-10-04.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Television Programs". Hamilton Daily News Journal. Hamilton, OH. 1950-12-23. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 18. 1955-08-27.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Television Programs". Hamilton Daily New Journal. Hamilton, OH. 1950-12-12. p. 8.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ The Evening Independent. Massillon, OH. 1951-09-29. p. 11.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Television Programs". East Liverpool Review. East Liverpool, OH. 1952-06-25. p. 12.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ The Coshocton Tribune. Coshocton, OH. 1953-02-10. p. 4.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Jones, Vane A. (Summer 1958). North American Radio-TV Station Listings. Howard W. Sams.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Week's Television Schedule of Cleveland Stations". Plain Dealer. Cleveland, OH. 1949-12-18. p. 22-E.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television". The Coshocton Tribune. Coshocton, OH. 1955-08-27. p. 4.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television". The Coshocton Tribune. Coshocton, OH. 1953-12-11. p. 14.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ New Castle News. New Castle, PA. 1950-06-08. p. 30.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Television Programs". The Chronicle Telegram. Elyria, OH. 1955-10-10. p. 9.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Chronicle Telegram. Elyria, OH. 1950-03-21. p. 12.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Program Schedule". The Times Recorder. Zanesville, OH. 1950-04-28. p. 26.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television". The Newark Advocate. Newark, OH. 1951-05-02. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television". Dallas Morning News. Dallas, TX. 1949-10-11. p. I-11.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "TV Listings – Paris Area". The Paris News. Paris, TX. 1953-08-02. p. 13.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Today". Denton Record-Chronicle. Denton, TX. 1950-04-30. p. 6.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Schedules". Denton Record-Chronicle. Denton, TX. 1953-04-16. p. 4.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Log". Burlington Hawk-Eye Gazette. Burlington, IA. 1951-09-08. p. 8.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ The Cedar Rapids Gazette. Cedar Rapids, IA. 1951-11-29. p. 33.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Television Programs". The Waterloo Daily Courier. Waterloo, IA. 1951-06-15. p. 23.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Guide". The Lima News. Lima, OH. 1950-11-02. p. 22.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c "TV Film Purchases". Billboard: p. 16. 1952-10-18.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ Cedar Rapids Gazette. Cedar Rapids, IA. 1951-11-22. p. 31.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: pp. 9–10. 1955-07-16.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|pages=has extra text (help) - ^ a b "14-City May ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard: p. 14. 1953-07-25.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 21. 1955-09-17.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "ARB Ratings of Non-Network TV Films". Billboard: p. 14. 1952-11-22.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ The Daily Telegram. Eau Claire, WI. 1954-09-18. p. 13.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "KTSM-TV on the Air". El Paso Herald-Post. El Paso, TX. 1953-01-03. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Radio – TV". Daily Journal. Fergus Falls, MN. 1954-03-31. p. 4.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "T. V. Station KQTV Back On The Air October 29th". The Ruthven Free Press. Ruthven, IA. 1955-10-12. p. 1.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Fresno Bee Republican. 1953-06-10. p. 19.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "Saturday, October 18th TV Schedule". The Holland Evening Sentinel. Holland, MI. 1952-10-18. p. 3.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "TV Schedule". The Daily Times-News. Burlington, NC. 1952-06-26. p. 2.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Harrisonburg Daily News Record. Harrisonburg, VA. 1955-06-25. p. 4.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Saturday's Radio and TV Programs". Galveston Daily News. Galveston, TX. 1953-02-14. p. 21.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Galveston Daily News. Galveston, TX. 1951-06-03. p. 25.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Television Log". Idaho State Journal. Pocatello, ID. 1954-06-15. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Kokomo Tribune. Kokomo, IN. 1950-10-21. p. 14.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Friday Evening TV Programs". Logansport Press. Logansport, IN. 1951-05-04. p. 6.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Schedule". Anderson Daily Bulletin. Anderson, IN. 1955-03-21. p. 17.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Monday Afternoon TV Programs". Logansport Press. Logansport, IN. 1951-05-20. p. 6.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Hollywood Wrestling Returns to KRCG-TV". Jefferson City Post-Tribune. Jefferson City, MO. 1955-08-12. p. 6.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Kingsport Times. Kingsport, TN. 1954-04-02. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Radio and Television Programs". Atchison Daily Globe. Atchison, KS. 1955-04-03. p. 9.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Atchison Daily Globe. Atchison, KS. 1950-11-19. p. 4.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Billboard: p. 12. 1955-09-03.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Lake Charles American Press. Lake Charles, LA. 1955-03-14. p. 20.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Lebanon Daily News. Lebanon, PA. 1954-03-04. p. 21.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Monthly TV Film Buying Report". Billboard: p. 31. 1953-04-25.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ Evening Journal. Lubbock, TX. 1953-03-06. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Television — Tonight, Tomorrow — WMCT Channel 5, & WHBQ Channel 13". Blytheville Courier News. Blytheville, AR. 1955-06-25. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b "Market-By-Market Ratings". Billboard: p. 9. 1955-10-15.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Television". The Sheboygan Press. Sheboygan, WI. 1955-05-20. p. 17.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television: WTMJ (Channel 4)". Sheboygan Journal. Sheboygan, WI. 1955-07-29. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television: WTMJ-TV". Sheboygan Journal. Sheboygan, WI. 1951-07-05. p. 11.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Programs". The Winona Republican-Herald. Winona, MN. 1952-01-30. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Daily T-V Program". Ruston Daily Leader. Ruston, LA. 1955-08-30. p. 3.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c "Current TV Film Series". Billboard: p. 24. 1952-06-28.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "On the Air Today". Naugatuck Daily News. Naugatuck, CT. 1949-10-12. p. 3.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "On Television Today". The Bridgeport Telegram. Bridgeport, CT. 1951-07-16. p. 11.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "WDSU Channel 6". Times-Picayune. New Orleans, LA. 1951-01-28. p. 6.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "WDSU Channel 6". Times-Picayune. New Orleans, LA. 1953-08-17. p. 18.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Programs". Trenton Evening Times. Trenton, NJ. 1951-01-30. p. 11.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "On Television Today". Bridgeport Telegram. Bridgeport, CT. 1951-04-14. p. 24.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ The Ada Evening News. Ada, OK. 1954-02-21. p. 5.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "WKY-TV This Week". The Daily Oklahoman. Oklahoma City, OK. 1951-06-24. p. 21.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Daily Radio And TV Programs". Council Bluffs Nonpareil. Council Bluffs, IA. 1955-02-15. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Daily Radio, TV Programs". Council Bluffs Nonpareil. Council Bluffs, IA. 1950-02-21. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Programs". The Chester Times. Chester, PA. 1949-08-10. p. 17.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "13-City Nov. ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard: p. 14. 1953-01-17.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Television-Radio Programs". Chester Times. Chester, PA. 1953-08-25. p. 18.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Programs". The Chester Times. Chester, PA. 1951-10-10. p. 24.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Programs". Chester Times. Chester, PA. 1950-10-21. p. 9.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Programs". The Chester Times. Chester, PA. 1950-10-14. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Lebanon Daily News. Lebanon, PA. 1950-03-10. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Arizona Television Schedule". Broadcasting101. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
- ^ "Television". The Evening Standard. Uniontown, PA. 1951-03-24. p. 11.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "G. F. Johnson Presents This Week's Television Programs". The Oregonian. Portland, OR. 1953-01-25. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 10. 1955-07-30.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Television Programs". Newport Daily News. Newport, RI. 1950-10-11. p. 13.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Where Syndicated Series Are Showing". Billboard: p. 22. 1953-01-17.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "KZTV Channel 8". Nevada State Journal. Reno, NV. 1954-03-24. p. 17.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "KZTV Log". Reno Evening Gazette. Reno, NV. 1955-03-26. p. 11.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "KZTV Programs". Reno Evening Gazette. Reno, NV. 1953-10-10. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "TV Today and Tomorrow". Harrisonburg Daily News Record. Harrisonburg, VA. 1954-11-10. p. 5.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c Johnston, Erskine (1950-02-18). "In Hollywood". Dunkirk Evening Observer. Dunkirk, NY. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Dixon Evening Telegraph. Dixon, IL. 1951-04-27. p. 6.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Radio and Television Programs". The Edwardsville Intelligencer. Edwardville, IL. 1955-08-01. p. 8.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Radio and Television Programs". The Edwardsville Intelligencer. Edwardsville, IL. 1955-09-16. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "KSD-TV Program Channel 5". Alton Evening Telegraph. Alton, IL. 1950-03-06. p. 14.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Schedules". The Winona Republican-Herald. Winona, MN. 1953-10-15. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City, UT. 1951-07-27. p. 25.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Daily Television Guide". Ogden Standard-Examiner. Ogden, UT. 1950-10-18. p. 11A.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Current Television Station Programs". The Daily Herald. Provo, UT. 1954-03-26. p. 2-A.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Radio & Television Listings". San Antonio Express. San Antonio, TX. 1953-08-23. p. 23.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "TV Programs For All Week". San Antonio Express. San Antonio, TX. 1953-01-25. p. 69.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Spotlighting the Dial" (PDF). San Antonio Express. San Antonio, TX. 1950-03-24. p. 14B. Retrieved 2009-12-21.
- ^ San Antonio Express. San Antonio, TX. 1951-06-28. p. 9.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Television". Redlands Daily Facts. Redlands, CA. 1952-12-05. p. 12.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Tonight on TV". The Times. San Mateo, CA. 1950-04-28. p. 15.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Franklin, Bob (1950-11-16). "Show Time". Oakland Tribune. Oakland, CA. p. 63.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "TV Programs". Oakland Tribune. Oakland, CA. 1953-10-10. p. 9.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Program Today". The Oneonta Star. Oneonta, NY. 1952-12-22. p. 15.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "This Week in TV". Seattle Daily Times. Seattle, WA. 1951-04-01. p. 9-S.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "The Week in Televistion (sic)". Seattle Daily Times. Seattle, WA. 1952-02-24. p. 18.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Lowes, Glenna M. (1954-01-29). "TV Notebook: Many Changes Noted in Time Schedules". Seattle Daily Times. Seattle, WA. p. 20.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "WNBT, WTVJ, and KELO-TV get nod". Billboard: p. 10. 1954-02-20.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Television – Monday". Walla Walla Union-Bulletin. Walla Walla, WA. 1953-03-30. p. 13.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Talk". The Post-Standard. Syracuse, NY. 1950-02-26. p. 16.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television". Syracuse Herald Journal. Syracuse, NY. 1953-08-21. p. 16.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Daily TV Schedules". The Daily Chronicle. Centralia, WA. 1953-09-21. p. 5.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "TV Programs". The Daily Chronicle. Centralia, WA. 1955-10-08. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Current TV Film Series". Billboard: p. 12. 1952-06-21.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "TV Schedule, Sat., Jan. 9th". Miami Daily News-Record. Miami, OK. 1954-01-08. p. 3.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 32. 1955-08-06.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Television – Tuesday". Walla Walla Union-Bulletin. Walla Walla, WA. 1953-06-09. p. 13.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "The Nation's Top 10 Television Programs". Billboard: p. 14. 1955-10-01.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Television Log". The Capital. Annapolis, MD. 1951-06-02. p. 3.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Highlights". Cumberland Evening Times. Cumberland, MD. 1952-05-07. p. 21.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Television Highlights". The Cumberland Evening Times. Cumberland, MD. 1952-08-27. p. 19.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "TV Programs". The Oelwein Daily Register. Oelwein, IA. 1954-06-28. p. 7.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "WSAU-TV Channel 7". Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune. Wisconsin Rapids, WI. 1954-12-10. p. 2.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Radio & Television". Fort Pierce News-Tribune. Fort Pierce, FL. 1956-07-26. p. 5.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "The Week on Television". Hutchinson News-Herald. Hutchinson, KS. 1954-09-25. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "KIVA Channel 11". The Yuma Daily Sun. Yuma, AZ. 1955-10-28. p. 10.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Isn't it "Time For Beany" in Your Market?". Billboard: p. 37. 1952-06-14. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
{{cite journal}}:|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "13-City Jan. ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard: p. 20. 1953-03-21.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television (4 ed.). New York: Penguin. pp. 184, 840. ISBN 0-14-02-4916-8.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "AVC Pulls Out of TV". Billboard: p. 11. 1951-10-20.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "Hollywood on TV". The Yuma Daily Sun. Yuma, AZ. 1953-06-23. p. 12.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Consolidated to Sell 'Beany'". Billboard: p. 11. 1953-10-03.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "This Week's Film Buys". Billboard: p. 14. 1956-07-28.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ "KTLA Drops 2 TV Music Segs". Billboard: p. 11. 1956-10-20.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Weinstein, David (2004). The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television. Temple University Press. p. 38. ISBN 1592134998.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Kanfer, Stefan (2004). Ball of Fire: The Tumultuous Life and Comic Art of Lucille Ball. Alfred A Knopf Inc. pp. 262–268. ISBN 037572771X.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Einstein, Mara (2004). Media Diversity: Economics, Ownership, and the FCC. Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 0805854037.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Brant, Marley (2006). Happier Days: Paramount Television's Classic Sitcoms, 1974–1984. Billboard Books. pp. 218, 233. ISBN 0823089339.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "Autry Buys Station For $12 Million". Billboard: p. 20. 1964-06-06.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|page=has extra text (help) - ^ Gross, Michael (1993-02-08). "Rupert in Wonderland: Murdoch's Not Really Home Alone in Wonderland". New York Magazine. 26 (6). New York: p. 32. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
{{cite journal}}:|page=has extra text (help) - ^ Sackett, Susan (1980). The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture. Pocket Books. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0671251813.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Cox, Ted (1995-01-16). "Another 'Star Trek,' and network, headed our way tonight". The Daily Herald. Chicago, IL. p. 21.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Heldenfels, R.D. (2006-01-26). "WB, UPN Die; CW Network Born: Owners CBS, Warner Bros. To Form TV Partnership; Local Stations Unsure of Future". RedOrbit.com. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- ^ Surowiecki, James (2000-04-03). "Why Won't Anyone Pull the Plug on UPN?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
- ^ Gough, Paul J. (2006-01-26). "UPN, WB Network to fold; the CW emerges". HollywoodReporter.com. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
Further reading
- Lev, Peter (2006). The Fifties: Transforming the Screen, 1950–1959. pp. 128–129. University of California Press ISBN 0520249666.