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==Background==
==Background==


The Ampatuans had been in control of Maguindanao since 2001. [[Andal Ampatuan, Sr.]] came first into prominence when [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Corazon Aquino]] appointed him as officer-in-charge of [[Shariff Aguak|Maganoy (now Shariff Aguak)]] in 1986 right after the [[People Power Revolution]]. Aquino, having come into power via revolutionary means, replaced every locally-elected official with officers-in-charge, although the town of Maganoy was approached differently; the aging mayor, Pinagayaw Ampatuan, was replaced by his vice mayor, Andal Sr. He won the [[Philippine local election, 1988|1988 local elections]], then served for ten years. In the [[Philippine general election, 1998|1998 elections]], Andal Sr. was elected as governor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsbreak.com.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7148&Itemid=88889070 |title=Cory gave Ampatuan patriarch his break |date=2009-11-26 |accessdate=2009-11-28 |publisher=Newsbreak Online}}</ref>
The Ampatuans had been in control of Maguindanao since 2001. [[Andal Ampatuan, Sr.]] came first into prominence when [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]] appointed him as officer-in-charge of [[Shariff Aguak|Maganoy (now Shariff Aguak)]] in 1986 right after the [[People Power Revolution]]. Aquino, having come into power via revolutionary means, replaced every locally-elected official with officers-in-charge, although the town of Maganoy was approached differently; the aging mayor, Pinagayaw Ampatuan, was replaced by his vice mayor, Andal Sr. He won the [[Philippine local election, 1988|1988 local elections]], then served for ten years. In the [[Philippine general election, 1998|1998 elections]], Andal Sr. was elected as governor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsbreak.com.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7148&Itemid=88889070 |title=Cory gave Ampatuan patriarch his break |date=2009-11-26 |accessdate=2009-11-28 |publisher=Newsbreak Online}}</ref>


Members of [[Lakas-Kampi-CMD]], President [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]] lists Andal Sr., as a major ally in Mindanao. [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] (ARMM) regional governor [[Zaldy Ampatuan]] was the party's regional chairman. Andal Sr., the family patriarch, has been provincial governor since 1998; he has been elected three times, unopposed. Eighteen of the mayors in Maguindanao belong to the clan. The elder Ampatuan attributed his popularity to "popular support," adding "Because I am so loved by the constituencies of the municipalities, they ask me to have my sons as representatives." In the [[Philippine general election, 2004|2004 presidential elections]], Arroyo won 69% of Maguindanao's vote; [[Philippine general election, 2007|three years later]], the party-backed [[TEAM Unity|coalition]] scored a 12-0 sweep of the senatorial elections in the province. Unable to run for a third term, he is currently grooming his son, Andal, Jr., to succeed him as governor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20070314-54689/Maguindanao_governor_modern-day_Godfather |title=Maguindanao governor modern-day Godfather |date=2007-03-14 |accessdate=2009-11-27 |publisher=INQUIRER.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20091124-237982/21-killed-in-Maguindanao |title=21 killed in Maguindanao |date=2009-11-24 |accessdate=2009-11-27 |publisher=INQUIRER.net}}</ref>
Members of [[Lakas-Kampi-CMD]], President [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]] lists Andal Sr., as a major ally in Mindanao. [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] (ARMM) regional governor [[Zaldy Ampatuan]] was the party's regional chairman. Andal Sr., the family patriarch, has been provincial governor since 1998; he has been elected three times, unopposed. Eighteen of the mayors in Maguindanao belong to the clan. The elder Ampatuan attributed his popularity to "popular support," adding "Because I am so loved by the constituencies of the municipalities, they ask me to have my sons as representatives." In the [[Philippine general election, 2004|2004 presidential elections]], Arroyo won 69% of Maguindanao's vote; [[Philippine general election, 2007|three years later]], the party-backed [[TEAM Unity|coalition]] scored a 12-0 sweep of the senatorial elections in the province. Unable to run for a third term, he is currently grooming his son, Andal, Jr., to succeed him as governor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20070314-54689/Maguindanao_governor_modern-day_Godfather |title=Maguindanao governor modern-day Godfather |date=2007-03-14 |accessdate=2009-11-27 |publisher=INQUIRER.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20091124-237982/21-killed-in-Maguindanao |title=21 killed in Maguindanao |date=2009-11-24 |accessdate=2009-11-27 |publisher=INQUIRER.net}}</ref>

Revision as of 05:48, 17 November 2010

Maguindanao massacre
Map of the Philippines with Maguindanao highlighted
LocationAmpatuan, Maguindanao, Mindanao, Philippines
DateNovember 23, 2009
approx. 10:00 am – 3:00 pm (UTC +8)
TargetEsmael Mangudadatu's family members, supporters, journalists
Attack type
Massacre
WeaponsSmall arms
DeathsAt least 57
Esmael Mangudadatu's family members and supporters, and accompanying journalists
InjuredAt least 4
No. of participants
approx. 100

The Maguindanao massacre, also known as the Ampatuan massacre (after the town where the mass graves were found), occurred on the morning of November 23, 2009, in the town of Ampatuan in Maguindanao province, on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. While the victims were on their way to file a certificate of candidacy for Esmael Mangudadatu, vice mayor of Buluan town, they were kidnapped and brutally killed. Mangundadatu was challenging Datu Unsay mayor Andal Ampatuan, Jr., son of the incumbent Maguindanao governor Andal Ampatuan, Sr., in the forthcoming Maguindanao gubernatorial election,[1] part of the national elections in 2010. The 57 people killed included Mangudadatu's wife, his two sisters, journalists, lawyers, aides, and motorists who were witnesses or were mistakenly identified as part of the convoy.

The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) has called the Maguindanao massacre the single deadliest event for journalists in history.[2] At least 34 journalists are known to have died in the massacre.[3] In a statement, CPJ executive director Joel Simon noted that the killings, "appears to be single deadliest event for the press since 1992, when CPJ began keeping detailed records on journalist deaths."[2] The CPJ further noted that, "Even as we tally the dead in this horrific massacre, our initial research indicates that this is the deadliest single attack on the press ever documented by CPJ."[2]

Even before the Maguindanao massacre, the CPJ had labeled the Philippines the second most dangerous country for journalists, second only to Iraq.[2]

Background

The Ampatuans had been in control of Maguindanao since 2001. Andal Ampatuan, Sr. came first into prominence when President Ferdinand Marcos appointed him as officer-in-charge of Maganoy (now Shariff Aguak) in 1986 right after the People Power Revolution. Aquino, having come into power via revolutionary means, replaced every locally-elected official with officers-in-charge, although the town of Maganoy was approached differently; the aging mayor, Pinagayaw Ampatuan, was replaced by his vice mayor, Andal Sr. He won the 1988 local elections, then served for ten years. In the 1998 elections, Andal Sr. was elected as governor.[4]

Members of Lakas-Kampi-CMD, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo lists Andal Sr., as a major ally in Mindanao. Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) regional governor Zaldy Ampatuan was the party's regional chairman. Andal Sr., the family patriarch, has been provincial governor since 1998; he has been elected three times, unopposed. Eighteen of the mayors in Maguindanao belong to the clan. The elder Ampatuan attributed his popularity to "popular support," adding "Because I am so loved by the constituencies of the municipalities, they ask me to have my sons as representatives." In the 2004 presidential elections, Arroyo won 69% of Maguindanao's vote; three years later, the party-backed coalition scored a 12-0 sweep of the senatorial elections in the province. Unable to run for a third term, he is currently grooming his son, Andal, Jr., to succeed him as governor.[5][6]

With escalating tensions in the province, Arroyo, as head of the Lakas-Kampi-CMD, mediated between the Ampatuans and the Mangudadatus (both are from the same party) to prevent election-related violence. Three meetings were held in mid-2009, with one meeting hosted by then Secretary of National Defense and current party chairman Gilberto Teodoro, who is running to succeed Arroyo as president. Arroyo's adviser for political affairs Gabriel Claudio, disclosed that there was an initial agreement "in principle" that no Mangudadatu would contest Ampatuan Sr.'s gubernatorial post.[7]

Two days before the incident, the mass grave was prepared using a backhoe emblazoned with the name of Maguindanao Gov. Andal Ampatuan Sr., and apparently owned by the Ampatuan family.[8]

Attack

Location of Buluan, the origin of the convoy, in Maguindanao.
Location of Shariff Aguak, the destination of the convoy, in Maguindanao.
Location of Ampatuan, the location where the massacre took place, in Maguindanao.

Buluan Vice Mayor Esmael "Toto" Mangudadatu invited 37 journalists to cover the scheduled filing of his certificate of candidacy (COC) at the Commission on Elections provincial office in Shariff Aguak. He said reports had reached him that his rivals had threatened to chop him into pieces once he filed his COC, and felt the presence of journalists would deter such an attack.

A local report stated that at about 9:00 AM, a convoy of six vehicles carrying journalists, lawyers, and relatives of Vice Mayor Mangudadatu left Buluan to file his COC at the Comelec office in Shariff Aguak. The convoy was composed of six vehicles: four Toyota Grandia vans (one grey, one green, and two white) owned by the Mangudadatu family; and two media vehicles – a Pajero owned by DZRH broadcast journalist Henry Araneta and a Mitsubishi L-300 van owned by UNTV. There was a seventh vehicle, a Grandia boarded by mediamen, but it lagged behind and decided to turn around once the passengers sensed what was happening. There were two other vehicles that were not part of the convoy but happened to be traveling on the same highway: a red Toyota Vios and a light blue Toyota Tamaraw FX. The Vios had five passengers: Eduardo Lechonsito, a government employee who was bound for a hospital in Cotabato City after suffering a mild stroke Monday morning. He was with his wife Cecille, co-workers Mercy Palabrica and Daryll delos Reyes, and driver Wilhelm Palabrica. The FX was driven by Anthony Ridao, employee of the National Statistics Coordination Board, and son of Cotabato City councilor Marino Ridao.

Before reaching its destination (about 10 km from Shariff Aguak, four on other versions), the convoy was stopped by 100 armed men, who abducted and later killed most or all of its members.[3] There is evidence that at least five of the female victims, four of them journalists, were raped before being killed,[9] while "practically all" of the women had been shot in their genitals[10] and beheaded.[11] Mangudadatu's youngest sister and aunt were both pregnant at the time of their murders.[12]

In a text message sent by Mangudadatu's wife to him, she identified the people that blocked their way as the men of Ampatuan Jr, and that he himself slapped her.[13] The female victims were shot in their genitals, according to Secretary of Justice Agnes Devanadera. According to Mangudadatu, his wife's "private parts were slashed four times, after which they fired a bullet into it." In addition, he said that "They speared both of her eyes, shot both her breasts, cut off her feet, fired into her mouth."[14]

A backhoe located in the immediate vicinity of the carnage at Ampatuan town was identified as the instrument that was used to expediently dig the graves of the victims, including the vehicles. The perpetrators weren't able to complete the job when a helicopter was spotted in the area. The backhoe, emblazoned with the name of Maguindanao Gov. Andal Ampatuan Sr., was later identified to belong to the Maguindanao provincial government.[15]

As of November 25, the death toll had risen to 57, as confirmed by Chief Superintendent Josefino Cataluna of the Philippine National Police.[16][17][18] Reporters Without Borders announced that at least 12 of the victims were journalists, making this the deadliest such incident in the history of news media.[19] The National Union of Journalists in the Philippines originally estimated that a total of 20 journalists were killed, including an undisclosed number of NUJP members.[17] The Philippine Daily Inquirer later updated the number of journalists killed to 34.[3]

On November 24, Philippine president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo responded to the news of the massacre by declaring a state of emergency in Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat and Cotabato City.[18] Speaker of the House Prospero Nograles called on the police to quickly identify the perpetrators of the massacre and disarm private armies.[20] The Philippine Department of Justice created a panel of special prosecutors to handle cases arising from the massacre.[21]

Aftermath

In the aftermath, Nueva Ecija Rep. Eduardo Nonato N. Joson said the massacre might affect, or even lead to the cancellation of, the scheduled 2010 presidential elections.[20] Candidates in the election condemned the massacre.[22]

On Wednesday, November 25, 2009, the executive committee of the Lakas-Kampi-CMD political party unanimously voted to expel three members of the Ampatuan family - Maguindanao Gov. Datu Andal Ampatuan Sr. and his two sons, Gov. Datu Zaldy Uy Ampatuan of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and Mayor Andal Ampatuan Jr. - from the party for their alleged role in the Maguindanao massacre.[23] An emergency meeting of the Lakas-Kampi-CMD was held in Pasig, during which the Ampatuans were stripped of their membership.[2]

On Thursday, November 26, 2009, Ampatuan Jr. surrendered to his brother Zaldy, was delivered to adviser to the peace process Jesus Dureza, then was flown to General Santos on his way to Manila, where he was taken to the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) headquarters.[24][25] Police in the Philippines charged Andal Ampatuan Jr. with murder.[26] Ampatuan denied the charges, claiming that he was at the provincial capitol in Shariff Aguak when the massacre took place. He instead blamed the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), specifically Ombra Kato, as the mastermind, a charge the MILF dismissed as "absurd."[27][28]

Mangudadatu successfully filed his certificate of candidacy at Shariff Aguak on November 27. He was accompanied by Lakas-Kampi-CMD chairman and presidential candidate Gilberto Teodoro, along with a caravan of 50 vehicles, to "ensure his safety."[29]

After the incidents it was predicted by critics that the Philippines could find itself on the next edition of the list of failed states annually reported by the Fund for Peace's Failed States Index, if it continued to have such massacres, extrajudicial killings and disappearances.

Among the worst mass killings earlier in the history of the Philippines are the Balangiga massacre of a whole American camp by Filipinos and the retaliation by General Jacob H. Smith in which all adults were killed and Samar was turned into a "howling wildness", the Lapiang Malaya massacre in Pasay in 1967, the Escalante, Negros Occidental massacre owing to labor unrest, in September 1984, the Mendiola massacre of peasants for land reform in 1987 and the Lupao, Nueva Ecija massacre during a military campaign against the New People's Army (NPA) in 1987.[30]

Declaration of martial law

On December 4, 2009, through Proclamation No. 1959, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo officially placed Maguindanao province under a state of martial law.[31] The declaration also suspended the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in the province. The announcement was made days after hundreds of government troops were sent to the province, which would later raid armories of the powerful Ampatuan clan. Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita said the step was taken in order to avert the escalation of "lawless" violence in the province and pave the way for the swift arrest of the suspects in the massacre.[32][33]

Following the declaration, authorities carried out a raid on a warehouse owned by Andal Ampatuan Jr., the alleged mastermind of the massacre.[34] The raid resulted in the confiscation of more than 330,000 live rounds of M16 rifle ammunition, and the arrest of 20 militiamen. Also confiscated in the raid were several firearms, a military humvee and an improvised armored vehicle.[35]

Martial law in Maguindanao was lifted on December 13, 2009.

Media Fundraising

UNTV-37 head Daniel Razon spearheaded a fund-raising concered named "Protest Broadcast 3" aimed at helping the families of 32 media men who perished in the Massacre (including 4 UNTV-37 journalists), the concert took place last May 17 at the Araneta Coliseum, Quezon City. Families of the victims of the massacre were given free tickets and were given monetary donations at the end of the concert.[36] Succeeding fund-raising concerts will be mounted by the same organizing team – Bread Society International in cooperation with UNTV and Breakthrough and Milestones Productions – at Cebu Convention Center on May 23, and at the CAP Auditorium in Davao on May 30.[37]

At least 198 suspects, including Andal Ampatuan Jr. and Andal Ampatuan Sr. and several other members of the Ampatuan clan, have been charged with murder. In April 2010, the government dropped murder charges against Zaldy Ampatuan and Akhmad Ampatuan who had presented alibis. This led to protests by family members of the victims.[38] Despite the accusations of killing the 56 people,they are now being accused by the Right Groups of killing more innocent people in the past 20 years [39]

Victims

Mangudadatu family and associates

Name Description
Genalyn Tiamson-Mangudadatu Wife of Esmael Mangudadatu.
Eden Mangudadatu Municipal Vice Mayor of Mangudadatu, Maguindanao, sister of Esmael Mangudadatu.
Rowena Mangudadatu cousin of Esmael Mangudadatu
Manguba Mangudadatu Aunt of Esmael Mangudadatu.[40]
Faridah Sabdulah [40]
Farida Mangudadatu Youngest sister of Esmael Mangudadatu.[40]
Farina Mangudadatu Another sister of Esmael Mangudadatu.
Concepcion “Connie” Brizuela, 56 Lawyer.[41]
Cynthia Oquendo, 36 Lawyer.
Catalino Oquendo Cynthia Oquendo's father.
Rasul Daud Driver of Sultan Kudarat Rep.Pax Mangudadatu.[40]

Journalists

Thirty-four journalists are known to have been abducted and killed in the massacre, according to the Philippine Daily Inquirer.[3] Only 25 have been positively identified so far.[3]

Name Description
Alejandro "Bong" Reblando,[3] 53 Manila Bulletin correspondent,[42] a former Associated Press reporter.[43]
Henry Araneta DZRH Correspondent based in General Santos City
Napoleon “Nap” Salaysay DZRO manager.
Bartolome “Bart” Maravilla Bombo Radyo Koronadal, South Cotabato.[3]
Jhoy Dojay Goldstar Daily.[3]
Andy Teodoro Mindanao Examiner & Central Mindanao Inquirer reporter.[3]
Ian Subang Mindanao Focus, a General Santos-based weekly community newspaper.[3]
Leah Dalmacio Mindanao Focus reporter.
Gina Dela Cruz Mindanao Focus reporter.[3]
Maritess Cablitas Mindanao Focus reporter.[3]
Neneng Montano Saksi weekly newspaper reporter.[3]
Victor Nuñez UNTV reporter.[3]
McDelbert "Macmac" Arriola UNTV cameraman.[3]
Jolito Evardo UNTV editor
Daniel Tiamson UNTV driver
Humberto Mumay Koronadal-based journalist.[3]
Rey Merisco Koronadal-based journalist.[3]
Ronnie Perante Koronadal-based journalist.[3]
Jun Legarta Koronadal-based journalist.[3]
Val Cachuela Koronadal-based journalist.[3]
Santos "Jun" Gatchalian Davao-based journalist.
Joel Parcon Freelance journalist.
Noel Decena Freelance journalist.
John Caniba Freelance journalist.
Art Betia Freelance journalist.
Ranie Razon Freelance journalist.
Archie Ace David Freelance "Tambay" journalist.
Fernanado "Ferdz" Mendoza Freelance driver.

Red Toyota Vios

Number of casualties: 5. They were supposedly mistaken as part of the convoy.[44]

Name Description
Eduardo Lechonsito Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat government employee.
Cecille Lechonsito Wife of Eduardo Lechonsito.
Mercy Palabrica Co-worker of Eduardo Lechonsito.
Daryll delos Reyes Co-worker of Eduardo Lechonsito.
Wilhelm Palabrica Driver.

Human Rights Watch report

On November 16, 2010, the international non-governmental organization Human Rights Watch issued a 96 page report titled "They Own the People", charting the Ampatuans’ rise to power, including their use of violence to expand their control and eliminate threats to the family’s rule.[45]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jimenez-David, Rina (November 24, 2009). "Understanding the unbelievable". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d e Papa, Alcuin (2009-11-26). "Maguindanao massacre worst-ever for journalists". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Zonio, Aquilies (2009-11-24). "Inquirer man recounts harrowing tales of survival". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  4. ^ "Cory gave Ampatuan patriarch his break". Newsbreak Online. 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
  5. ^ "Maguindanao governor modern-day Godfather". INQUIRER.net. 2007-03-14. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  6. ^ "21 killed in Maguindanao". INQUIRER.net. 2009-11-24. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  7. ^ "Malacañang distances itself from mass murder". INQUIRER.net. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  8. ^ "Official confirms mayor is the suspect in political massacre". gulfnews. 2009-11-28. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  9. ^ Solmerin, Florante S. (2009-12-04). "Lab results: 5 women showed signs of rape - /2009/december/4". Manila Standard Today. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  10. ^ "Massacre women victims shot in genitals—DoJ chief". INQUIRER.net. 2009-11-27. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  11. ^ Henderson, Barney (2009-11-26). "Philippine massacre suspect surrenders". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  12. ^ "'We can't call them animals, they are monsters'". INQUIRER Politics. November 26, 2009.
  13. ^ "Massacre planned, says Buluan vice mayor". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2009-11-27. {{cite news}}: Text "date-2009-11-26" ignored (help)
  14. ^ "Massacre women victims shot in genitals—DoJ chief". Agance France Presse. INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2009-11-27. {{cite news}}: Text "date-2009-11-27" ignored (help)
  15. ^ Ramos, Marlon. "Backhoe operator sought in Maguindanao massacre". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2009-11-27. {{cite news}}: Text "date-2009-11-25" ignored (help)
  16. ^ "5 more bodies uncovered in Philippine massacre". Google News. Associated Press. November 25, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-12-06. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  17. ^ a b "(UPDATE 2) Maguindanao massacre death toll reaches 52". ABS-CBN News. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  18. ^ a b Aie Balagtas See (2009-11-24). "Maguindanao killing field death toll rises to 46 – AFP". GMANews.TV. GMA Network. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
  19. ^ "Twelve journalists killed on Mindanao island in "dark day for press freedom"". Press Freedom Index. Reporters without Borders. 2009-11-23. Retrieved 22010-09-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  20. ^ a b Porcalla, Delon (November 25, 2009). "Authorities urged to identify perpetrators of Maguindanao massacre". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 24 November 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  21. ^ "DOJ creates panel on Maguindanao massacre". ABS-CBN News. November 24, 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ^ "2010 presidential bets condemn massacre". Manila Bulletin. November 24, 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
  23. ^ Zonio, Aquilies (2009-11-25). "3 Ampatuans expelled from admin party". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  24. ^ Kwok, Abigail (2009-11-26). "Ampatuan surrenders, to be flown to Manila". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
  25. ^ Bordadora, Norman (2009-11-26). "Prosecutors OK murder charges vs Ampatuan". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  26. ^ Tran, Mark (2009-11-26). "Philippines massacre: police charge local politician with murder". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
  27. ^ "Ampatuan Jr. claim vs MILF may be used in probe, says military exec". INQUIRER.net. 2009-11-27. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  28. ^ Señase, Charlie (2009-11-27). "'Absurd,' says MILF on Ampatuan claim". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  29. ^ "Mangudadatu files COC for Maguindanao gov". GMANews. 2009-11-27. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  30. ^ and the Digos Massacre perpetrated by the CPP-NPA in Digos, Davao del Sur. "RP could land on list of failed states"
  31. ^ "Martial law declared in Maguindanao".
  32. ^ "Arroyo declares martial law in Maguindanao province". GMANews.TV. 2009-12-05. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  33. ^ "Full text: Arroyo's declaration of martial law in Maguindanao". GMANews.TV. December 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  34. ^ "20 militiamen arrested in Maguindanao raid – police". INQUIRER.net. 2009-12-05. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  35. ^ "330,000 rounds of ammo recovered in Maguindanao raid". INQUIRER.net. 2009-12-05. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  36. ^ Maguindanao Massacre and Protest Broadcast III
  37. ^ UNTV-37 leads concert for massacre victims
  38. ^ Jim Gomez (18 April 2010), "Philippines drops charges vs 2 massacre suspects", Associated Press, ABC News {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  39. ^ http://www.gmanews.tv/story/206108/rights-group-ampatuans-killed-more-people-in-20-years
  40. ^ a b c d "List of victims in Maguindanao massacre".
  41. ^ "Slain lawyers among most ardent peace advocates in Mindanao".
  42. ^ "Emergency rule in 2 provinces, 1 city" ([dead link]). Mindanao Times. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2009-12-06. {{cite web}}: External link in |format= (help)
  43. ^ Tran, Mark (2009-11-26). "Philippines massacre: police charge local politician with murder". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  44. ^ "Innocent motorists among massacre victims in Ampatuan". GMANews.tv. November 25, 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  45. ^ “They Own the People” (November 16, 2010), Human Rights Watch.

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