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Static HDR metadatas gives informations about the whole video.
Static HDR metadatas gives informations about the whole video.


* '''SMPTE ST 2086''' or '''MDCV''' (Mastering Display Color Volume): It describes the color volume of the mastering display (i.e. the color primaries, the white point and the maximum and minimum luminance). It has been defined by [[Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers|SMPTE]]<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|date=2018-04-XX|title=ST 2086:2018 - SMPTE Standard - Mastering Display Color Volume Metadata Supporting High Luminance and Wide Color Gamut Images|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8353899|journal=ST 2086:2018|pages=1–8|doi=10.5594/SMPTE.ST2086.2018}}</ref> and also in [[Advanced Video Coding|AVC]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.264 : Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services|url=https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.264-201906-I/en|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.itu.int}}</ref> and [[High Efficiency Video Coding|HEVC]]<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=H.265 : High efficiency video coding|url=https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.265-201911-I/en|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.itu.int}}</ref> standards.
* '''SMPTE ST 2086''' or '''MDCV''' (Mastering Display Color Volume): It describes the color volume of the mastering display (i.e. the color primaries, the white point and the maximum and minimum luminance). It has been defined by [[Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers|SMPTE]]<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|date=2018-04-XX|title=ST 2086:2018 - SMPTE Standard - Mastering Display Color Volume Metadata Supporting High Luminance and Wide Color Gamut Images|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8353899|journal=ST 2086:2018|pages=1–8|doi=10.5594/SMPTE.ST2086.2018}}</ref> and also in [[Advanced Video Coding|AVC]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.264 : Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services|url=https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.264-201906-I/en|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.itu.int}}</ref> and [[High Efficiency Video Coding|HEVC]]<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=H.265 : High efficiency video coding|url=https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.265-201911-I/en|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.itu.int}}</ref> standards.
* '''MaxFALL''' (Maximum Frame Average Light Level)
* '''MaxFALL''' (Maximum Frame Average Light Level)
* '''MaxCLL''' (Maximum Content Light Level)
* '''MaxCLL''' (Maximum Content Light Level)

Revision as of 19:23, 23 April 2021

This article is about the technologies related to HDR display. For the HDR capture technique, see High-dynamic-range imaging. For other uses, see High dynamic range (disambiguation).

High-dynamic-range video (HDR video) is video having a dynamic range greater than that of standard-dynamic-range video (SDR video).[1][2] HDR video involves capture, production, content/encoding, and display. HDR capture and displays[3] are capable of brighter whites and deeper blacks.[4] To accommodate this, HDR encoding standards allow for a higher maximum luminance and use at least a 10-bit color depth (compared to 8-bit for non-professional and 10-bit for professional SDR video[5]) in order to maintain precision across this extended range.

While technically "HDR" refers strictly to the ratio between the maximum and minimum luminance, the term "HDR video" is commonly understood to imply wide color gamut (WCG) as well.[6] HDR combined with WCG allow for a large color volume.[7]

One must switch to HDR when the HDR transfer function is signalled (PQ or HLG), neither 10 bit mode, nor BT.2020 primaries and matrix means that it is HDR.

Technology

Transfer function

See also: Transfer functions in imaging

Perceptual quantizer

The perceptual quantizer (PQ),[8][9] published by SMPTE as SMPTE ST 2084, is a transfer function that allows for the display of high dynamic range (HDR) video with a luminance level of up to 10,000 cd/m2 and can be used with the Rec. 2020 color space.[10][11][12][13] PQ is a non-linear electro-optical transfer function (EOTF). On 18 April 2016, the Ultra HD Forum announced industry guidelines for UHD Phase A, which uses Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) and PQ transfer functions with a bit depth of 10-bits and the Rec. 2020 color space.[14] On 6 July 2016, the ITU announced Rec. 2100, which uses HLG or PQ as transfer functions with a Rec. 2020 color space.[6][15]

The PQ inverse EOTF is as follows:[6][16]

where

  • is the signal value, with a range of .
  • is the normalized linear optical luminance, with representing the peak luminance of 10,000 cd/m2 (minimal luminance[17] is 0.0001 cd/m2)

Hybrid Log-Gamma

Main article: Hybrid Log-Gamma

Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) is a royalty-free[18][19] HDR standard jointly developed by the BBC and NHK.[18] HLG is designed to be better-suited for television broadcasting, where the metadata required for other HDR formats is not backward compatible with non-HDR displays, consumes additional bandwidth, and may also become out-of-sync or damaged in transmission. HLG defines a non-linear optical-electro transfer function, in which the lower half of the signal values use a gamma curve and the upper half of the signal values use a logarithmic curve.[1][20] In practice, the signal is interpreted as normal by standard-dynamic-range displays (albeit capable of displaying more detail in highlights), but HLG-compatible displays can correctly interpret the logarithmic portion of the signal curve to provide a wider dynamic range.[21][22][23] In contrast the other HDR formats it does not use metadata.[24]

HLG is defined in ATSC 3.0, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) UHD-1 Phase 2, and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Rec. 2100.[6][25][26] HLG is supported by HDMI 2.0b, HEVC, VP9, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[27][28][29][30] HLG is supported by video services such as the BBC iPlayer, DirecTV, Freeview Play, and YouTube.[31][32][33][34][35]

SDR transfer function

BT.1886 describes the transfer function of SDR content (including SDR content with BT.2020 primaries).[36] sRGB transfer function is different from both the inverse of BT.709 and BT.1886. SMPTE 240M defines its own EOTF, again different.

Metadata

Static metadata

Static HDR metadatas gives informations about the whole video.

  • SMPTE ST 2086 or MDCV (Mastering Display Color Volume): It describes the color volume of the mastering display (i.e. the color primaries, the white point and the maximum and minimum luminance). It has been defined by SMPTE[37] and also in AVC[38] and HEVC[39] standards.
  • MaxFALL (Maximum Frame Average Light Level)
  • MaxCLL (Maximum Content Light Level)

Those metadatas do not describe how the HDR content should be adapted to an HDR consumer displays that have lower color volume (i.e. peak brightness, contrast and color gamut) than the content.[37][39]

The values of MaxFALL and MaxCLL should be calculated from the video stream itself (not including black borders) based on how the scenes appear on the mastering display. It is not recommended to set them arbitrary.[40]

Dynamic metadata

Dynamic metadatas are specific for each frame or each scene of the video.

Dynamic metadatas of Dolby Vision, HDR10+ and SMPTE ST 2094 describe what color volume transform should be applied to contents that are shown on displays that have different color volume from the mastering display. It's optimized for each scene and each display. It allows for the creative intents to be preserved even on consumers displays that have limited color volume.

SMPTE ST 2094 or Dynamic Metadata for Color Volume Transform (DMCVT) is a standard for dynamic metadata published by SMPTE in 2016 as six parts.[41] It's carried in HEVC SEI, ETSI TS 103 433, CTA 861-G.[42] It includes four applications:

  • ST 2094-10 (from Dolby), used for Dolby Vision.
  • ST 2094-20 (from Philips). Colour Volume Reconstruction Information (CVRI) is based on ST 2094-20.[43]
  • ST 2094-30 (by Technicolor). Colour Remapping Information (CRI) conforms to ST 2094-30 and is standardized in HEVC.[43]
  • ST 2094-40 (by Samsung), used for HDR10+.

Chromaticity

See also: List of color spaces and their uses

SDR for HD video uses a system chromaticity (chromaticity of color primaries and white point) specified in Rec. 709 (same as sRGB).[44] SDR for SD used many different primaries, as said in BT.601, SMPTE 170M.

HDR is commonly associated to a Wide Color Gamut (a system chromaticity wider than BT.709). Rec. 2100 (HDR-TV) uses the same system chromaticity that is used in Rec. 2020 (UHDTV).[45][46] HDR formats such as HDR10, HDR10+, Dolby Vision and HLG also use Rec. 2020 chromaticities.

System chromaticity comparison table
Color space Chromaticity coordinate (CIE, 1931)
Primary colors White point
Red Green Blue
xR yR xG yG xB yB Name xW yW
Rec. 709[44] 0.64 0.33 0.30 0.60 0.15 0.06 D65 0.3127 0.3290
sRGB
DCI-P3[47][48] 0.680 0.320 0.265 0.690 0.150 0.060 P3-D65 (Display) 0.3127 0.3290
P3-DCI (Theater) 0.314 0.351
P3-D60 (ACES Cinema) 0.32168 0.33767
Rec. 2020[46] 0.708 0.292 0.170 0.797 0.131 0.046 D65 0.3127 0.3290
Rec. 2100[45]

Bit depth

Because of the increased dynamic range, HDR contents need to use more bit depth than SDR to avoid banding. While SDR uses a bit depth of 8 or 10 bits,[44] HDR uses 10 or 12 bits.[45] This, combined with the use of more efficient transfer function (i.e. PQ or HLG), is enough to avoid banding.[49][50]

Signal format

Rec. 2100 specifies the use of the RGB, the YCbCr or the ICTCP signal formats for HDR-TV.[45]

ICTCP is a color representation designed by Dolby for HDR and wide color gamut (WCG)[51] and standardized in Rec. 2100.[45]

IPTPQc2 (or IPTPQc2) with reshaping is a proprietary format by Dolby and is similar to ICTCP.[52] It is used by Dolby Vision profile 5.[52]

Dual layer video

Some Dolby Vision profiles use a dual layer video composed of a base layer and an enhancement layer.[52][53] Depending of the Dolby Vision profile, the base layer can be backward compatible with SDR, HDR10, HLG, Blu-ray or no video format.[52]

Formats

HDR10

HDR10 Media Profile, more commonly known as HDR10, is an open HDR standard announced on 27 August 2015 by the Consumer Technology Association.[54] It is the most wide spread of the HDR formats[24] and is supported by a wide variety of companies, which include monitor and TV manufacturers such as Dell, LG, Samsung, Sharp, VU, Sony, and Vizio,[55][56] as well as Sony Interactive Entertainment, Microsoft and Apple which support HDR10 on their PlayStation 4, Xbox One video game console and Apple TV platforms, respectively.[57][58][59]

HDR10 is defined as: [60]

  • EOTF: SMPTE ST 2084 (PQ)
  • Bit depth: 10 bit
  • Color primaries: Rec.2020 (identical to Rec.2100 primaries)
  • Static metadata: SMPTE ST 2086 (Mastering Display Color Volume), MaxFALL, MaxCLL
  • Color sub-sampling: 4:2:0 (for compressed video sources)

HDR10 is technicaly limited to a maximum of 10,000 nits peak brightness, however common HDR10 contents are mastered with peak brightness from 1,000 to 4,000 nits.[61]

HDR10 is not backward compatible with SDR displays.

On HDR10 displays that have lower color volume than the HDR10 content (for example lower peak brightness capability), the HDR10 metadata give information to help adjusting the content.[62] However the metadata are static (remain the same for the entire video) and do not tell how the content should be adjusted, thus the decision is up to the display and the creative intents might not be preserved.[37]

Competing formats to HDR10 are Dolby Vision and HDR10+ (that do provide dynamic metadatas allowing to preserve the creative intents on each display and on a scene by scene or frame by frame basis) and also HLG (that do provide some degree of backward compatibility with SDR).[62]

HDR10+

Main article: HDR10+

HDR10+, also known as HDR10 Plus, was announced on 20 April 2017, by Samsung and Amazon Video. HDR10+ updates HDR10 by adding dynamic metadata that can be used to more accurately adjust brightness levels up to 10,000 nits maximum brightness on a scene-by-scene or frame-by-frame basis and supports up to 10-bit colour depth and 8K resolution.[63][64][65][66] This function is based on Samsung application SMPTE ST 2094-40 Application #4.[67][68][69][64][65][66] HDR10+ is an open standard and is royalty-free; it is supported by Colorfront's Transkoder and MulticoreWare's x265.[64][65][66] A certification and logo program for HDR10+ device manufacturers will be made available with an annual administration fee and no per unit royalty.[70] An authorized test center conducts a certification program for HDR10+ devices.[70]

On 28 August 2017, Samsung, Panasonic, and 20th Century Fox created the HDR10+ Alliance[71] to promote the HDR10+ standard.[72] HDR10+ video started being offered by Amazon Video on 13 December 2017.[73] On 5 January 2018, Warner Bros. announced their support for the HDR10+ standard.[74] On 6 January 2018, Panasonic announced Ultra HD Blu-ray players with support for HDR10+.[75] On 4 April 2019, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment announced a technology collaboration with Samsung Electronics to release new titles mastered with HDR10+.[76] It is considered to have most of the advantages of Dolby Vision over HDR10, despite being fee free.[24]

Dolby Vision

Dolby Vision is an HDR format from Dolby Laboratories that can be optionally supported by Ultra HD Blu-ray discs and streaming video services.[77][78] Dolby Vision is a proprietary format and Dolby SVP of Business Giles Baker has stated that the royalty cost for Dolby Vision is less than $3 per TV.[79][80][81] Dolby Vision includes the Perceptual Quantizer (SMPTE ST 2084) electro-optical transfer function, up to 8K resolution, and a wide-gamut color space (ITU-R Rec. BT.2020 in YCBCR or IPTPQc2). Some Dolby Vision profiles allow for 12-bit color depth and 10,000 cd/m2 maximum brightness[82] (as of 2018, according to the Dolby Vision white paper, professional reference monitors, such as the Dolby Vision HDR reference monitor, are currently limited to 4,000 cd/m2 of peak brightness).[83] It can encode mastering display colorimetry information using static metadata (SMPTE ST 2086) but also provide dynamic metadata (SMPTE ST 2094-10, Dolby format) for each scene[68] or frame, like on iPhone 12.[citation needed]

Examples of Ultra HD (UHD) TVs that support Dolby Vision include LG, TCL, VU, Sony and Vizio.[84] MulticoreWare's x265 encoder supports Dolby Vision as of version 3.0.[85] Dolby Vision IQ is an update designed to optimise Dolby Vision content according to the ambient light.[86] It is considered to be future proof.[24]

This dynamic metadata or Dynamic HDR allows adjusting of brightness and contrast (in reality, the tone curve) on the scene by scene or even frame by frame bases as and when required and adjusts it many times during the video/movie.[87]

HLG10 / HLG

Main article: Hybrid Log-Gamma

HLG10, commonly referred as HLG, is a video format using the HLG transfer function, a bit depth of 10-bits and the wide-gamut Rec. 2020 color space.[88] The HLG transfer function is backward compatible with SDR video[21][22][23] but the Rec. 2020 color space is not compatible with SDR color space (Rec.709).

Technicolor Advanced HDR

An HDR format which aims to be backwards compatible with SDR.[24] As of 19 December 2020 there is no content in this format.[24]

SL-HDR1 (Single-Layer HDR system Part 1) is a HDR standard that was jointly developed by STMicroelectronics, Philips International B.V., and Technicolor R&D France.[89] It was standardised as ETSI TS 103 433 in August 2016.[43] SL-HDR1 provides direct backwards compatibility by using static (SMPTE ST 2086) and dynamic metadata (using SMPTE ST 2094-20 Philips and 2094-30 Technicolor formats) to reconstruct a HDR signal from a SDR video stream that can be delivered using SDR distribution networks and services already in place. SL-HDR1 allows for HDR rendering on HDR devices and SDR rendering on SDR devices using a single layer video stream.[43] The HDR reconstruction metadata can be added either to HEVC or AVC using a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message.[43]

Comparison of video formats

HDR formats comparison table
HDR10 HDR10+ Dolby Vision HLG10
Developed by CTA Samsung Dolby NHK and BBC
Year 2015 2017 2014 2015
Cost Free Free (for content company)

Yearly license (for manufacturer) [90]

Proprietary Free
Technical charasteristics
Metadata Static

(SMPTE ST 2086, MaxFALL, MaxCLL)

Dynamic Dynamic

(Dolby Vision L0, L1, L2 trim, L8 trim)

None
Transfer function PQ PQ PQ, HLG (Not always[91]) HLG
Bit Depth 10 bit 10 bit (or more) 10 bit or 12 bit 10 bit
Peak luminance Technical limit 10,000 nits 10,000 nits 10,000 nits Variable
Contents No rules

1,000 - 4,000 nits (common) [61]

No rules

1,000 - 4,000 nits (common)[61]

(At least 1,000 nits[92])

4,000 nits common[61]

1,000 nits common[93][94]
Color primaries Technical limit Rec. 2020 Rec. 2020 Rec. 2020 Rec. 2020
Contents DCI-P3 (common)[62] DCI-P3 (common)[62] At least DCI-P3[92] DCI-P3 (common)[62]
Backward compatibility None HDR10 It depends on the profile used:
Notes PQ10 format is same as HDR10 without the metadata[95] Technical characteristics of Dolby Vision depend on the profile used, but all profiles support the same Dolby Vision dynamic metadata.[91] On SDR displays that don't support Rec. 2020 color primaries (WCG), HLG formats using Rec. 2020 color primaries will show a de-saturated image with visible hue shifts.[95]
Sources [60][61][62] [96][97][61][62] [91][98][92][62][99][61] [94][95][93][62]

Displays

Display devices capable of greater dynamic range have been researched for decades, primarily with flat panel technologies like plasma, SED/FED and OLED.

TV sets with enhanced dynamic range and upscaling of existing SDR/LDR video/broadcast content with reverse tone mapping have been anticipated since early 2000s.[100][101] In 2016, HDR conversion of SDR video was released to market as Samsung's HDR+ (in LCD TV sets)[102] and Technicolor SA's HDR Intelligent Tone Management.[103]

As of 2018, high-end consumer-grade HDR displays can achieve 1,000 cd/m2 of luminance, at least for a short duration or over a small portion of the screen, compared to 250-300 cd/m2 for a typical SDR display.[3]

Video interfaces that support at least one HDR Format include HDMI 2.0a, which was released in April 2015 and DisplayPort 1.4, which was released in March 2016.[104][105] On 12 December 2016, HDMI announced that Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) support had been added to the HDMI 2.0b standard.[27][106][107] HDMI 2.1 was officially announced on 4 January 2017, and added support for Dynamic HDR, which is dynamic metadata that supports changes scene-by-scene or frame-by-frame.[108][109]

Compatibility

As of 2020, no display is capable of rendering the full range of brightness and color of HDR formats.[88] A display is called an HDR display if it can accept HDR content and map them to its display characteristics.[88] Thus, the HDR logo only provides information about content compatibility and not display capability.

Certifications

Certifications have been made in order to give consumers information about the display rendering capability of a screen.

VESA DisplayHDR

The DisplayHDR standard from VESA is an attempt to make the differences in HDR specifications easier to understand for consumers, with standards mainly used in computer monitors and laptops. VESA defines a set of HDR levels; all of them must support HDR10, but not all are required to support 10-bit displays.[110] DisplayHDR is not an HDR format, but a tool to verify HDR formats and their performance on a given monitor. The most recent standard is DisplayHDR 1400 which was introduced in September 2019, with monitors supporting it released in 2020.[111][112] DisplayHDR 1000 and DisplayHDR 1400 are primarily used in professional work like video editing. Monitors with DisplayHDR 500 or DisplayHDR 600 certification provide a noticeable improvement over SDR displays, and are more often used for general computing and gaming.[113]

Minimum peak luminance Range of color Typical dimming technology Maximum black level luminance Maximum backlight adjustment latency
Brightness in cd/m2 Color gamut Brightness in cd/m2 Number of video frames
DisplayHDR 400 400 sRGB Screen-level 0.4 8
DisplayHDR 500 500 WCG* Zone-level 0.1 8
DisplayHDR 600 600 WCG* Zone-level 0.1 8
DisplayHDR 1000 1000 WCG* Zone-level 0.05 8
DisplayHDR 1400 1400 WCG* Zone-level 0.02 8
DisplayHDR 400 True Black 400 WCG* Pixel-level 0.0005 2
DisplayHDR 500 True Black 500 WCG* Pixel-level 0.0005 2

*Wide Color Gamut, at least 90% of DCI-P3 in specified volume (peak luminance)

Ultra HD Premium

Ultra HD Premium is a certification from the UHD Alliance, at least 90% of DCI-P3 in area.[114]

Mobile HDR Premium

Mobile HDR Premium is a certification from the UHD Alliance for mobile devices.[114][115]

HDR in still images

This section is about the technology related to HDR displays. For the HDR capture technique, see High-dynamic-range imaging.

HDR image formats

The following image formats are compatible with HDR (Rec.2100 color space, PQ and HLG transfer functions, Rec.2100/Rec.2020 color primaries):

Adoption

Panasonic: Panasonic's S-series cameras (including Lumix S1, S1R, S1H and S5) can capture photos in HDR using the HLG transfer function and output them in a HSP file format.[121][122][118] The captured HDR pictures can be viewed in HDR by connecting the camera to an HLG-compliant display with an HDMI cable.[121][118]

Canon: EOS-1D X Mark III and EOS R5 are able to capture still images in the Rec.2100 color space by using the PQ transfer function, the HEIC format (HEVC codec in HEIF file format), the Rec. 2020 color primaries, a bit depth of 10 bit and a 4:2:2 YCbCr subsampling.[123][124][125][126][127] The captured HDR pictures can be viewed in HDR by connecting the camera to an HDR display with an HDMI cable.[126] Captured HDR pictures can also be converted to SDR JPEG (sRGB color space) and then viewed on any standard display.[126] Canon refers to those SDR pictures as "HDR PQ-like JPEG". Canon's Digital Photo Professional software is able to show the captured HDR pictures in HDR on HDR displays or in SDR on SDR displays.[126][128] It is also able to convert the HDR PQ to SDR sRGB JPEG.[129]

Sony: Sony α7S III and α1 cameras can capture HDR photos in the Rec.2100 color space with the HLG transfer function, the HEIF format, Rec. 2020 color primaries, a bit depth of 10 bit and a 4:2:2 or 4:2:0 subsampling.[130][131][132][133] The captured HDR pictures can be viewed in HDR by connecting the camera to an HLG-compliant display with an HDMI cable.[133]

Qualcomm: Snapdragon 888 mobile SoC allow the capture of 10-bit HDR HEIF still photos.[134][135]

Guidelines and recommendations

ITU-R Rec. 2100

Main article: Rec. 2100

Rec. 2100 is a technical recommendation by ITU-R for production and distribution of HDR content using 1080p or UHD resolution, 10-bit or 12-bit color, HLG or PQ transfer functions, the Rec. 2020 wide color gamut and YCBCR or ICTCP as color space.[6][15]

UHD Phase A and Phase B

UHD Phase A are guidelines from the Ultra HD Forum for distribution of SDR and HDR content using Full HD 1080p and 4K UHD resolutions. It requires color depth of 10-bits per sample, a color gamut of Rec. 709 or Rec. 2020, a frame rate of up to 60 fps, a display resolution of 1080p or 2160p, and either standard dynamic range (SDR) or high dynamic range that uses Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) or Perceptual Quantizer (PQ) transfer functions.[136] UHD Phase A defines HDR as having a dynamic range of at least 13 stops (213=8192:1) and WCG as a color gamut that is wider than Rec. 709.[136] UHD Phase A consumer devices are compatible with HDR10 requirements and can process Rec. 2020 color space and HLG or PQ at 10 bits.

UHD Phase B will add support to 120 fps (and 120/1.001 fps), 12 bit PQ in HEVC Main12 (that will be enough for 0.0001 to 10000 nits), Dolby AC-4 and MPEG-H 3D Audio, IMAX sound in DTS:X (without LFE). It will also add ITU's ICtCp and Color Remapping Information (CRI).

History

Before HDR video

Main articles: High-dynamic-range imaging and High-dynamic-range rendering
Example of HDR time-lapse video

In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera combining two successively[137] or simultaneously[138]-captured images.

In 1991, the first commercial video camera using consumer-grade sensors and cameras was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Cornuéjols.

Also in 1991, Cornuéjols introduced the principle of non linear image accumulation HDR+ to increase the camera sensitivity:[139] in low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio.

Later, in the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.[140] A few companies such as RED and Arri have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.[141][142] RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx[143] images with a user-selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The Arri Alexa camera uses a dual gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.[144]

With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone mapped HDR time-lapse videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010, the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a beam splitter and consumer grade HD video cameras.[145] Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.[146][147]

Modern movies have often been filmed with cameras featuring a higher dynamic range, and legacy movies can be converted even if manual intervention would be needed for some frames (as when black-and-white films are converted to color)[citation needed]. Also, special effects, especially those that mix real and synthetic footage, require both HDR shooting and rendering[citation needed]. HDR video is also needed in applications that demand high accuracy for capturing temporal aspects of changes in the scene. This is important in monitoring of some industrial processes such as welding, in predictive driver assistance systems in automotive industry, in surveillance video systems, and other applications. HDR video can be also considered to speed image acquisition in applications that need a large number of static HDR images are, for example in image-based methods in computer graphics.

OpenEXR was created in 1999 by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) and released in 2003 as an open source software library.[148][149] OpenEXR is used for film and television production.[149]

Academy Color Encoding System (ACES) was created by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and released in December 2014.[150] ACES is a complete color and file management system that works with almost any professional workflow and it supports both HDR and wide color gamut. More information can be found at https://www.ACESCentral.com (WCG).[150]

HDR video

The HEVC specification incorporates the Main 10 profile on their first version that supports 10 bits per sample.[151]

On 8 April 2015, The HDMI Forum released version 2.0a of the HDMI Specification to enable transmission of HDR. The Specification references CEA-861.3, which in turn references the Perceptual Quantizer (PQ), which was standardized as SMPTE ST 2084.[104] The previous HDMI 2.0 version already supported the Rec. 2020 color space.[152]

On 24 June 2015, Amazon Video was the first streaming service to offer HDR video using HDR10 Media Profile video.[153][154]

On 17 November 2015, Vudu announced that they had started offering titles in Dolby Vision.[155]

On 1 March 2016, the Blu-ray Disc Association released Ultra HD Blu-ray with mandatory support for HDR10 Media Profile video and optional support for Dolby Vision.[77]

On 9 April 2016, Netflix started offering both HDR10 Media Profile video and Dolby Vision.[156]

On 6 July 2016, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announced Rec. 2100 that defines two HDR transfer functions—HLG and PQ.[6][15]

On 29 July 2016, SKY Perfect JSAT Group announced that on 4 October, they will start the world's first 4K HDR broadcasts using HLG.[157]

On 9 September 2016, Google announced Android TV 7.0, which supports Dolby Vision, HDR10, and HLG.[29][158]

On 26 September 2016, Roku announced that the Roku Premiere+ and Roku Ultra will support HDR using HDR10.[159]

On 7 November 2016, Google announced that YouTube would stream HDR videos that can be encoded with HLG or PQ.[160][31]

On 17 November 2016, the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Steering Board approved UHD-1 Phase 2 with a HDR solution that supports Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) and Perceptual Quantizer (PQ).[25][161] The specification has been published as DVB Bluebook A157 and will be published by the ETSI as TS 101 154 v2.3.1.[25][161]

On 2 January 2017, LG Electronics USA announced that all of LG's SUPER UHD TV models now support a variety of HDR technologies, including Dolby Vision, HDR10, and HLG (Hybrid Log Gamma), and are ready to support Advanced HDR by Technicolor.

On 12 September 2017, Apple announced the Apple TV 4K with support for HDR10 and Dolby Vision, and that the iTunes Store would sell and rent 4K HDR content.[59]

On 13 October 2020, Apple announced the iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 Pro series, the first smartphone that can record and edit video in Dolby Vision right in the camera roll[162] on frame-by-frame basis. iPhone uses HLG compatible profile 8 of Dolby Vision[163] with only L1 trim.

See also

Further reading

References

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