The '''history of Morocco''' spans over 12 centuries, and the country was first unified by the [[Idrisid dynasty]] in 780, representing the first Islamic state in [[Africa]] autonomous from the [[Arab Empire]]. Under the [[Almoravid dynasty]] and the [[Almohad dynasty]], [[Morocco]] dominatedthe [[Maghreb]] and [[Al Andalus|muslim Spain]]. The [[Reconquista]] ended Almohad rule in [[Iberia]] and many muslims and [[Jews]] migrated to Morocco. Under the [[Saadi dynasty]], Morocco would consolidate power and fight off [[Portugese Empire|Portugese]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] invaders, as in the [[battle of Ksar el Kebir]]. The reign of [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] brought new wealth and prestige to the Sultanate, and an invasion of the [[Songhay Empire]] was initiated. However managing the territories across the [[Sahara]] proved to difficult. After the death of al-Mansur the country was divided among his sons. In 1666 the sultanate was reunited by the [[Alaouite dynasty]], who have since been the ruling house of Morocco. The organization of the state developed with [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]]. With his [[Black Guard]] he drove the [[English Empire|English]] from [[Tangier]] (1684) and the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] from [[Larache]] (1689). The Alaouite dynasty distinguished itself in the 20th century by maintaining Moroccan independence while other states in the region succumbed to European interests. In 1912, after the [[First Moroccan Crisis]] and the [[Agadir Crisis]], the [[Treaty of Fez]] was signed, effectively dividing Morocco into a [[French Morocco|French]] and [[Spanish Morocco|Spanish protectorate]]. In 1956, after 44 years of occupation Morocco regained indepedence from [[France]] as the [[List of rulers of Morocco|Kingdom of Morocco]].
The '''history of [[Morocco]]''' begins when in 1669 the sultanate was reunited by the [[Alaouite dynasty]], who have since been the ruling house of Morocco. The organization of the state developed with [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]]. With his [[Black Guard]] he drove the [[English Empire|English]] from [[Tangier]] (1684) and the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] from [[Larache]] (1689). The Alaouite dynasty distinguished itself in the 20th century by maintaining Moroccan independence while other states in the region succumbed to European interests. In 1912, after the [[First Moroccan Crisis]] and the [[Agadir Crisis]], the [[Treaty of Fez]] was signed, effectively dividing Morocco into a [[French Morocco|French]] and [[Spanish Morocco|Spanish protectorate]]. In 1956, after 44 years of occupation Morocco regained indepedence from [[France]] as the [[List of rulers of Morocco|Kingdom of Morocco]].
==Prehistoric Morocco==
==Prehistoric and Berber Morocco==
The [[Capsian culture]] brought [[Morocco]] into the [[Neolithic]] about 8000 BC, at a time when the [[Maghreb]] was less arid than it is today. The [[Berber languages|Berber language]] probably was formed at roughly the same time as agriculture (see [[Berber people|Berber]]), and was developed by the existing population and adopted the immigrants who arrived later. Modern DNA analysis (see link) has confirmed that various populations have contributed to the present-day gene pool of Morocco in addition to the main ethnic group which is the Amazighs/[[Berber people|Berbers]]. Those other various populations are [[Arab]]s, [[Iberian]]s, [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Sephardic]] [[Jew]]s and [[sub-Sahara]]n [[Africa]]ns.
The [[Capsian culture]] brought [[Morocco]] into the [[Neolithic]] about 8000 BC, at a time when the [[Maghreb]] was less arid than it is today. The [[Berber languages|Berber language]] probably was formed at roughly the same time as agriculture (see [[Berber people|Berber]]), and was developed by the existing population and adopted the immigrants who arrived later. Modern DNA analysis (see link) has confirmed that various populations have contributed to the present-day gene pool of Morocco in addition to the main ethnic group which is the [[Berber people|Berbers]] (''imazighen'' in Berber). Those other various populations are [[Arab]]s, [[Iberian]]s, [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Sephardic]] [[Jew]]s and [[sub-Sahara]]n [[Africa]]ns.
In [[Mesolithic]] ages the geography of Morocco resembled a [[savanna]] more than the present day arid landscape.<ref>D. Rubella, ''Environmentalism and Pi Paleolithic economies in the Maghreb (ca. 20,000 to 5000 B.P.)'', in, J.D. Clark & S.A. Brandt (eds.), ''From Hunters to Farmers: The of Food Production in Africa'', Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 41-56</ref> While little is known about Morocco settlement in these early times, excavations elsewhere in the [[Maghreb]] suggest an abundance of game and forests that would have been hospitable to Mesolithic hunters and gatherers.
In [[Mesolithic]] ages the geography of Morocco resembled a [[savanna]] more than the present day arid landscape.<ref>D. Rubella, ''Environmentalism and Pi Paleolithic economies in the Maghreb (ca. 20,000 to 5000 B.P.)'', in, J.D. Clark & S.A. Brandt (eds.), ''From Hunters to Farmers: The of Food Production in Africa'', Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 41-56</ref> While little is known about Morocco settlement in these early times, excavations elsewhere in the [[Maghreb]] suggest an abundance of game and forests that would have been hospitable to Mesolithic hunters and gatherers.
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[[Phoenicia]]n traders, who had penetrated the western Mediterranean before the 12th century B.C., set up depots for salt and ore along the coast and up the rivers of the territory that is now Morocco. The arrival of Phoenicians heralded many centuries of rule by foreign powers for the north of Morocco. Major early substantial settlements of the Phoenicians were at [[Chellah]], [[Lixus]] and [[Mogador]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926 |title=C. Michael Hogan, ''Mogador: Promontory Fort'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham |publisher=Megalithic.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref> with Mogador being a Phoenician colony as early as the early 6th century BC.<ref>Sabatino Moscati, ''The Phoenicians'', Tauris, ISBN 1850435332</ref> [[Carthage]] developed commercial relations with the Berber tribes of the interior and paid them an annual tribute to ensure their cooperation in the exploitation of raw materials.
[[Phoenicia]]n traders, who had penetrated the western Mediterranean before the 12th century B.C., set up depots for salt and ore along the coast and up the rivers of the territory that is now Morocco. The arrival of Phoenicians heralded many centuries of rule by foreign powers for the north of Morocco. Major early substantial settlements of the Phoenicians were at [[Chellah]], [[Lixus]] and [[Mogador]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926 |title=C. Michael Hogan, ''Mogador: Promontory Fort'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham |publisher=Megalithic.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref> with Mogador being a Phoenician colony as early as the early 6th century BC.<ref>Sabatino Moscati, ''The Phoenicians'', Tauris, ISBN 1850435332</ref> [[Carthage]] developed commercial relations with the Berber tribes of the interior and paid them an annual tribute to ensure their cooperation in the exploitation of raw materials.
By the 5th century B.C., Carthage had extended its hegemony across much of [[North Africa]]. By the 2nd century B.C., several large, although loosely administered, Berber kingdoms had emerged. The Berber kings ruled overshadowing Carthage and [[Rome]](roman rulers actually referred to these people as gods), often as satellites, allowing roman rulership to exist. After the fall of Carthage, the area was annexed to the [[Roman Empire]] in A.D. 40. Rome controlled the vast, ill-defined territory through alliances with the tribes rather than through military occupation, expanding its authority only to those areas that were economically useful or that could be defended without additional manpower. Hence, Roman administration never extended outside the restricted area of the coastal plain and valleys. This strategic region formed part of the [[Roman Empire]], governed as [[Mauretania Tingitana]]. In the 5th century, the region fell to the [[Vandals]], [[Visigoths]], and then [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Greek]]s in rapid succession. During this time, however, the high mountains of most of modern Morocco remained unsubdued, and stayed in the hands of their Berber inhabitants.
By the 5th century B.C., Carthage had extended its hegemony across much of [[North Africa]]. By the 2nd century B.C., several large, although loosely administered, Berber kingdoms had emerged. The Berber kings ruled overshadowing Carthage and [[Rome]] (roman rulers actually referred to these people as gods), often as satellites, allowing roman rulership to exist.
After [[110 BC]], the area was part of Berber kingdom [[Mauretania]] until A.D. 40
[[Christianity]] was introduced in the second century and gained converts in the towns and among slaves and Berber farmers. By the end of the 4th century, the Romanized areas had been Christianized, and inroads had been made as well among the Berber tribes, who sometimes converted en masse. But [[schism (religion)|schismatic]] and [[Heresy#Christianity|heretical]] movements also developed, usually as forms of political protest. The area had a substantial [[Jewish]] population as well. It was during this time that Morocco became a Jewish kingdom until the arrival of Islam. The majority of the history of the Jewish Kingdom of Morocco is now known and is being researched by scholars through out the world, and is of major interest since the current rulers are of their descent.
Mauretania was annexed to the [[Roman Empire]] in A.D. 40. Rome controlled the vast, ill-defined territory through alliances with the tribes rather than through military occupation, expanding its authority only to those areas that were economically useful or that could be defended without additional manpower. Hence, Roman administration never extended outside the restricted area of the coastal plain and valleys. This strategic region formed part of the [[Roman Empire]], governed as province of [[Mauretania Tingitana]], part of [[Hispania#The_Hispaniae|Hispania]], part of [[Praetorian prefecture of Gaul]].
[[Western Roman Empire]] ([[395]]-429)
*Mauretania Tingitana, governed it.
[[File:Justinien 527-565.svg|right|thumb|200px|Byzantine Empire of Justinien]]
Later was part of [[Vandals]] ([[429]]-[[533]])
*During this time [[Visigothic Kingdom]] brief conquest of Tangier <ref>[http://books.google.es/books?id=HdPYaA4nG8QC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365&dq=visigodos+tanger&source=bl&ots=bMWEmwIWCs&sig=9howygXOkZL4-B-kj-t9C7Xbtxk&hl=es&ei=SuXmS_n1M8SksAavq8idBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Tingitana en la antigüedad tardía, siglos III-VII, by Noé Villaverde Vega]</ref>
Later was part of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Greek]]s in 533-688, in Tangier.
*[[Exarchate of Africa]] governed it.
During this time, however, the high mountains of most of modern Morocco remained unsubdued, and stayed in the hands of their Berber inhabitants.
[[Christianity]] was introduced in the second century and gained converts in the towns and among slaves and Berber farmers. By the end of the 4th century, the Romanized areas had been Christianized, and inroads had been made as well among the Berber tribes, who sometimes converted en masse. But [[schism (religion)|schismatic]] and [[Arrianism|arrianism]] movements also developed, usually as forms of political protest. The area had a substantial [[Jewish]] population as well. It was during this time that Morocco became a Jewish kingdom until the arrival of Islam. The majority of the history of the Jewish Moroccan is now known and is being researched by scholars through out the world, and is of major interest since the current rulers are of their descent.
==Early Islamic Morocco==
==Early Islamic Morocco==
[[Image:Rabat tour Hassan.jpg|thumb|The [[Hassan Tower]], an incomplete minaret in Rabat built during the Almohad dynasty]]
[[Image:Rabat tour Hassan.jpg|thumb|150px|The [[Hassan Tower]], an incomplete minaret in Rabat built during the Almohad dynasty]]
[[Arab]]s conquered the region in the 7th century, bringing their civilization and [[Islam]], to which many of the Berbers converted. While part of the larger [[Islamic Empire]], client states such as the [[Kingdom of Nekor]] were formed. Arab conquerors converted the indigenous Berber population to Islam, but Berber tribes retained their customary laws. The Arabs abhorred the Berbers as barbarians, while the Berbers often saw the Arabs as only an arrogant and brutal soldiery bent on collecting taxes. Once established as [[Muslim]]s, the Berbers shaped Islam in their own image and embraced schismatic Muslim sects, which in many cases were simply [[folk religion]] thinly disguised as Islam, as their way of breaking from Arab control.
*North islam <ref>http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/700/index.html</ref>, a few cristian and jews
**[[Arab]]s conquered the region in the 7th century, bringing their civilization and [[Islam]], to which many of the Berbers converted and [[Arabization]]. Arab conquerors converted the indigenous Berber population to Islam, but Berber tribes retained their customary laws. The Arabs abhorred the Berbers as barbarians, while the Berbers often saw the Arabs as only an arrogant and brutal soldiery bent on collecting taxes. Once established as [[Muslim]]s, the Berbers shaped Islam in their own image and embraced schismatic Muslim sects, which in many cases were simply [[folk religion]] thinly disguised as Islam, as their way of breaking from Arab control. Tangier was conquest in 682.
*The first Muslim country in the region was Barghawata.
'''750-788''' [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (north), Barghawata (center), Berber people (south)
The region soon broke away from the control of the distant [[Abbasid]] caliphs in [[Baghdad]] under [[Idris ibn Abdallah]] who founded the [[Idrisid Dynasty]]. Morocco became a centre of learning and a major power.
*[[Kharijites]] in Atlas
*[[757]] [[Tafilalt]] was founding by [[Miknasa]]
'''788–922''' [[Idrisid Dynasty]] (north), [[Kingdom of Nekor]] (Rift), Barghawata (center), Berber people (south), Miknasa and [[Sijilmasa]]
Morocco reached its height under a series of Berber dynasties, that arose south of the Atlas Mountains and expanded their rule northwards, replacing the Arab Idrisids. The 11th and 12th centuries witnessed the founding of several great Berber dynasties led by religious reformers and each based on a tribal confederation that dominated the Maghrib (also seen as [[Maghreb]]; refers to North Africa west of Egypt) and [[Al-Andalus]] for more than 200 years. The Berber dynasties ([[Almoravids]], [[Almohads]], and [[Marinid]]s) gave the Berber people some measure of collective identity and political unity under a native regime for the first time in their history, and they created the idea of an “imperial Maghrib” under Berber aegis that survived in some form from dynasty to dynasty. But ultimately each of the Berber dynasties proved to be a political failure because none managed to create an integrated society out of a social landscape dominated by tribes that prized their autonomy and individual identity.
*The region soon broke away from the control of the distant Abbasid caliphs in [[Baghdad]] under [[Idris ibn Abdallah]] who founded the new [[shia]] country.<ref>http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/800/index.html</ref><ref>http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/900/index.html</ref>
*But acording to Portail National du Maroc, Idrisid Dynasty was a country in 791<ref>[http://www.maroc.ma/PortailInst/Es/MenuGauche/Retrato+de+Marruecos/Historia/La+prehistoria+de+Marruecos.htm www.maroc.ma]</ref>
'''922-937''' [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (north, shia)<ref name="Laurousse 1990"/>, Barghawata (center), Berber people (south) and Sijilmasa
In 1559, the region fell to successive Arab tribes claiming descent from the Prophet [[Muhammad]]: first the [[Saadi Dynasty]] who ruled from 1511 to 1659 and then the [[Alaouite Dynasty|Alaouites]], who founded a dynasty that has remained in power since the 17th century.
'''937–1020''' [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] (north, sunni), Barghawata (center), Berber people (south) and Sijilmasa <ref>http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1000/index.html</ref>
*In 947 Nekor is [[maliki]]
*In 994 [[Oujda]] was founding by [[zenata]]
*In 1019 Nekor was conquest.
'''1020-1026''' Caliphate of Córdoba (north, sunni), Barghawata (center), Berber people (south), Sijilmasa and [[Almoravid dynasty]] (Tarfaya)
'''1026-1058''' [[Taifa of Málaga]] (Tangier, sunni<ref>Historia de España musulmana, by Anwar G. Chejne</ref><ref>[http://www.turismotanger.com/historia-tanger.html Turism of Tangier]</ref>), Barghawata (center), Sijilmasa, [[Ghomara]], [[Jbel]] and [[Almoravid dynasty]] (south and center)
*[[Hammudid dynasty]] (idrisids) in Tangier.
*In 1032 [[Marrakech]] was founding.
*From the 11th used [[Mediterranean Lingua Franca]].
*In 1046 [[Banu Hilal]] become here.
*In 1054 almoravids conquesy Sijilmassa <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070225143758/http://www.sgci.mec.es/ma/pdf/h_marruecos.pdf Historia de Marruecos, MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN Y CIENCIA SERVICIO DE PUBLICACIONES]</ref>
*In 1069 conquest Fez <ref name="Laurousse 1990"/><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070225143758/http://www.sgci.mec.es/ma/pdf/h_marruecos.pdf Historia de Marruecos, MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN Y CIENCIA SERVICIO DE PUBLICACIONES]</ref>
*Was the first country to unified te country. Berber people some measure of collective identity and political unity under a native regime for the first time in their history, and they created the idea of an “imperial Maghrib” under Berber aegis that survived in some form from dynasty to dynasty. But ultimately each of the Berber dynasties proved to be a political failure because none managed to create an integrated society out of a social landscape dominated by tribes that prized their autonomy and individual identity.
'''1125-1147''' Almoravid dynasty (north, east and south), [[Almohad dynasty]] (center)<ref>[http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/northafrica/haxwsahara.html]</ref>
*In 1130 almohads attack Marrackech<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070225143758/http://www.sgci.mec.es/ma/pdf/h_marruecos.pdf Historia de Marruecos, MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN Y CIENCIA SERVICIO DE PUBLICACIONES]</ref>
*In 1142 Tangier fell to almohads<ref>[http://www.mexicodiplomatico.org/art_diplomatico_especial/marruecos_tanger.pdf Mexicodiplomatico.org]</ref>
*In 1212, [[Alfonso X of Castile]] conquest and burnt [[Rabat]]
*[[Maquil]], migrated westwards via Egypt during the 13th century.
'''1215-1236''' Almohad dynasty and [[Marinid dynasty]]
*In 1215 marinids revolt<ref name="ReferenceA">Historia de España musulmana, de Anwar G. Chejne</ref>
*The origin of [[Shadhili]] order sufi <ref>[http://www.dar-sirr.com/Imam-al-Jazouli.html]</ref>
'''1236-1273''' Almohad dynasty, Marinid dynasty and [[Abdalwadid]] (Oujda)<ref name="History of Oujda">[http://www.ville-figuig.info/africa70/foto/file/Medina%20of%20Oujda%20-%20Morocco.doc History of Oujda]</ref>
*In 1248 [[Taza]] falls into the hands of marinids <ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*In 1250 Fez falls into the hands of marinids
*In 1257 Sijilmassa falls into the hands of marinids
*In 1269 Marrachek falls into the hands of marinids<ref>[http://www.maroc.ma/PortailInst/Es/MenuGauche/Retrato+de+Marruecos/Historia/La+prehistoria+de+Marruecos.htm]</ref>
*In 1273 Tangier falls into the hands of marinids <ref name="ReferenceA"/>
'''1273-1337''' Marinid dynasty and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
*According to some legends the [[Alaouite Dynasty]] entered Morocco at the end of the 13th century when [[Al Hassan Addakhil]], who lived then in the town of [[Yanbu]] in the [[Hejaz]], was brought to Morocco by the inhabitants of [[Tafilalet]] to be their [[imam|imām]]. They were hoping that, as he was a [[Sharif|descendant of Muhammad]], his presence would help to improve their [[date palm]] crops thanks to his ''[[barakah]]'' "blessing", an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] term meaning a sense of divine presence or charisma.
'''1348-1352''' Marinid dynasty and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
*About [[1350]] was [[Black Death]] <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070225143758/http://www.sgci.mec.es/ma/pdf/h_marruecos.pdf Historia de Marruecos, MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN Y CIENCIA SERVICIO DE PUBLICACIONES]</ref>
'''1352-1359''' Marinid dynasty
'''1359-1421''' Marinid dynasty and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
*In 1399, [[Henry III of Castile]] conquest brief Tetuan.
'''1421-1471''' Marinid dynasty, Emirate of Tangier <ref>http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Morocco.htm#Tangier</ref><ref>[http://www.turismotanger.com/historia-tanger.html Turism of Tangier]</ref> and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
*In 1431, bula [[Inter Caetera]]
*In 1468 Portugal burnt the pirate port of Anfa<ref>http://www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/1011/g2/jisoo2.html#II325</ref>, and conquest [[Ksar-el-Kebir]]
*In 1471 Portugal anexed [[Asilah]] to Kingdom of Fez<ref name="worldstatesmen.org">http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Morocco.htm</ref>, and [[Chefchaouen]] was built.<ref>[http://www.afrol.com/es/features/13376 Afrol.com]</ref>
'''1471-1476''' [[Kingdom of Fez]] (north), [[Portugal]] (Tangier <ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Morocco.htm#Tangier]</ref><ref>[http://www.turismotanger.com/historia-tanger.html Turism of Tangier]</ref> & Ksar-el-Kebir), [[Barbary corsairs]] (coats), Berber and Arabic (center and south), and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
'''1476-1509''' Kingdom of Fez (north), Portugal (Tangier & Ksar-el-Kebir), Barbary corsairs (coats), Berber and Arabic (center and south), [[Crown of Castille]] ([[Sidi Ifni]]<ref name="ReferenceB">http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Morocco.htm#Ifni</ref>) and Abdalwadid (Oujda)<ref>http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1500/index.html</ref><ref name="zum.de">http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/northafrica/haxmorocco.html</ref>
*In 1479 [[Treaty of Alcáçovas]]
*In 1488 Portugal conquest [[Safi]]
*In 1492 new becomers, [[sefardi]]<ref>[http://www.marruecosdigital.net/xoops/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=3696 Sephardi in Morooco]</ref> and Muslim from [[Nasrid dynasty]]<ref name="Laurousse 1990"/>.
*In 1495 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]]<ref name="Laurousse 1990"/>, the zone is divived in two influencies.
*In 1505 [[Cazaza]] was conquest by Spain<ref>http://bddoc.csic.es:8080/detalles.html?tabla=docu&bd=HISTORI&id=602718</ref>
== Modern Ages pre-Morocco ==
[[File:Maroc1525.PNG|right|thumb|200px|Morocco in 1525]]
'''1509-1548''' Kingdom of Fez (north), Portugal (several cities), Spain (Sidi Ifni & Cazaza), Berber (center), [[Saadi dynasty]] <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070225143758/http://www.sgci.mec.es/ma/pdf/h_marruecos.pdf Historia de Marruecos, MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN Y CIENCIA
SERVICIO DE PUBLICACIONES]</ref>, Figuig, Imanate of Sus and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
*In 1513 Portugal conquest [[Azemmour]]<ref name="worldstatesmen.org"/>
*In 1514 Portugal conquest [[Mazagan]]<ref name="Laurousse 1990"/> to Kingdom of Fez
*In 1515 Portugal build [[Casablanca]]
*In this time it`s the origin of the tariqa [[Aissawa]] in Meknès <ref>[http://www.islamyal-andalus.org/zawiya/Zawiya-Boletin-8.htm History of Aissawa]</ref>
'''1525-1532''' Kingdom of Fez (north), Portugal (several cities), Spain (Cazaza), Berber (center) [[Saadi dynasty]], Figuig, Imanate of Sus and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
*In 1526 Spain lose Sidi Ifni to Saadi dynasty.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
*In 1527 died [[Boabdil]] in a battle with saadian invasors
*In 1533 Spain lose Cazaza.
'''1532-1548''' Kingdom of Fez (north)<ref>http://www.cvc.cervantes.es/obref/quijote/edicion/parte1/parte04/cap41/default.htm</ref>, Portugal (several cities), Berber (center) [[Saadi dynasty]], Figuig, Imanate of Sus and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
*In 1541 Saadian conquest [[Agadir]] and Safi to the Portuguese<ref>http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Morocco.htm#Larache</ref>
*1543-1544 Saadid conquest conquest of Abdalwadid.
'''1548-1554''' Saadi dynasty, Portugal (several cities), Figuig, Imanate of Sus and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
*In 1550 saadian conquest Arcila to Portuguese<ref name="worldstatesmen.org"/>, and Portuguese abandoned Ksar-el-Kebir.
[[File:Conquêtes des Saadiens1592.png|right|thumb|150px|Maroc in 1592]]
'''1554-1580''' Saadi dynasty, Portugal (several cities) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)
*In 1577 Portugal reconquest Asilah<ref name="worldstatesmen.org"/>.
*In 1578 [[Battle of Ksar El Kebir]]<ref name="Laurousse 1990"/>
'''1580-1603''' Saadi dynasty, Spain (several cities) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda) <ref name="History of Oujda"/><ref name="zum.de"/>
*Unification Spain-Portugal
*In 1589 Saadi conquest Asilah <ref name="worldstatesmen.org"/>
'''1603-1608''' tree kings saadian, Spain (several cities), tribal (south) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)
'''1608-1611''' [[Saadi Kingdom of Fez]]<ref name="Regnal Chronology">[http://my.raex.com/~obsidian/noafrica.html#Fez Regnal Chronology]</ref>, [[Saadi Kingdom of Marrakech]], Spain (Casablanca and Tangier) [[Republic of Bou Regreg]], tribal (south and east) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)
*New becomers, [[morisco]]s.
*In 1610 Saadi Kingdom of Fez ceded Larache to Spain pacefully <ref>http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Morocco.htm#Larache</ref> [[File:Maroc1611.PNG|right| thumb| 200px|Morocco en 1611]]
'''1611-1627''' Saadi Kingdom of Fez<ref name="Regnal Chronology"/>, Saadi Kingdom of Marrakech, Spain (Casablanca, Larache & Tangier), Republic of Bou Regreg, tribal (south and east) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)
*In 1614 Spain conquest [[La Mamora]] <ref>[http://www.tercios.org/Africa/mamora.html History of La Mamora]</ref>
'''1627-1631''' Saadi Kingdom of Marrakech, Spain (Casablanca,Larache and Tangier), Republic of Bou Regreg, Sultanate of Tafilalt (alaouites)<ref>[http://www.royalark.net/Morocco/morocco2.htm History of Alawite dynasty]</ref>, tribal (south and east) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)
'''1631-1640''' Saadi Kingdom of Marrakech, Spain (Casablanca,Larache and Tangier), Republic of Bou Regreg, [[Sultanate of Tafilalt]] ([[Alaouite Dynasty|Alaouites]]), tribal (south and east) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)
'''1640-1659''' Saadi Kingdom of Marrakech, Spain (Larache), Portugal (Casablanca and Tangier), Republic of Bou Regreg, Sultanate of Tafilalt (alaouites), tribal (south and east) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)<ref name="zum.de"/>
'''1659-1669''' Sultanate of Tafilalt (alaouites), Spain (Larache), Portugal (Casablanca and Tangier), Republic of Bou Regreg, tribal (south and east) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)<ref name="zum.de"/>
*In 1661 origin of [[Nasiriyya]] tariqa <ref>[http://books.google.es/books?id=P0fkfzq4hUIC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=Nasiriyya+sufi+history&source=bl&ots=N4egpyWArJ&sig=pogta_U_-rrYOEyIBVCcNUeWapg&hl=es&ei=6dTmS_acDIaqsAbPvdCdBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Nasiriyya%20sufi%20history&f=false Studies in West African Islamic History Volume 1: The Cultivators of Islam, by John Ralph Willis]</ref>, and Tangier to [[Kingdom of England]].
*In 1667 Fez was conquest by alaouites <ref name="galeon.com">[http://www.galeon.com/arkeomelilla/hmarruecos.pdf Historia de Marruecos 1994, Seminario de Ciencias Sociales de la Consejería de Educación de la Embajada de España en Rabat]</ref>
*In 1669 Marrakech was conquest by alaouites<ref name="galeon.com"/>
==The Alaouite Dynasty==
==The Alaouite Dynasty==
[[Image:Kasbahs in Aït Benhaddou.JPG|thumb|[[Aït Benhaddou]] at evening light]]
[[Image:Kasbahs in Aït Benhaddou.JPG|thumb|[[Aït Benhaddou]] at evening light]]
The '''Alaouite Dynasty''' is the name of the current [[Morocco|Moroccan]] royal family. The name Alaouite comes from the ''‘Alī'' of its founder [[Moulay Ali Cherif]] who became [[Sultan]] of [[Tafilalt]] in 1631. His son [[Al-Rashid of Morocco|Mulay r-Rshid]] (1664–1672) was able to unite and pacify the country. The Alaouite family claim descent from [[Muhammad]] through the line of [[Fatimah|Fāṭimah az-Zahrah]], Muhammad's daughter, and her husband, the Fourth [[Rashidun|Caliph]] [[Ali|‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib]].
The '''Alaouite Dynasty''' is the name of the current [[Morocco|Moroccan]] royal family. The name Alaouite comes from the ''‘Alī'' of its founder [[Moulay Ali Cherif]] who became [[Sultan]] of [[Tafilalt]] in 1631. His son [[Al-Rashid of Morocco|Mulay r-Rshid]] (1664–1672) was able to unite and pacify the country. The Alaouite family claim descent from [[Muhammad]] through the line of [[Fatimah|Fāṭimah az-Zahrah]], Muhammad's daughter, and her husband, the Fourth [[Rashidun|Caliph]] [[Ali|‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib]].
According to some legends the Alaouites entered Morocco at the end of the 13th century when [[Al Hassan Addakhil]], who lived then in the town of [[Yanbu]] in the [[Hejaz]], was brought to Morocco by the inhabitants of [[Tafilalet]] to be their [[imam|imām]]. They were hoping that, as he was a [[Sharif|descendant of Muhammad]], his presence would help to improve their [[date palm]] crops thanks to his ''[[barakah]]'' "blessing", an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] term meaning a sense of divine presence or charisma. His descendants began to increase their power in southern Morocco after the death of the [[Saadi Dynasty|Saˤdī]] ruler [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] (1578–1603).
In 1659, the last Saˤdī sultan was overthrown in the conquest of [[Marrakech]] by [[Al-Rashid of Morocco|Mulay r-Rshid]] (1664–1672). After the victory over the [[zaouia|zāwiya]] of Dila, who controlled northern Morocco, he was able to unite and pacify the country.
In 1659, the last Saˤdī sultan was overthrown in the conquest of [[Marrakech]] by [[Al-Rashid of Morocco|Mulay r-Rshid]] (1664–1672). After the victory over the [[zaouia|zāwiya]] of Dila, who controlled northern Morocco, he was able to unite and pacify the country.
[[File:Flag of Morocco 1666 1912.svg|thumb|left|Flag of Morocco 1666-1912]]
[[File:Ambassador Admiral Abelkader Perez 1723 1737.jpg|thumb|left|Admiral [[Abdelkader Perez]] was sent by [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]] as ambassador to England in 1723.]]
[[File:Ambassador Admiral Abelkader Perez 1723 1737.jpg|thumb|left|Admiral [[Abdelkader Perez]] was sent by [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]] as ambassador to England in 1723.]]
The organization of the kingdom developed under [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]] (1672–1727), who, against the opposition of local tribes began to create a unified state. Because the Alaouites, in contrast to previous dynasties, did not have the support of a single [[Berber people|Berber]] or [[Bedouin]] tribe, Isma'īl controlled Morocco through an army of black slaves. With these soldiers he drove the [[England|English]] from [[Tangiers]] (1684) and the [[Spain|Spanish]] from [[Larache]] (1689.) However, the unity of Morocco did not survive his death — in the ensuing power struggles the tribes became a political and military force once again.
The organization of the kingdom developed under [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]] (1672–1727), who, against the opposition of local tribes began to create a unified state. Because the Alaouites, in contrast to previous dynasties, did not have the support of a single [[Berber people|Berber]] or [[Bedouin]] tribe, Isma'īl controlled Morocco through an army of [[black slaves]]. With these soldiers he conquest in 1666 the [[Republic of Bou Regreg]], the Spanisch from [[La Mamora]] <ref>[http://www.tercios.org/Africa/mamora.html History of La Mamora]</ref> (1681), the [[England|English]] from [[Tangiers]] (1684) the [[Spain|Spanish]] from [[Larache]] (1689), and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] from [[Oujda]] (1727)<ref name="History of Oujda"/>. However, the unity of Morocco did not survive his death — in the ensuing power struggles the tribes became a political and military force once again.
In 1755 annexed Casablanca to the Portuguese control.
Only with [[Mohammed III of Morocco|Muhammad III]] (1757–1790) could the kingdom be pacified again and the administration reorganized. A renewed attempt at centralization was abandoned and the tribes allowed to preserve their autonomy.
Only with [[Mohammed III of Morocco|Muhammad III]] (1757–1790) could the kingdom be pacified again and the administration reorganized. A renewed attempt at centralization was abandoned and the tribes allowed to preserve their autonomy.
In 1760 [[tuareg]] conquest [[Timbuktu]]
In 1777 Morocco was the very first state to recognize the sovereignty of a newly independent [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/usa/morocco_first.htm |title=Dr. Farooq's Study Resource Page |publisher=Globalwebpost.com |date=2000-06-20 |accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref>
In 1767 Morocco recognize the sovereignty of [[Tekna]]<ref>Viajes por Marruecos, el Sus, Uad-Nun y Tekna, de Joaquín Gatell</ref>
In 1777 Morocco was the very first state to recognize the sovereignty of a newly independent [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/usa/morocco_first.htm |title=Dr. Farooq's Study Resource Page |publisher=Globalwebpost.com |date=2000-06-20 |accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref>
[[File:Maroc1800.PNG|right|thumb|200px|Morocco in 1800]]
Under [[Abderrahmane of Morocco|Abderrahmane]] (1822–1859) Morocco fell under the influence of the [[Europe]]an powers. When Morocco supported the [[Algeria]]n independence movement of the [[Emir]] [[Abd al-Qadir]], it was heavily defeated by the [[France|French]] in 1844 and made to abandon its support.
Under [[Abderrahmane of Morocco|Abderrahmane]] (1822–1859) Morocco fell under the influence of the [[Europe]]an powers. When Morocco supported the [[Algeria]]n independence movement of the [[Emir]] [[Abd al-Qadir]], it was heavily defeated by the [[France|French]] in 1844 and made to abandon its support.
[[File:Morocco1879.PNG|right|thumb|200px|Morocco in 1879]]
From [[Mohammed IV of Morocco|Muhammad IV]] (1859–1873) and [[Hassan I of Morocco|Hassan I]] (1873–1894) the Alaouites tried to foster trading links, above all with [[Europe]]an countries and the [[United States of America|United States]]. The army and administration were also modernized, to improve control over the Berber and Bedouin tribes. With the war against Spain (1859–1860) came direct involvement in European affairs — although the independence of Morocco was guaranteed in the [[Conference of Madrid]] (1880), the French gained ever greater influence. German attempts to counter this growing influence led to the [[First Moroccan Crisis]] of 1905-1906 and the [[Second Moroccan Crisis]] (1911.) Eventually the Moroccans were forced to recognise the French [[Protectorate]] through the [[Treaty of Fez]], signed on December 3, 1912. At the same time the [[Rif]] area of northern [[Morocco]] submitted to [[Spain]].
From [[Mohammed IV of Morocco|Muhammad IV]] (1859–1873) and [[Hassan I of Morocco|Hassan I]] (1873–1894) the Alaouites tried to foster trading links, above all with [[Europe]]an countries and the [[United States of America|United States]]. The army and administration were also modernized, to improve control over the Berber and Bedouin tribes. With the war against Spain (1859–1860) came direct involvement in European affairs — although the independence of Morocco was guaranteed in the [[Conference of Madrid]] (1880), the French gained ever greater influence.
In 1881, [[Tiznit]] was built <ref>[http://looklex.com/e.o/tiznit.htm History of Tiznit]</ref>
<br>[[Mediterranean Lingua Franca]] desapeared.
<br>German attempts to counter this growing influence led to the [[First Moroccan Crisis]] of 1905-1906 and the [[Second Moroccan Crisis]] (1911.) Eventually the Moroccans were forced to recognise the French [[Protectorate]] through the [[Treaty of Fez]], signed on December 3, 1912. At the same time the [[Rif]] area of northern [[Morocco]] submitted to [[Spain]].
Under the protectorate (1912–1956) the infrastructure was invested in heavily in order to link the cities of the [[Atlantic]] coast to the hinterland, thus creating a single economic area for Morocco. However the regime faced the opposition of the tribes — when the Berber were required to come under the jurisdiction of French courts in 1930 it marked the beginning of the independence movement. In 1944, the independence party [[Istiqlal Party|Istiqlāl]] was founded, supported by the Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Muhammad V]] (1927–1961). Although banned in 1953, France was obliged to grant Morocco independence on March 2, 1956, leaving behind them a legacy of urbanisation and the beginnings of an industrial economy.
Under the protectorate (1912–1956) the infrastructure was invested in heavily in order to link the cities of the [[Atlantic]] coast to the hinterland, thus creating a single economic area for Morocco. However the regime faced the opposition of the tribes — when the Berber were required to come under the jurisdiction of French courts in 1930 it marked the beginning of the independence movement. In 1944, the independence party [[Istiqlal Party|Istiqlāl]] was founded, supported by the Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Muhammad V]] (1927–1961). Although banned in 1953, France was obliged to grant Morocco independence on March 2, 1956, leaving behind them a legacy of urbanisation and the beginnings of an industrial economy.
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==European influence==<!-- This section is linked from [[Francophonie]] -->
==European influence==<!-- This section is linked from [[Francophonie]] -->
{{Main|French protectorate of Morocco}}{{See|Spanish Morocco}}
{{Main|French protectorate of Morocco}}{{See|Spanish Morocco}}
[[Image:Marocco from observations in 1830.jpg|thumb|left|Map of central Morocco. (1830)]]
[[Image:Marocco from observations in 1830.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Map of central Morocco. (1830)]]
{{Franco-Moroccan conflicts}}
[[Image:Maroc preco.jpg|thumb|The French [[artillery]] at [[Rabat]] in 1911]]
Despite the weakness of its authority, the Alaouite dynasty distinguished itself in the 18th and 19th centuries by maintaining Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]], French, or [[British Empire|British]] domination. However, in the latter part of the 19th century Morocco’s weakness and instability invited European intervention to protect threatened investments and to demand economic concessions. The first years of the 20th century witnessed a rush of diplomatic maneuvering through which the European powers and France in particular furthered their interests in North Africa.<ref>* {{cite journal |last=Furlong |first=Charles Wellington |authorlink=Charles W. Furlong |coauthors= |year=1911 |month=September |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=rHAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14988 The French Conquest Of Morocco: The Real Meaning Of The International Trouble] |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXII |issue= |pages=14988–14999 |id= |url= |accessdate=2009-07-10 |quote= }}</ref> Disputes over Moroccan sovereignty were links in the chain of events that led to [[World War I]].
Despite the weakness of its authority, the Alaouite dynasty distinguished itself in the 18th and 19th centuries by maintaining Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]], French, or [[British Empire|British]] domination. However, in the latter part of the 19th century Morocco’s weakness and instability invited European intervention to protect threatened investments and to demand economic concessions. The first years of the 20th century witnessed a rush of diplomatic maneuvering through which the European powers and France in particular furthered their interests in North Africa.<ref>* {{cite journal |last=Furlong |first=Charles Wellington |authorlink=Charles W. Furlong |coauthors= |year=1911 |month=September |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=rHAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14988 The French Conquest Of Morocco: The Real Meaning Of The International Trouble] |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXII |issue= |pages=14988–14999 |id= |url= |accessdate=2009-07-10 |quote= }}</ref> Disputes over Moroccan sovereignty were links in the chain of events that led to [[World War I]].
The successful [[Portugal|Portuguese]] efforts to control the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast in the 15th century did not affect the Mediterranean heart of Morocco. After the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Egypt and the North African [[maghreb]] became increasingly ungovernable from [[Istanbul]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]], the resort of pirates under local [[bey]]s, and as Europe industrialized, an increasingly prized potential for colonization. The Maghreb had far greater proven wealth than the unknown rest of Africa and a location of strategic importance affecting the exit from the Mediterranean. For the first time, Morocco became a state of some import to the European Powers. [[France]] showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830. Recognition by the [[United Kingdom]] in the 1904 [[Entente Cordiale]] of France's "[[sphere of influence]]" in Morocco provoked a German reaction; the "crisis" of 1905-1906 was resolved at the [[Algeciras Conference]] (1906), which formalized France's "special position" and entrusted policing of Morocco jointly to France and Spain. A second "Moroccan crisis" provoked by Berlin, increased European Great Power tensions, but the [[Treaty of Fez]] (signed on March 30, 1912) made Morocco a [[protectorate]] of France. By the same treaty, [[Spain]] assumed the role of [[protecting power]] over the northern and southern ([[Ifni]]) zones on November 27 that year. Spain was given control of pieces of Morocco in the far north ([[Spanish Morocco|Protectorate of Tetuan]]) and south ([[Cape Juby]]). Tangier received special international status. From a strictly legal point of view, the treaty did not deprive Morocco of its status as a sovereign state. Theoretically, the sultan remained the sole source of sovereignty. He reigned, but he did not rule.
[[Image:Carte Maghreb Vuillemin 1843.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the [[Maghreb]] before the French invasion of Algeria]]
[[Image:Carte Maghreb Vuillemin 1843.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Map of the [[Maghreb]] before the French invasion of Algeria]]
The successful [[Portugal|Portuguese]] efforts to control the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast in the 15th century did not affect the Mediterranean heart of Morocco. After the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Egypt and the North African [[maghreb]] became increasingly ungovernable from [[Istanbul]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]], the resort of pirates under local [[bey]]s, and as Europe industrialized, an increasingly prized potential for colonization.
The Maghreb had far greater proven wealth than the unknown rest of Africa and a location of strategic importance affecting the exit from the Mediterranean. For the first time, Morocco became a state of some import to the European Powers. [[France]] showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830. Recognition by the [[United Kingdom]] in the 1904 [[Entente Cordiale]] of France's "[[sphere of influence]]" in Morocco provoked a German reaction; the "crisis" of 1905-1906 was resolved at the [[Algeciras Conference]] (1906), which formalized France's "special position" and entrusted policing of Morocco jointly to France and Spain.
[[Image:Maroc preco.jpg|thumb|left|The French [[artillery]] at [[Rabat]] in 1911]]
A second "Moroccan crisis" provoked by Berlin, increased European Great Power tensions, but the [[Treaty of Fez]] (signed on March 30, 1912) made Morocco a [[protectorate]] of France. By the same treaty, [[Spain]] assumed the role of [[protecting power]] over the northern and southern ([[Ifni]]) zones on November 27 that year. Spain was given control of pieces of Morocco in the far north ([[Spanish Morocco|Protectorate of Tetuan]]) and south ([[Cape Juby]]). Tangier received special international status. From a strictly legal point of view, the treaty did not deprive Morocco of its status as a sovereign state. Theoretically, the sultan remained the sole source of sovereignty. He reigned, but he did not rule.
Under the protectorate, French civil servants allied themselves with the French settlers (''colons'') and with their supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy. As pacification proceeded, the French government promoted economic development, particularly the exploitation of Morocco’s mineral wealth, the creation of a modern transportation system, and the development of a modern agriculture sector geared to the French market. Tens of thousands of colons entered Morocco and bought up large amounts of the rich agricultural land. Interest groups that formed among these elements continually pressured France to increase its control over Morocco.
Under the protectorate, French civil servants allied themselves with the French settlers (''colons'') and with their supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy. As pacification proceeded, the French government promoted economic development, particularly the exploitation of Morocco’s mineral wealth, the creation of a modern transportation system, and the development of a modern agriculture sector geared to the French market. Tens of thousands of colons entered Morocco and bought up large amounts of the rich agricultural land. Interest groups that formed among these elements continually pressured France to increase its control over Morocco.
==Opposition to European control==
==Opposition to European control==
{{see also|French Morocco}}
{{See also|French Morocco}}
The separatist [[Republic of the Rif]] was declared on 18 September 1921, by the people of the [[Rif]]. It would be dissolved by Spanish and French forces on 27 May 1926.
The separatist [[Republic of the Rif]] was declared on 18 September 1921, by the people of the [[Rif]]. It would be dissolved by Spanish and French forces on 27 May 1926.
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==The reign of Hassan II==
==The reign of Hassan II==
[[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]] became King of Morocco on March 3, 1961. His rule would be marked by political unrest, and the ruthless government response earned the period the name "the [[Years of Lead (Morocco)|years of lead]]". The new king took personal control of the government as prime minister and named a new cabinet. Aided by an advisory council, he drew up a new constitution, which was approved overwhelmingly in a December 1962 referendum. Under its provisions, the king remained the central figure in the executive branch of the government, but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, and an independent judiciary was guaranteed. In May 1963, legislative elections took place for the first time, and the royalist coalition secured a small plurality of seats. However, following a period of political upheaval in June 1965, Hassan II assumed full legislative and executive powers under a “state of exception,” which remained in effect until 1970. Subsequently, a reform constitution was approved, restoring limited parliamentary government, and new elections were held. However, dissent remained, revolving around complaints of widespread corruption and malfeasance in government. In July 1971 and again in August 1972, the regime was challenged by two attempted military coups. The atmosphere in the country remained tense.
[[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]] became King of Morocco on March 3, 1961. His rule would be marked by political unrest, and the ruthless government response earned the period the name "the [[Years of Lead (Morocco)|years of lead]]". The new king took personal control of the government as prime minister and named a new cabinet. Aided by an advisory council, he drew up a new constitution, which was approved overwhelmingly in a December 1962 referendum. Under its provisions, the king remained the central figure in the executive branch of the government, but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, and an independent judiciary was guaranteed. In May 1963, legislative elections took place for the first time, and the royalist coalition secured a small plurality of seats. However, following a period of political upheaval in June 1965, Hassan II assumed full legislative and executive powers under a "state of exception," which remained in effect until 1970. Subsequently, a reform constitution was approved, restoring limited parliamentary government, and new elections were held. However, dissent remained, revolving around complaints of widespread corruption and malfeasance in government. In July 1971 and again in August 1972, the regime was challenged by two attempted military coups. The atmosphere in the country remained tense.
After neighbouring [[Algeria]]'s 1962 independence from [[France]], border skirmishes in the [[Tindouf Province|Tindouf area]] of south-western Algeria, escalated in 1963 into what is known as the [[Sand War]]. Morocco invaded to claim the areas for [[Greater Morocco]], but the fighting stalemated within weeks, and Morocco was forced to retreat with no border adjustments. The border remained a contentious issue, but was later demarcated, and Morocco no longer makes any formal claim on Algerian territory.
After neighbouring [[Algeria]]'s 1962 independence from [[France]], border skirmishes in the [[Tindouf Province|Tindouf area]] of south-western Algeria, escalated in 1963 into what is known as the [[Sand War]]. Morocco invaded to claim the areas for [[Greater Morocco]], but the fighting stalemated within weeks, and Morocco was forced to retreat with no border adjustments. The border remained a contentious issue, but was later demarcated, and Morocco no longer makes any formal claim on Algerian territory.
==The Western Sahara conflict==
==The Western Sahara conflict==
{{main|History of Western Sahara}}
{{Main|History of Western Sahara}}
Morocco then annexed the entire territory and, in 1985, built a 2,500-kilometer sand berm around three-quarters of it. In 1988, Morocco and the Polisario Front finally agreed on a United Nations (UN) peace plan, and a cease-fire and settlement plan went into effect in 1991. Even though the UN Security Council created a [[peacekeeping]] force to implement a referendum on self-determination for Western Sahara, it has yet to be held, periodic negotiations have failed, and the status of the territory remains unresolved.
Morocco then annexed the entire territory and, in 1985, built a 2,500-kilometer sand berm around three-quarters of it. In 1988, Morocco and the Polisario Front finally agreed on a United Nations (UN) peace plan, and a cease-fire and settlement plan went into effect in 1991. Even though the UN Security Council created a [[peacekeeping]] force to implement a referendum on self-determination for Western Sahara, it has yet to be held, periodic negotiations have failed, and the status of the territory remains unresolved.
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*[http://www.magicmorocco.com/history_of_morocco.html The History of Morocco]
*[http://www.magicmorocco.com/history_of_morocco.html The History of Morocco]
*[http://www.euratlas.com/time/sw1600.htm Historical map of Morocco - ca. 1600]
*[http://www.euratlas.com/time/sw1600.htm Historical map of Morocco - ca. 1600]
*[http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/morocco/marrakech/maps/radefeld_1844_marrakech_map.jpg Map of Morocco in 1844]
*Z. Brakez et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11393336 "Human mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the Moroccan population of the Souss area"]
*Z. Brakez et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11393336 "Human mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the Moroccan population of the Souss area"]
The history of Morocco begins when in 1669 the sultanate was reunited by the Alaouite dynasty, who have since been the ruling house of Morocco. The organization of the state developed with Ismail Ibn Sharif. With his Black Guard he drove the English from Tangier (1684) and the Spanish from Larache (1689). The Alaouite dynasty distinguished itself in the 20th century by maintaining Moroccan independence while other states in the region succumbed to European interests. In 1912, after the First Moroccan Crisis and the Agadir Crisis, the Treaty of Fez was signed, effectively dividing Morocco into a French and Spanish protectorate. In 1956, after 44 years of occupation Morocco regained indepedence from France as the Kingdom of Morocco.
Prehistoric and Berber Morocco
The Capsian culture brought Morocco into the Neolithic about 8000 BC, at a time when the Maghreb was less arid than it is today. The Berber language probably was formed at roughly the same time as agriculture (see Berber), and was developed by the existing population and adopted the immigrants who arrived later. Modern DNA analysis (see link) has confirmed that various populations have contributed to the present-day gene pool of Morocco in addition to the main ethnic group which is the Berbers (imazighen in Berber). Those other various populations are Arabs, Iberians, Phoenicians, SephardicJews and sub-SaharanAfricans.
In Mesolithic ages the geography of Morocco resembled a savanna more than the present day arid landscape.[1] While little is known about Morocco settlement in these early times, excavations elsewhere in the Maghreb suggest an abundance of game and forests that would have been hospitable to Mesolithic hunters and gatherers.
The coastal regions of present-day Morocco shared in an early Neolithic culture that was common to the whole Mediterraneanlittoral. Archaeological remains point to the domestication of cattle and the cultivation of crops in the region during that period. Eight thousand years ago, south of the great mountain ranges in what is now the Sahara Desert, a vast savanna supported Neolithic hunters and herders whose culture flourished until the region began to desiccate as a result of climatic changes after 4000 B.C. The Berbers entered Moroccan history toward the end of the 2nd millennium B.C., when they made initial contact with oasis dwellers on the steppe who may have been the remnants of the earlier savanna people.
Phoenician, Roman, and sub-Roman Morocco
Phoenician traders, who had penetrated the western Mediterranean before the 12th century B.C., set up depots for salt and ore along the coast and up the rivers of the territory that is now Morocco. The arrival of Phoenicians heralded many centuries of rule by foreign powers for the north of Morocco. Major early substantial settlements of the Phoenicians were at Chellah, Lixus and Mogador,[2] with Mogador being a Phoenician colony as early as the early 6th century BC.[3]Carthage developed commercial relations with the Berber tribes of the interior and paid them an annual tribute to ensure their cooperation in the exploitation of raw materials.
By the 5th century B.C., Carthage had extended its hegemony across much of North Africa. By the 2nd century B.C., several large, although loosely administered, Berber kingdoms had emerged. The Berber kings ruled overshadowing Carthage and Rome (roman rulers actually referred to these people as gods), often as satellites, allowing roman rulership to exist.
After 110 BC, the area was part of Berber kingdom Mauretania until A.D. 40
Mauretania Tingitana
Mauretania was annexed to the Roman Empire in A.D. 40. Rome controlled the vast, ill-defined territory through alliances with the tribes rather than through military occupation, expanding its authority only to those areas that were economically useful or that could be defended without additional manpower. Hence, Roman administration never extended outside the restricted area of the coastal plain and valleys. This strategic region formed part of the Roman Empire, governed as province of Mauretania Tingitana, part of Hispania, part of Praetorian prefecture of Gaul.
During this time, however, the high mountains of most of modern Morocco remained unsubdued, and stayed in the hands of their Berber inhabitants.
Christianity was introduced in the second century and gained converts in the towns and among slaves and Berber farmers. By the end of the 4th century, the Romanized areas had been Christianized, and inroads had been made as well among the Berber tribes, who sometimes converted en masse. But schismatic and arrianism movements also developed, usually as forms of political protest. The area had a substantial Jewish population as well. It was during this time that Morocco became a Jewish kingdom until the arrival of Islam. The majority of the history of the Jewish Moroccan is now known and is being researched by scholars through out the world, and is of major interest since the current rulers are of their descent.
Early Islamic Morocco
The Hassan Tower, an incomplete minaret in Rabat built during the Almohad dynasty
Arabs conquered the region in the 7th century, bringing their civilization and Islam, to which many of the Berbers converted and Arabization. Arab conquerors converted the indigenous Berber population to Islam, but Berber tribes retained their customary laws. The Arabs abhorred the Berbers as barbarians, while the Berbers often saw the Arabs as only an arrogant and brutal soldiery bent on collecting taxes. Once established as Muslims, the Berbers shaped Islam in their own image and embraced schismatic Muslim sects, which in many cases were simply folk religion thinly disguised as Islam, as their way of breaking from Arab control. Tangier was conquest in 682.
The region soon broke away from the control of the distant Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad under Idris ibn Abdallah who founded the new shia country.[9][10]
But acording to Portail National du Maroc, Idrisid Dynasty was a country in 791[11]
Was the first country to unified te country. Berber people some measure of collective identity and political unity under a native regime for the first time in their history, and they created the idea of an “imperial Maghrib” under Berber aegis that survived in some form from dynasty to dynasty. But ultimately each of the Berber dynasties proved to be a political failure because none managed to create an integrated society out of a social landscape dominated by tribes that prized their autonomy and individual identity.
1125-1147 Almoravid dynasty (north, east and south), Almohad dynasty (center)[21]
1236-1273 Almohad dynasty, Marinid dynasty and Abdalwadid (Oujda)[27]
In 1248 Taza falls into the hands of marinids [25]
In 1250 Fez falls into the hands of marinids
In 1257 Sijilmassa falls into the hands of marinids
In 1269 Marrachek falls into the hands of marinids[28]
In 1273 Tangier falls into the hands of marinids [25]
1273-1337 Marinid dynasty and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
According to some legends the Alaouite Dynasty entered Morocco at the end of the 13th century when Al Hassan Addakhil, who lived then in the town of Yanbu in the Hejaz, was brought to Morocco by the inhabitants of Tafilalet to be their imām. They were hoping that, as he was a descendant of Muhammad, his presence would help to improve their date palm crops thanks to his barakah "blessing", an Arabic term meaning a sense of divine presence or charisma.
1476-1509 Kingdom of Fez (north), Portugal (Tangier & Ksar-el-Kebir), Barbary corsairs (coats), Berber and Arabic (center and south), Crown of Castille (Sidi Ifni[37]) and Abdalwadid (Oujda)[38][39]
1509-1548 Kingdom of Fez (north), Portugal (several cities), Spain (Sidi Ifni & Cazaza), Berber (center), Saadi dynasty[42], Figuig, Imanate of Sus and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
In this time it`s the origin of the tariqa Aissawa in Meknès [43]
1525-1532 Kingdom of Fez (north), Portugal (several cities), Spain (Cazaza), Berber (center) Saadi dynasty, Figuig, Imanate of Sus and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
In 1526 Spain lose Sidi Ifni to Saadi dynasty.[37]
In 1527 died Boabdil in a battle with saadian invasors
In 1533 Spain lose Cazaza.
1532-1548 Kingdom of Fez (north)[44], Portugal (several cities), Berber (center) Saadi dynasty, Figuig, Imanate of Sus and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
In 1541 Saadian conquest Agadir and Safi to the Portuguese[45]
1543-1544 Saadid conquest conquest of Abdalwadid.
1548-1554 Saadi dynasty, Portugal (several cities), Figuig, Imanate of Sus and Abdalwadid (Oujda)
In 1550 saadian conquest Arcila to Portuguese[33], and Portuguese abandoned Ksar-el-Kebir.
In 1610 Saadi Kingdom of Fez ceded Larache to Spain pacefully [47]File:Maroc1611.PNGMorocco en 1611
1611-1627 Saadi Kingdom of Fez[46], Saadi Kingdom of Marrakech, Spain (Casablanca, Larache & Tangier), Republic of Bou Regreg, tribal (south and east) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)
1627-1631 Saadi Kingdom of Marrakech, Spain (Casablanca,Larache and Tangier), Republic of Bou Regreg, Sultanate of Tafilalt (alaouites)[49], tribal (south and east) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)
1631-1640 Saadi Kingdom of Marrakech, Spain (Casablanca,Larache and Tangier), Republic of Bou Regreg, Sultanate of Tafilalt (Alaouites), tribal (south and east) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)
1640-1659 Saadi Kingdom of Marrakech, Spain (Larache), Portugal (Casablanca and Tangier), Republic of Bou Regreg, Sultanate of Tafilalt (alaouites), tribal (south and east) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)[39]
1659-1669 Sultanate of Tafilalt (alaouites), Spain (Larache), Portugal (Casablanca and Tangier), Republic of Bou Regreg, tribal (south and east) and Ottoman Empire (Oujda)[39]
The Alaouite Dynasty is the name of the current Moroccan royal family. The name Alaouite comes from the ‘Alī of its founder Moulay Ali Cherif who became Sultan of Tafilalt in 1631. His son Mulay r-Rshid (1664–1672) was able to unite and pacify the country. The Alaouite family claim descent from Muhammad through the line of Fāṭimah az-Zahrah, Muhammad's daughter, and her husband, the Fourth Caliph‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib.
In 1659, the last Saˤdī sultan was overthrown in the conquest of Marrakech by Mulay r-Rshid (1664–1672). After the victory over the zāwiya of Dila, who controlled northern Morocco, he was able to unite and pacify the country.
The organization of the kingdom developed under Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727), who, against the opposition of local tribes began to create a unified state. Because the Alaouites, in contrast to previous dynasties, did not have the support of a single Berber or Bedouin tribe, Isma'īl controlled Morocco through an army of black slaves. With these soldiers he conquest in 1666 the Republic of Bou Regreg, the Spanisch from La Mamora[52] (1681), the English from Tangiers (1684) the Spanish from Larache (1689), and the Ottoman from Oujda (1727)[27]. However, the unity of Morocco did not survive his death — in the ensuing power struggles the tribes became a political and military force once again.
In 1755 annexed Casablanca to the Portuguese control.
Only with Muhammad III (1757–1790) could the kingdom be pacified again and the administration reorganized. A renewed attempt at centralization was abandoned and the tribes allowed to preserve their autonomy.
Under Abderrahmane (1822–1859) Morocco fell under the influence of the European powers. When Morocco supported the Algerian independence movement of the EmirAbd al-Qadir, it was heavily defeated by the French in 1844 and made to abandon its support.
Morocco in 1879
From Muhammad IV (1859–1873) and Hassan I (1873–1894) the Alaouites tried to foster trading links, above all with European countries and the United States. The army and administration were also modernized, to improve control over the Berber and Bedouin tribes. With the war against Spain (1859–1860) came direct involvement in European affairs — although the independence of Morocco was guaranteed in the Conference of Madrid (1880), the French gained ever greater influence.
Under the protectorate (1912–1956) the infrastructure was invested in heavily in order to link the cities of the Atlantic coast to the hinterland, thus creating a single economic area for Morocco. However the regime faced the opposition of the tribes — when the Berber were required to come under the jurisdiction of French courts in 1930 it marked the beginning of the independence movement. In 1944, the independence party Istiqlāl was founded, supported by the Sultan Muhammad V (1927–1961). Although banned in 1953, France was obliged to grant Morocco independence on March 2, 1956, leaving behind them a legacy of urbanisation and the beginnings of an industrial economy.
Despite the weakness of its authority, the Alaouite dynasty distinguished itself in the 18th and 19th centuries by maintaining Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to Turkish, French, or British domination. However, in the latter part of the 19th century Morocco’s weakness and instability invited European intervention to protect threatened investments and to demand economic concessions. The first years of the 20th century witnessed a rush of diplomatic maneuvering through which the European powers and France in particular furthered their interests in North Africa.[56] Disputes over Moroccan sovereignty were links in the chain of events that led to World War I.
The successful Portuguese efforts to control the Atlantic coast in the 15th century did not affect the Mediterranean heart of Morocco. After the Napoleonic Wars, Egypt and the North African maghreb became increasingly ungovernable from Istanbul by the Ottoman Empire, the resort of pirates under local beys, and as Europe industrialized, an increasingly prized potential for colonization. The Maghreb had far greater proven wealth than the unknown rest of Africa and a location of strategic importance affecting the exit from the Mediterranean. For the first time, Morocco became a state of some import to the European Powers. France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830. Recognition by the United Kingdom in the 1904 Entente Cordiale of France's "sphere of influence" in Morocco provoked a German reaction; the "crisis" of 1905-1906 was resolved at the Algeciras Conference (1906), which formalized France's "special position" and entrusted policing of Morocco jointly to France and Spain. A second "Moroccan crisis" provoked by Berlin, increased European Great Power tensions, but the Treaty of Fez (signed on March 30, 1912) made Morocco a protectorate of France. By the same treaty, Spain assumed the role of protecting power over the northern and southern (Ifni) zones on November 27 that year. Spain was given control of pieces of Morocco in the far north (Protectorate of Tetuan) and south (Cape Juby). Tangier received special international status. From a strictly legal point of view, the treaty did not deprive Morocco of its status as a sovereign state. Theoretically, the sultan remained the sole source of sovereignty. He reigned, but he did not rule.
Map of the Maghreb before the French invasion of Algeria
Under the protectorate, French civil servants allied themselves with the French settlers (colons) and with their supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy. As pacification proceeded, the French government promoted economic development, particularly the exploitation of Morocco’s mineral wealth, the creation of a modern transportation system, and the development of a modern agriculture sector geared to the French market. Tens of thousands of colons entered Morocco and bought up large amounts of the rich agricultural land. Interest groups that formed among these elements continually pressured France to increase its control over Morocco.
The separatist Republic of the Rif was declared on 18 September 1921, by the people of the Rif. It would be dissolved by Spanish and French forces on 27 May 1926.
In December 1934, a small group of nationalists—members of the newly formed Moroccan Action Committee (Comité d’Action Marocaine—CAM)—proposed a Plan of Reforms that called for a return to indirect rule as envisaged by the Treaty of Fès, admission of Moroccans to government positions, and establishment of representative councils. The moderate tactics used by the CAM to obtain consideration of reform—petitions, newspaper editorials, and personal appeals to French officials—proved inadequate, and the tensions created in the CAM by the failure of the plan caused it to split. The CAM was reconstituted as a nationalist political party to gain mass support for more radical demands, but the French suppressed the party in 1937.
Nationalist political parties, which subsequently arose under the French protectorate, based their arguments for Moroccan independence on such World War II declarations as the Atlantic Charter (a joint U.S.-British statement that set forth, among other things, the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live).
Many Moroccan Goumiere assisted the Americans in both World War I and World War II. During World War II, the badly divided nationalist movement became more cohesive, and informed Moroccans dared to consider the real possibility of political change in the post-war era. However, the nationalists were disappointed in their belief that the Allied victory in Morocco would pave the way for independence. In January 1944, the Istiqlal (Independence) Party, which subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement, released a manifesto demanding full independence, national reunification, and a democratic constitution. The sultan had approved the manifesto before its submission to the French resident general, who answered that no basic change in the protectorate status was being considered. The general sympathy of the sultan for the nationalists had become evident by the end of the war, although he still hoped to see complete independence achieved gradually. By contrast, the residency, supported by French economic interests and vigorously backed by most of the colons, adamantly refused to consider even reforms short of independence. Official intransigence contributed to increased animosity between the nationalists and the colons and gradually widened the split between the sultan and the resident general.
In December 1952, a riot broke out in Casablanca over the murder of a Tunisian labor leader; this event marked a watershed in relations between Moroccan political parties and French authorities. In the aftermath of the rioting, the residency outlawed the new Moroccan Communist Party and the Istiqlal.[57]
France's exile of the highly respected Sultan Mohammed V to Madagascar in 1953 and his replacement by the unpopular Mohammed Ben Aarafa, whose reign was perceived as illegitimate, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader. By 1955, Ben Arafa was pressured to abdicate; consequently, he fled to Tangier where he formally abdicated. The French authorities, Glaoui and the Spanish High Commissioner wanted the caliph of Spanish Morocco to be Acting Sultan for Morocco in its entirety.[58] However, Ahmed Belbachir Haskouri, the caliph's right-hand man, opposed the request, on the grounds that it would be tantamount to saving face for the French during a period of time where Mohammed V's return was increasingly conceivable as the resistance was making headway. Later on, faced with a united Moroccan demand for the sultan’s return, on a great scale, rising violence in Morocco, and the deteriorating situation in Algeria, the French government brought Mohammed V back to Morocco. The negotiations that led to Moroccan independence began the following year.
In late 1955, Mohammed V successfully negotiated the gradual restoration of Moroccan independence within a framework of French-Moroccan interdependence. The sultan agreed to institute reforms that would transform Morocco into a constitutional monarchy with a democratic form of government. In February 1956, Morocco acquired limited home rule. Further negotiations for full independence culminated in the Spanish-Moroccan Agreement signed in Paris on March 2, 1956.[57] On April 7 of that year France officially relinquished its protectorate in Morocco. The internationalized city of Tangier was reintegrated with the signing of the Tangier Protocol on October 29, 1956. The abolition of the Spanish protectorate and the recognition of Moroccan independence by Spain were negotiated separately and made final in the Joint Declaration of April 1956.[57] Through this agreement with Spain in 1956 and another in 1958, Moroccan control over certain Spanish-ruled areas was restored, though attempts to claim other Spanish possessions through military action were less successful.
Almost all speakers of the Judeo-Berber language left Morocco in the years following its independence.
In the months that followed independence, Mohammed V proceeded to build a modern governmental structure under a constitutional monarchy in which the sultan would exercise an active political role. He acted cautiously, having no intention of permitting more radical elements in the nationalist movement to overthrow the established order. He was also intent on preventing the Istiqlal from consolidating its control and establishing a single-party state. In August 1957, Mohammed V assumed the title of king.
The reign of Hassan II
Hassan II became King of Morocco on March 3, 1961. His rule would be marked by political unrest, and the ruthless government response earned the period the name "the years of lead". The new king took personal control of the government as prime minister and named a new cabinet. Aided by an advisory council, he drew up a new constitution, which was approved overwhelmingly in a December 1962 referendum. Under its provisions, the king remained the central figure in the executive branch of the government, but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, and an independent judiciary was guaranteed. In May 1963, legislative elections took place for the first time, and the royalist coalition secured a small plurality of seats. However, following a period of political upheaval in June 1965, Hassan II assumed full legislative and executive powers under a "state of exception," which remained in effect until 1970. Subsequently, a reform constitution was approved, restoring limited parliamentary government, and new elections were held. However, dissent remained, revolving around complaints of widespread corruption and malfeasance in government. In July 1971 and again in August 1972, the regime was challenged by two attempted military coups. The atmosphere in the country remained tense.
After neighbouring Algeria's 1962 independence from France, border skirmishes in the Tindouf area of south-western Algeria, escalated in 1963 into what is known as the Sand War. Morocco invaded to claim the areas for Greater Morocco, but the fighting stalemated within weeks, and Morocco was forced to retreat with no border adjustments. The border remained a contentious issue, but was later demarcated, and Morocco no longer makes any formal claim on Algerian territory.
Morocco then annexed the entire territory and, in 1985, built a 2,500-kilometer sand berm around three-quarters of it. In 1988, Morocco and the Polisario Front finally agreed on a United Nations (UN) peace plan, and a cease-fire and settlement plan went into effect in 1991. Even though the UN Security Council created a peacekeeping force to implement a referendum on self-determination for Western Sahara, it has yet to be held, periodic negotiations have failed, and the status of the territory remains unresolved.
More than any other issue since independence, the objective of securing Western Sahara had unified the Moroccan nation. Because of the firm stand the king had taken, it also enhanced his popularity in the country. But the war against the Polisario guerrillas put severe strains on the economy, and Morocco found itself increasingly isolated diplomatically. Successive governments showed little inclination to move seriously against pressing economic and social issues. As a result, popular discontent with social and economic conditions persisted. Political parties continued to proliferate but produced only a divided and weakly organized opposition or were suppressed. Through the force of his strong personality, the legacy of the monarchy, and the application of political repression, the king succeeded in asserting his authority and controlling the forces threatening the existing social order.
^D. Rubella, Environmentalism and Pi Paleolithic economies in the Maghreb (ca. 20,000 to 5000 B.P.), in, J.D. Clark & S.A. Brandt (eds.), From Hunters to Farmers: The of Food Production in Africa, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 41-56
^Benjelloun, Abdelmajid (1988). Approches du colonialism espagnol et du movement nationaliste marocain dans l’ex-Maroc Khalifien. Rabat, Morocco: OKAD Publishing Company
Benjelloun, Abdelmajid (1994, November 16). La verite sur le Protectorat franco-espanol. Al Bayane, p. 3
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