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Of special interest is the settlement Villa Carlota: that was the name under which two German farming settlements, in the villages of [[Santa Elena, Yucatán|Santa Elena]] and Pustunich in Yucatán, were founded during the [[Second Mexican Empire]] (1864–1867)<ref>Alma Durán-Merk (2007). Identifying Villa Carlota: German Settlements in Yucatán, México, During the Second Empire. Augsburg: Universität Augsburg.</ref>. Villa Carlota attracted a total of 443 German-speaking immigrants, most of them were farmers and artisans who emigrated with their families: the majority came from [[Prussia]] and many among them were Protestants<ref>Alma Durán-Merk (2008a). Nur deutsche Elite für Yukatan? Neue Ergebnisse zur Migrationsforschung während des Zweiten mexikanischen Kaiserreiches. Only "Selected" German Immigrants in Yucatán? Recent Findings about the Colonization Policy of the Second Mexican Empire. In: OPUS Ausgburg, <http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/volltexte/2008/1320/pdf/Duran_Merk_Selected_German_Migration.pdf.</ref>. Although in general these immigrants were well received by the hosting society, and the Imperial government honored to the extent of its capabilities the contract it offered to these farmers, the colonies collapsed in 1867<ref>Alma Durán-Merk (2008b): Los colonos alemanes en Yucatán durante el Segundo Imperio Mexicano. In: OPUS Augsburg, http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/volltexte/2008/1329/pdf/Duran_Merk_Colonos_alemanes_Yucatán.pdf.</ref>. After the disintegration of Villa Carlota as such, some families migrated to other parts of the peninsular, into the United States and back to Germany. Many stayed in Yucatán, where we can find descendents of these pioneers with last names such as Worbis, Dietrich and Sols, among others<ref>A full list with the more than 120 names of the families who colonized "Villa Carlota" as well as the names of the officers and organizers of these colonization program, can be found in: Alma Durán-Merk (2009). Villa Carlota. Colonias alemanas en Yucatán. Mérida: CEPSA/Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán/ CONACULTA, ISBN 9786077824022.</ref> .
Of special interest is the settlement Villa Carlota: that was the name under which two German farming settlements, in the villages of [[Santa Elena, Yucatán|Santa Elena]] and Pustunich in Yucatán, were founded during the [[Second Mexican Empire]] (1864–1867)<ref>Alma Durán-Merk (2007). Identifying Villa Carlota: German Settlements in Yucatán, México, During the Second Empire. Augsburg: Universität Augsburg.</ref>. Villa Carlota attracted a total of 443 German-speaking immigrants, most of them were farmers and artisans who emigrated with their families: the majority came from [[Prussia]] and many among them were Protestants<ref>Alma Durán-Merk (2008a). Nur deutsche Elite für Yukatan? Neue Ergebnisse zur Migrationsforschung während des Zweiten mexikanischen Kaiserreiches. Only "Selected" German Immigrants in Yucatán? Recent Findings about the Colonization Policy of the Second Mexican Empire. In: OPUS Ausgburg, <http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/volltexte/2008/1320/pdf/Duran_Merk_Selected_German_Migration.pdf.</ref>. Although in general these immigrants were well received by the hosting society, and the Imperial government honored to the extent of its capabilities the contract it offered to these farmers, the colonies collapsed in 1867<ref>Alma Durán-Merk (2008b): Los colonos alemanes en Yucatán durante el Segundo Imperio Mexicano. In: OPUS Augsburg, http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/volltexte/2008/1329/pdf/Duran_Merk_Colonos_alemanes_Yucatán.pdf.</ref>. After the disintegration of Villa Carlota as such, some families migrated to other parts of the peninsular, into the United States and back to Germany. Many stayed in Yucatán, where we can find descendents of these pioneers with last names such as Worbis, Dietrich and Sols, among others<ref>A full list with the more than 120 names of the families who colonized "Villa Carlota" as well as the names of the officers and organizers of these colonization program, can be found in: Alma Durán-Merk (2009). Villa Carlota. Colonias alemanas en Yucatán. Mérida: CEPSA/Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán/ CONACULTA, ISBN 9786077824022.</ref> .

''FAMILY STORIES WRITTEN BY GERMAN DESCENDANTS''

The detailed stories of the Zeidler and Blum families and their connection to the Novelo family in Yucatan have been written and published by Silvia Elena Zárate Vidal, who is great-granddaughter of German immigrants, who arrived from Hamburg, Germany in Sisal, Yucatan in 1866. Her article “How I found ancestors and living relatives after more than a century of separation” that in Spanish would be “Como encontré ancestros y parientes después de más de un siglo de separación” got published in AVOTAYNU, the International Review of Jewish Genealogy, It includes information about other families that were traveling with the Zeidler and Blum families.
<ref> Silvia Elena Zarate Vidal “How I found ancestors and living relatives after more than a century of separation” AVOTAYNU, the International Review of Jewish Genealogy Vol. XXVI, no. 1 . http://www.avotaynu.com/Spring2010.pdf</ref>


===Scandinavian and Eastern European===
===Scandinavian and Eastern European===

Revision as of 18:41, 10 November 2010

Only Mexicans by birth or naturalization and Mexican companies have the right to acquire ownership of lands, waters, and their appurtenances, or to obtain concessions for the exploitation of mines or of waters.[1] The Mexican government may grant this right to foreigners if they agree before the Ministry of Foreign Affairs not to invoke the protection of their own governments in any matters relating to the property they wish to buy. This is known as the Calvo Clause. This is generally done via a permit process. The 1917 Mexican constitution imposed restrictions on the purchase of land on those without Mexican citizenship. In particular, it prohibits direct ownership of real estate in what is known as the "restricted zone". This zone encompasses all land within 100 km of either Mexican land border and within 50 km of any Mexican coastline. Land 'purchases' in these areas can only be done via a mechanism called a fideicomiso, which roughly is a real estate trust, with a Mexican bank designated as the trustee and having possession of the land title. This mechanism was created to allow for foreign investment in these areas without violating the constitutional principle. The beneficiary of the trust, the foreigner, has all the rights to use, build and sell the property at its market buyer to any eligible buyer. These trusts have a term of 50 years and are renewable.[2]

Illegal immigration has been a problem for Mexico, especially since the 1970s. In 2006 Mexico detained more than 182,000 people who entered the country illegally, mainly from nearby Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, all being Central-American countries neighboring Mexico to the south. Smaller numbers of illegal immigrants come from Ecuador, Cuba, China, South Africa, and Pakistan. [3].

"The Law of Population" is to regulate immigration as to volume, structure, and distribution. This law was written to distribute immigrants across Mexico.[4] Immigration must be deemed appropriate, and assimilate to the national average and their proper distribution throughout the country.{article 3, section 7} Foreign nationals are restricted when the national interest so requires.{article 3, section 8} Immigration to urban population centers can be restricted to ensure effective delivery public services.{article 3, section 9} The immigration of foreigners is allowed according to their potential to contribute to national progress.{article 32} Foreigners are subject to approval concerning appropriate activities they will pursue, and the location of residence.{article 34} Immigrants must be useful elements for the country and have the income needed for subsistence and persons under their economic dependence.{article 34} Foreigners may be denied entry for the following reasons, if: No international reciprocity, The national demographic balance is altered, It is deemed harmful to the national economic interests, he/she has violated national law or have a poor record abroad, deemed not physically or mentally healthy. For a foreigner to pursue other activities in addition to those that have been expressly authorized, requires permission from the Interior Ministry.{article 37} The authorities of the Republic, whether federal, local or municipal, as well as public notaries, are obliged to check if foreigners are legally in the country.{article 72} The judicial authorities are required to notify the Interior Ministry of defendants of foreign descent who are being prosecuted, and sentencing handed down. [5].[6][7]

There are three basic migratory visas for foreigners who wish to stay in Mexico. This first is a tourist visa called a FMT. For those looking to live in Mexico permanently or temporarily, There are the FM3 and the FM2. The FM3 is for those who wish to live in Mexico, but do not qualify as a long-term immigrant and are classed as no inmigrante visitante (visitor non-immigrant). There are various types of FM3 for professionals working in the country, exchange students and those living in Mexico but not working, such as retirees. The FM2 is for those classed as inmigrante rentista (longer term immigrant) and is similar to a United States Permanent Resident Card. For those carrying either of these visas, economic activities are strictly limited to those authorized by the document.[8]

Mexicans have priority over foreigners under equality of circumstances for all classes of concessions and for all employment, positions, or commissions of the Government in which the status of citizenship is not indispensable. Foreigners can serve in the military only during wartime.[9]

Immigrant groups in Mexico

U.S. Americans

See also: Mexicans of American descent

The largest number of Americans outside the United States live in Mexico. According to American Citizens Abroad, there are more than 1,000,000 Americans living in Mexico (as of 1999).[10] However, this number is disputed. Some estimates put the number as low as 124, 082. According to the 2000 census, there were 343,591 Americans living in Mexico. Mostly, people who come from the USA are students, retirees, or missionaries, pastors, and other employees from religious organizations. Also, professors who come employed from Mexican companies to teach English. These residents often don't stay the whole year, with many retirees living half of the year in the USA to keep their retiree benefits, while others, known as "snowbirds", spend only the winter months south of the border. The American community in Mexico is found throughout the country, but there are significant concentrations of U.S. citizens in all the north of Mexico, especially in Tijuana, Mexicali, Los Cabos, San Carlos, Mazatlán, Saltillo, Monterrey and Nuevo Laredo. Also in the central parts of the country such as San Miguel de Allende, Ajijic, Chapala, Mexico City and Cuernavaca, and along the Pacific coast, most especially in the greater Puerto Vallarta area. In the past few years, a growing American community has developed in Mérida.

Argentines

According to the 2000 census, there were 6,465 Argentine immigrants living in the country,[11] mostly in Mexico City. Aside from the expatriates, there are also Mexican-born citizens of Argentine descent.

There is an estimate number of 8,443 immigrants of Argentina living in Mexico, they arrived as tourist and remain in the country. Making them the largest foreign community in Mexico after the USA citizens.[12]

Jews

See also: History of the Jews in Mexico

Mexico is home to roughly 40,000 Jews.[13]

Notable Jewish-Mexicans include:

Russian

Main article: Russians in Mexico

According to the 2000 census, there were 1,293 Russians living in Mexico.[14] Most left Russia during its communist regime, taking advantage of the Mexican law allowing migrants from communist countries refuge if they touch Mexican soil, and the ability to become legal residents of Mexico [citation needed].

German

Main article: German Mexican

The Plautdietsch language, is spoken by descendants of German and Dutch Mennonite immigrants in the states of Chihuahua and Durango. Other German communities are in Puebla, Mexico City, Sinaloa and Chiapas, and the largest German school outside of Germany is in Mexico City (Alexander von Humboldt school). These represent the large German populations where they still try to preserve the German culture (evident in its popular regional polka-like music types, conjunto and Norteno) and language. Other strong German communities lie in Nuevo León, Chiapas (Tapachula) and other parts of Puebla (Nuevo Necaxa) where the German culture and language have been preserved to different extents. According to the 2000 census, there were 5,595 Germans living in Mexico.

Of special interest is the settlement Villa Carlota: that was the name under which two German farming settlements, in the villages of Santa Elena and Pustunich in Yucatán, were founded during the Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867)[15]. Villa Carlota attracted a total of 443 German-speaking immigrants, most of them were farmers and artisans who emigrated with their families: the majority came from Prussia and many among them were Protestants[16]. Although in general these immigrants were well received by the hosting society, and the Imperial government honored to the extent of its capabilities the contract it offered to these farmers, the colonies collapsed in 1867[17]. After the disintegration of Villa Carlota as such, some families migrated to other parts of the peninsular, into the United States and back to Germany. Many stayed in Yucatán, where we can find descendents of these pioneers with last names such as Worbis, Dietrich and Sols, among others[18] .

FAMILY STORIES WRITTEN BY GERMAN DESCENDANTS

The detailed stories of the Zeidler and Blum families and their connection to the Novelo family in Yucatan have been written and published by Silvia Elena Zárate Vidal, who is great-granddaughter of German immigrants, who arrived from Hamburg, Germany in Sisal, Yucatan in 1866. Her article “How I found ancestors and living relatives after more than a century of separation” that in Spanish would be “Como encontré ancestros y parientes después de más de un siglo de separación” got published in AVOTAYNU, the International Review of Jewish Genealogy, It includes information about other families that were traveling with the Zeidler and Blum families. [19]

Scandinavian and Eastern European

Scandinavian languages and traditions can also be heard in Chihuahua, such as Swedish, Finnish, Danish, and Norwegian in Nueva Escandinavia and other Scandinavian colonies in the north of the country. Russian is heard in the Baja California region of Valle de Guadalupe, thanks to the immigrants from southern Russia who settled these areas. They are the Molokans ("milk eaters"), and they preserve their culture in Baja California, with the architecture in their houses and museums, they produce fine wine (along with the large Italian community that lives near them) and their language and traditions, as well as dresses and festivities. Other Russians belong to a more recent wave of immigration from mainly Russia, Poland and the Ukraine along with other Eastern Europeans (Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania), who settle mainly in Mexico City years ago during the Cold War.

Middle Eastern

Main article: Arab Mexican

Ethnologue reports that 400,000 Mexicans speak Arabic.[20]

East Asia

Koreans are a more recent wave of immigrants who came to Mexico in the early 20th century and most recently towards the end of the last century.[21]

The story of Chinese immigration to Mexico extends from the late 19th century to the 1930s. By the 1920s, there was a significant population of Chinese nationals, with Mexican wives and Chinese-Mexico children. Most of these were deported in the 1930s to the United States and China with a number being repatriated in the late 1930s and in 1960. Smaller groups returned from the 1930s to the 1980s. The two main Chinese-Mexican communities are in Mexicali and Mexico City but few are of pure Chinese blood.[22]

Numbers of people by nationality in Mexico

A total of 176 nationalities are in Mexico.

This numbers reflect the legal immigrants since illegals are difficult to trace.[citation needed]

Place Country 2000 1990
1  United States 343,591 194,619
2  Guatemala 23,597 46,005
3  Spain 21,024 24,783
4  El Salvador 6,647 2,979
5  Argentina 6,465 4,964
6  Colombia 6,215 4,635
7  Canada 5,768 N/D
8  France 5,723 3,011
9  Germany 5,595 4,499
10  Cuba 5,537 5,217
11  Italy 3,904 N/D
12  Chile 3,848 N/D
13  Peru 3,749 N/D
14  Honduras 3,722 N/D
15  Japan 2,936 4,195
16  Venezuela 2,823 N/D
17  United Kingdom 2,686 N/D
18  Nicaragua 2,522 N/D
19  Brazil 2,320 N/D
20  Costa Rica 2,175 N/D
21  South Korea 2,100 N/D
22  China 2,001 N/D
23  Puerto Rico 1,750 N/D
24  Panama 1,638 N/D
25  Switzerland 1,478 N/D
27  Bolivia 1,378 N/D
28  Uruguay 1,326 N/D
29  Russia 1,293 N/D
30  Ecuador 1,287 N/D
31  Lebanon 1,143 N/D
32  Belize 1,093 N/D
33  Israel 993 N/D
34  Poland 971 N/D
35  Dominican Republic 850 N/D
36  Netherlands 773 N/D
37  Belgium 735 N/D
38  Austria 500 N/D
39  India 436 N/D
40  Sweden 425 N/D
41  Guam 374 N/D
42  Haiti 350 N/D
43  Philippines 322 N/D
44  Syria 319 N/D
45  Greece 298 N/D
46  Portugal 288 N/D
47  Australia 281 N/D
48  Romania 246 N/D
48  Turkey 246 N/D
49  Denmark 245 N/D
50  Hungary 239 N/D
51  Bulgaria 237 N/D
52  Czech Republic 225 N/D
53  Paraguay 223 N/D
54  Ukraine 220 N/D
55  Ireland 192 N/D
56  Iran 168 N/D
57  Morocco 156 N/D
58  Norway 134 N/D
59  Yugoslavia 129 N/D
60  Finland 126 N/D
61  Dominica 122 N/D
62  Saudi Arabia 116 N/D
63  Egypt 109 N/D
64  Grenada 107 N/D
65  Georgia 93 N/D
66  Algeria 88 N/D
67  Jamaica 82 N/D
68  Lithuania 78 N/D
69  New Zealand 77 N/D
70  South Africa 75 N/D
71  Indonesia 70 N/D
72  Palau 68 N/D
73  Croatia 62 N/D
74  Pakistan 58 N/D
75  Armenia 51 N/D
76  Jordan 45 N/D
77  Thailand 43 N/D
78  Singapore 42 N/D
79  Malaysia 41 N/D
80  Iraq 40 N/D
81  Angola 38 N/D
82  Vietnam 36 N/D
83  Saint Lucia 34 N/D
84  Slovenia 33 N/D
85  Nigeria 32 N/D
86  Sri Lanka 31 N/D
86  Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 31 N/D
87  Trinidad and Tobago 29 N/D
88  Slovakia 23 N/D
89  Kyrgyzstan 21 N/D
90  United Arab Emirates 20 N/D
91  Ethiopia 18 N/D
92  Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 N/D
92  Kenya 18 N/D
92  Tunisia 18 N/D
92  Latvia 18 N/D
93  Republic of the Congo 16 N/D
93  Iceland 16 N/D
94  Falkland Islands 15 N/D
94  Luxembourg 15 N/D
94  Azerbaijan 15 N/D
95  Netherlands Antilles 14 N/D
95  Cyprus 14 N/D
95  Ghana 14 N/D
95  Senegal 14 N/D
96  Guyana 12 N/D
96  Libya 12 N/D
97  Bangladesh 11 N/D
98  Cayman Islands 11 N/D
99  Antigua and Barbuda 10 N/D
100  Bahamas 10 N/D
101  Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 N/D
102  Afghanistan 9 N/D
103  Tanzania 9 N/D
104  Vatican City 9 N/D
105  Aruba 8 N/D
105  Albania 8 N/D
105  Kuwait 8 N/D
105  Moldova 8 N/D
106  Guinea 7 N/D
106  Macau 7 N/D
107  Mozambique 7 N/D
107  Estonia 7 N/D
107  Samoa 7 N/D
108  Mongolia 6 N/D
108  Suriname 6 N/D
108  Uganda 6 N/D
109  Comoros 5 N/D
109  Liberia 5 N/D
109  Mauritania 5 N/D
109  Mauritius 5 N/D
109  Tajikistan 5 N/D
110  Anguilla 4 N/D
110  Ivory Coast 4 N/D
110  Cameroon 4 N/D
110  Gambia 4 N/D
110  Madagascar 4 N/D
110  Malta 4 N/D
110  Sudan 4 N/D
110  Zimbabwe 4 N/D
111  Andorra 3 N/D
111  Burundi 3 N/D
111  Monaco 3 N/D
111  Somalia 3 N/D
111  Seychelles 3 N/D
112  Burkina Faso 2 N/D
112  Eritrea 2 N/D
112  Fiji 2 N/D
112  North Macedonia 2 N/D
112  Gabon 2 N/D
112  Equatorial Guinea 2 N/D
112  Cambodia 2 N/D
112  Malawi 2 N/D
112  Namibia 2 N/D
112  São Tomé and Príncipe 2 N/D
112  Togo 2 N/D
112  Belarus 2 N/D
112  Yemen 2 N/D
112  Zambia 2 N/D
113  Barbados 1 N/D
113  Brunei 1 N/D
113  Cape Verde 1 N/D
113  Guinea-Bissau 1 N/D
113  Laos 1 N/D
113  Liechtenstein 1 N/D
113  Lesotho 1 N/D
113  Maldives 1 N/D
113  Norfolk Island 1 N/D
113  Oman 1 N/D
113  Solomon Islands 1 N/D
113  Sierra Leone 1 N/D
113  Chad 1 N/D
113  Kazakhstan 1 N/D
113  Uzbekistan 1 N/D
113  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 N/D
TOTAL 492,617 340,246
Source: INEGI (2000)[23] and CONAPO (1990)[24][25]

References

  1. ^ 1917 Constitution of Mexico, Title I, Chapter I
  2. ^ Peyton, Dennis John (2006). How to Buy Real Estate in Mexico. Chula Vista California: Law Mexico Publishing. ISBN 1-885328-27-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=083e0b4728d31cd23a57533cf02c46c5
  4. ^ http://www.mexicanlaws.com/SEGOB/General_Law_of_Population.htm
  5. ^ http://www.conapo.gob.mx/transparencia/lgp.pdf
  6. ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/may/03/mexicos-illegals-laws-tougher-than-arizonas/
  7. ^ "Mexican Hypocrisy? U.S. Neighbor Has Its Own Tough Take on Immigration". Fox News. 2010-04-30.
  8. ^ Nelson, "Mexico" Mike (2000). Live Better South of the Border in Mexico: Practical Advice for Living and Working. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. pp. 6–10. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  9. ^ 1917 Constitution of Mexico, Title I, Chapter IV
  10. ^ American Citizens Abroad
  11. ^ CONAPO
  12. ^ [1]
  13. ^ Annual Assessment Jewish People Policy Planning Institute. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
  14. ^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
  15. ^ Alma Durán-Merk (2007). Identifying Villa Carlota: German Settlements in Yucatán, México, During the Second Empire. Augsburg: Universität Augsburg.
  16. ^ Alma Durán-Merk (2008a). Nur deutsche Elite für Yukatan? Neue Ergebnisse zur Migrationsforschung während des Zweiten mexikanischen Kaiserreiches. Only "Selected" German Immigrants in Yucatán? Recent Findings about the Colonization Policy of the Second Mexican Empire. In: OPUS Ausgburg, <http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/volltexte/2008/1320/pdf/Duran_Merk_Selected_German_Migration.pdf.
  17. ^ Alma Durán-Merk (2008b): Los colonos alemanes en Yucatán durante el Segundo Imperio Mexicano. In: OPUS Augsburg, http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/volltexte/2008/1329/pdf/Duran_Merk_Colonos_alemanes_Yucatán.pdf.
  18. ^ A full list with the more than 120 names of the families who colonized "Villa Carlota" as well as the names of the officers and organizers of these colonization program, can be found in: Alma Durán-Merk (2009). Villa Carlota. Colonias alemanas en Yucatán. Mérida: CEPSA/Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán/ CONACULTA, ISBN 9786077824022.
  19. ^ Silvia Elena Zarate Vidal “How I found ancestors and living relatives after more than a century of separation” AVOTAYNU, the International Review of Jewish Genealogy Vol. XXVI, no. 1 . http://www.avotaynu.com/Spring2010.pdf
  20. ^ Ethnologue: Mexico
  21. ^ "Five Generations On, Mexico's Koreans Long for Home". The Chosun Ilbo. 2007-08-16. Retrieved 2009-07-30.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  22. ^ Schiavone Camacho, Julia Maria (2009). "Crossing Boundaries, Claiming a Homeland: The Mexican Chinese Transpacific Journey to Becoming Mexican, 1930s-1960s". Pacific Historical Review. 78 (4). Berkeley: 547–565. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ Los extranjeros en México INEGI
  24. ^ Inmigrantes residentes en México por país de nacimiento CONAPO
  25. ^ OECD

External links

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