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'''[[Corruption]] in [[Ukraine]]''' is a widespread and growing problem in Ukrainian society.<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/15780/ UAH 1.5 b in budget funds embezzled since year-start, interior minister says], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (June 18, 2009)</ref> In 2010's [[Transparency International]] [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] (a lower score means more perceived corruption) Ukraine slipped to 2.4 and at place 134 of 200 countries investigated.<ref name=place134>[http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010 Corruption Perception Index 2010 Results], Transparency International, 2010</ref> Ukraine has slipped from the 118th place in 2007.<ref name="2008-CPI-Table">[http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table ''2008 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX''], Transparency International, 2008.</ref> [[United States Diplomatic Service|United States diplomats]] have described Ukraine under [[Ukrainian President|Presidents]] [[Kuchma]] and [[Yushchenko]] as a [[kleptocracy]] in [[Wikileaks cables]].<ref name=USPrivatization>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/112083/ Clearer Picture], [[Kyiv Post]] (September 2, 2011)</ref>
'''[[Corruption]] in [[Ukraine]]''' is a widespread and growing problem in Ukrainian society.<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/15780/ UAH 1.5 b in budget funds embezzled since year-start, interior minister says], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (June 18, 2009)</ref><ref>[http://www.ifes.org/Content/Publications/Press-Release/2011/Ukrainians-Pessimistic-about-Countrys-Future-Confidence-in-Political-Leaders-Falling.aspx Ukrainians Pessimistic about Country’s Future; Confidence in Political Leaders Falling], [[International Foundation for Electoral Systems]] (September 13, 2011)</ref> In 2010's [[Transparency International]] [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] (a lower score means more perceived corruption) Ukraine slipped to 2.4 and at place 134 of 200 countries investigated.<ref name=place134>[http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010 Corruption Perception Index 2010 Results], Transparency International, 2010</ref> Ukraine has slipped from the 118th place in 2007.<ref name="2008-CPI-Table">[http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table ''2008 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX''], Transparency International, 2008.</ref> [[United States Diplomatic Service|United States diplomats]] have described Ukraine under [[Ukrainian President|Presidents]] [[Kuchma]] and [[Yushchenko]] as a [[kleptocracy]] in [[Wikileaks cables]].<ref name=USPrivatization>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/112083/ Clearer Picture], [[Kyiv Post]] (September 2, 2011)</ref>


According to a 2008 Transparency International research 47.3 per cent of [[Higher education in Ukraine|university students]] stated that a bribe had been demanded from them; of those 29 per cent had given this bribe freely.<ref name="TI-GCP-2008-p225">''[http://www.transparency.org/content/download/32778/502137 Global Corruption Report 2008]'', [[Transparency International]], Chapter 7.4, p. 280.</ref> Transparency International estimates that up to 10 percent of Ukrainians’ incomes are spent on bribes<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/editorial/44520 Bribes and taxes], [[Kyiv Post]] (July 2, 2009)</ref>{{Dubious|date=September 2011}}; and that 30 till 50 percent of all Ukrainians have faced government corruption.<ref name="TI-GCP-2008-p225"/> [[US AID]] states that in total US$400 million is spend on bribes annually.<ref name=KPJune252009>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/44054/print/ Corruption Plague], [[Kyiv Post]] (June 25, 2009)</ref>
According to a 2008 Transparency International research 47.3 per cent of [[Higher education in Ukraine|university students]] stated that a bribe had been demanded from them; of those 29 per cent had given this bribe freely.<ref name="TI-GCP-2008-p225">''[http://www.transparency.org/content/download/32778/502137 Global Corruption Report 2008]'', [[Transparency International]], Chapter 7.4, p. 280.</ref> Transparency International estimates that up to 10 percent of Ukrainians’ incomes are spent on bribes<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/editorial/44520 Bribes and taxes], [[Kyiv Post]] (July 2, 2009)</ref>{{Dubious|date=September 2011}}; and that 30 till 50 percent of all Ukrainians have faced government corruption.<ref name="TI-GCP-2008-p225"/> [[US AID]] states that in total US$400 million is spend on bribes annually.<ref name=KPJune252009>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/44054/print/ Corruption Plague], [[Kyiv Post]] (June 25, 2009)</ref>

Revision as of 01:33, 1 October 2011

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Corruption in Ukraine is a widespread and growing problem in Ukrainian society.[1][2] In 2010's Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (a lower score means more perceived corruption) Ukraine slipped to 2.4 and at place 134 of 200 countries investigated.[3] Ukraine has slipped from the 118th place in 2007.[4] United States diplomats have described Ukraine under Presidents Kuchma and Yushchenko as a kleptocracy in Wikileaks cables.[5]

According to a 2008 Transparency International research 47.3 per cent of university students stated that a bribe had been demanded from them; of those 29 per cent had given this bribe freely.[6] Transparency International estimates that up to 10 percent of Ukrainians’ incomes are spent on bribes[7][dubious – discuss]; and that 30 till 50 percent of all Ukrainians have faced government corruption.[6] US AID states that in total US$400 million is spend on bribes annually.[8]

Corruption is regularly discussed in the Ukrainian media.[9][8]

Overview

In a survey in 2010, 30-49.9% of respondents admitted paying a bribe to a service provider during the past year;[10] in a similar survey in 2007 18-32% of respondents admitted paying a bribe.[10] A comparable figure for Great Britain for 2011 was 1.9%.[11] However in a different survey in late 2008, only 21% responded that they or anyone living in their household had paid a bribe in any form in the previous 12 months; comparable figures for the USA and UK were 2% and 3% respectively.[12] In a Gfk survey held in the summer of 2001 43% stated they never personally had given bribes.[13]

In the late 2000s and early 2010s around 67 per cent of Ukrainians who had dealt with government said that they had been directly involved in corrupt transactions.[14][15] Bribes are given to ensure that public services are delivered either in time or at all.[14] Ukrainians stated they give bribes because they think it is customary and expected.[14][13] Some of the biggest bribes involve more than 1 billion US$.[16]

According to a 2008 Management Systems International (MSI) sociological survey the most corruption where found in vehicle inspection (57.5 per cent), the police (54.2 per cent), health care (54 per cent), the courts (49 per cent) and higher education (43.6 per cent).[6]

According to USAID a weak justice system and a over-controlling non-transparent government combined with business-political ties and a weak civil society are the main causes of corruption in Ukraine.[17]

Political corruption

Main article: Politics of Ukraine

In the years after Ukrainian independence, election fraud mainly through the use of administrative resources was widespread.[18] Outright vote rigging diminished after the 2004 presidential election (after this election the Supreme Court of Ukraine ruled that due to the scale of the electoral fraud it became impossible to establish the election results and ordered a revote).[19][20] Although politicians still claim(ed) election fraud and administrative tricks to get more votes for a particular party have not vanished.[21] The Ukrainian electorate remains highly skeptical about the honesty of the election process.[22] Two years in jail a voter who engages in election fraud could face.[23]

United States diplomats have seen the privatization of several Ukrainian state enterprises as rigged in favor of political friends.[5] On a regional level corruption has been discovered in connection with land allocation.[24]

Ukrainian politicians have regularly accused each other of corruption while claiming to fight it themselves.[25]

Since July 1, 2011 the President, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, Prime Minister, Prosecutor General, ministers and other Ukrainian top officials are eligible for prosecution for corruption.[26]

Juridical corruption

"There could even be cases of the revocation of investment, because legal uncertainty is very deep, and the actions of regional authorities are willful."

German Ambassador to Ukraine Hans-Jurgen Heimsoeth late September 2011[27]

Main article: Judicial system of Ukraine

Although judicial independence exist in principle, in practise there is little separation of juridical and political powers. Judges are subjected to pressure by political and business interests.[28] Ukraine's court system is widely regarded as corrupt.[29] A Ukrainian Justice Ministry 2009 survey revealed that only 10 percent of respondents trusted the nation’s court system. Less than 30 percent believed that it’s still possible to get a fair trial.[30] Ukrainian politicians and analyst have described the system of justice in Ukraine as "rotten to the core"[30][31] and have complained about political pressure put on judges and corruption.[32] Ukrainian judges have been arrested while taking bribe.[33]

Corruption in higher education

Higher education in Ukraine is plagued with bribery. 33% of all students claim they have encountered corruption in their school, 29% heard about cases of corruption from other students while 38% did have not encountered corruption.[34] Students can buy a college entry, exam results, marking doctoral and/or master’s theses.[6] Bribes range from US$10 till US$50 for an exam pass to several thousand for entry to a university.[6] According to government sources bribes vary from US$80 to US$21,500.[6] Salaries of teachers and professors is low in Ukraine compared with other professions; this may cause them to be tempted to demand bribes.[6]

Officials have been caught with fake university diplomas.[35]

Corruption and business

Companies encounter corruption mainly in business licensing, taxation and customs.[36]

Government Actions

Over the years several anti-corruption laws have been passed by the Ukrainian parliament.[26][37][38] In September 2011 the National Anti-Corruption Committee was introduced.[39]

President Yanukovych made the fight against corruption a spearhead in his domestic policies.[39][40][41] Indeed since late 2010 former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko and former Minister of Internal Affairs Yuriy Lutsenko have been charged and trailed over corruption allegations[42]; both claimed the charges were politically motivated.[42] In the same period Yanukovych was accused (by Ukrayinska Pravda) of corrupt schemes himself.[43][44] The International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities spoke of "remarkable successes in fighting corruption in 2010" in April 2011.[45]

A survey conducted in November 2008 (when Yushchenko was President) showed that 73% of people in Ukraine considered the current government's actions against corruption were ineffective; comparable figures for the USA and the UK were 73% and 39%.[12] In a survey in 2001 (when Kuchma was President), 80% of Ukrainians "totally/fairly agreed" with the statement: "The present government has no real interest in punishing corruption".[13]

Corruption Perceptions

Corruption Perceptions Index ratings

Transparency International produces an annual report listing each country's Corruption Perceptions Index score. This "score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts, and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt)."[46] In the 2010 report, the least corrupt country listed was Denmark with a score of 9.3, and the most corrupt of the 178 countries listed was Somalia with a score of 1.1.[47] The following table lists Ukraine's place in the Corruption Perceptions Index table based on Transparency International's annual reports from 1999 onwards. The methods used in assessing the Index change from year to year, so comparisons between years are difficult.

Year Ranking Corruption Perception Index Score Confidence Range[48] Standard Deviation Surveys Used[49] Source
1998 69 of 85 2.8 1.6 6 [50]
1999 75 of 99 2.6 1.4 10 [51]
2001 83 of 91 2.1 1.1 6 [52]
2002 85 of 102 2.4 0.7 6 [53]
2003 106 of 133 2.3 0.6 10 [54]
2004 122 of 146 2.2 2.0-2.4 10 [55]
2005 107 of 158 2.6 2.4-2.8 8 [56]
2006 99 of 163 2.8 2.5-3.0 6 [57][46]
2007 118 of 179 2.7 2.4-3.0 7 [58][59]
2008 134 of 180 2.5 2.0-2.8 8 [60][61]
2009 146 of 180 2.2 2.0-2.6 8 [62][63]
2010 134 of 178 2.4 2.1-2.6 8 [47][64]

Note: For 1999 and 2000, the data were listed as 1998 and 1999 respectively. From 2001, the data listed were stated to be for the year of the annual report. Up to 2005, the annual report included some measures of the uncertainty of the index scores; these data were omitted from the annual reports from 2006 onwards, but were contained in the CPI report.

Public Perception of Corruption in Institutions of Ukraine

The following table shows average scores from a survey of public perception of corruption in Ukraine's institutions. Comparable figures for the United Kingdom and the USA for 2009 are shown at the bottom of the table.

Year Political Parties Parliament Police Business/ Private Sector Media Public Officials/ Civil Servants Judiciary NGOs Religious Bodies Military Education System Source
2007 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.2 - 4.2 3.2 2.3 3.1 3.8 [10]
2009 4.4 4.5 - 4.3 3.8 4.5 4.5 - - - - [10]
2010 4.0 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.2 4.1 4.4 3.2 2.3 3.5 4.0 [10][65]
2009 UK 3.6 3.3 - 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.8 - - - - [65]
2009 USA 4.0 3.9 - 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.2 - - - - [65]
Question: To what extent do you perceive the following institutions in this country to be affected by corruption? (1: not at all corrupt, 5: extremely corrupt). [10]

References

  1. ^ UAH 1.5 b in budget funds embezzled since year-start, interior minister says, Interfax-Ukraine (June 18, 2009)
  2. ^ Ukrainians Pessimistic about Country’s Future; Confidence in Political Leaders Falling, International Foundation for Electoral Systems (September 13, 2011)
  3. ^ Corruption Perception Index 2010 Results, Transparency International, 2010
  4. ^ 2008 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX, Transparency International, 2008.
  5. ^ a b Clearer Picture, Kyiv Post (September 2, 2011)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Global Corruption Report 2008, Transparency International, Chapter 7.4, p. 280.
  7. ^ Bribes and taxes, Kyiv Post (July 2, 2009)
  8. ^ a b Corruption Plague, Kyiv Post (June 25, 2009)
  9. ^ Shuster Live - How to fight with corruption in Ukraine. Consequences of corruption in an army - 2, UkrainaTV.com
  10. ^ a b c d e f National Integrity System Assessment, Ukraine 2011, TORO Creative Union - Transparency International Contact in Ukraine. pdf page 36.
  11. ^ Corruption in the UK: Overview & Policy Recommendations, Transparency International UK, June 2011, ISBN 978-0-9566194-4-0 summary page 2.
  12. ^ a b Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2009 Report, 02 June 2009, ISBN: 978-3-935711-28-9 pdf Abs1:22, 32, 33.
    In Ukraine, 1200 people were interviewed fact to face in a national survey 4-12 November 2008. The survey in the UK was of 1018 people interviewed online 27 November - 1 December 2008. The survey in the USA was of 1017 people interviewed online 30 October - 4 November 2008. (pdf ABs1:22).
  13. ^ a b c Press release, 10th International Anti-Corruption Conference (2001)
  14. ^ a b c Corruption, Democracy, and Investment in Ukraine, Atlantic Council (October 2007)
  15. ^ FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN UKRAINE: UKRAINIAN STYLE, Gorshenin Institute (July 3, 2011)
  16. ^ Top- 100 biggest bribes in Ukraine, UNIAN (October 6, 2009)
  17. ^ CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT: UKRAINE, USAID (February 10, 2006)
  18. ^ Virtual Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World, Andrew Wilson, Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-09545-7
  19. ^ Supreme Court of Ukraine decision regarding the annulment of November 21st vote. Full text in Ukrainian and Summary in English
  20. ^ Understanding Ukrainian Politics:Power, Politics, And Institutional Design by Paul D'Anieri, M.E.Sharpe, 2006, ISBN 978-0765618115 (page 63)
    Committee of Electors of Ukraine registers no major violations at elections to Ternopil regional council, Interfax-Ukraine (March 16, 2009)
    EU endorses Ukraine election result, euobserver (February 8, 2010)
    International observers say Ukrainian election was free and fair, Washington Post (February 9, 2010)
    European Parliament president greets Ukraine on conducting free and fair presidential election, Kyiv Post (February 9, 2010)
  21. ^ Opposition pushes for immediate meeting with Yanukovych, Kyiv Post (September 22, 2011)
    BYT: International observers were physically unable to record mass irregularities in run-off vote, Kyiv Post (February 11, 2009)
    Yanukovych sure Tymoshenko will try to rig results of presidential election, Kyiv Post (December 17, 2009)
    Tymoshenko says she will prevent Yanukovych from rigging presidential election, Kyiv Post (December 17, 2009)
    President's office ex-official blows Yushchenko-Yanukovych secret deal, Zik (January 8, 2010)
    [tt_news]=35871&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=e9627f75db Yushchenko and Yanukovych Forge an Electoral Alliance – Taras Kuzio, Jamestown Foundation (January 8, 2010)
    Yanukovych's Party Looks To Victory Amid Claims Of Election Fraud, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (November 01, 2010)
    Template:Uk icon ПР отримала мерів майже в половині областей, BBC Ukrainian (November 8, 2010)
    Template:Uk icon У Криму комуністи і партія «Союз» вимагають перерахунку голосів, Дзеркало тижня (November 3, 2010)
    Westerners, local observers rip Oct. 31 elections as undemocratic, Kyiv Post (November 5, 2010)
  22. ^ Poll: Less than 5% Ukrainians believe presidential election will be fair, Kyiv Post (January 12, 2010)
    Poll: Most Ukrainians not planning to sell their votes in presidential election, Kyiv Post (January 12, 2010)
    Survey Shows Every Fifth Ukrainian Ready To Sell Vote, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (October 22, 2010)
  23. ^ Ukraine presidential candidates trade warnings, promises – Summary, Earth Times (January 13, 2010)
  24. ^ Heads of two towns in Khmelnytsky, Ternopil regions charged with bribery, Interfax-Ukraine (April 13, 2009)
  25. ^ Regions Party declares current government corrupt, Kyiv Post (January 10, 2010)
    Tymoshenko Accuses Yanukovych Of Involvement In Land Machinations In Crimea, Financial (January 4, 2010)
    “I’m the only politician without land ownership in Crimea,” says Yulia Tymoshenko, ZIK (January 3, 2010)
    Court dismisses Yanukovych's suit against Tymoshenko concerning unsanctioned election funds, Kyiv Post (Decembeer 31, 2009)
    Tymoshenko accuses Chernovetsky of corrupt use of funds of Kyiv residents, Interfax-Ukraine (December 12, 2008)
    Tymoshenko blames Firtash and Presidential Secretariat for hryvnia’s collapse, UNIAN (December 18, 2008)
    Presidential secretariat says about misuse of funds from sale of government domestic loan bonds for Euro 2012, Interfax-Ukraine (November 27, 2009)
    Lutsenko accuses Yanukovych of giving false data in his income declaration, Interfax-Ukraine (December 8, 2009
    Tymoshenko proposes creating independent anti-corruption bureaus in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (December 8, 2009)
    Lutsenko removed Yushchenko's portrait from his office, Kyiv Post (December 9, 2009)
    Yuschenko accuses Tymoshenko of corruption, Kyiv Post (December 9, 2009)
    Yushchenko calls nation's law-enforcement chiefs mediocre and corrupt, Kyiv Post (December 9, 2009)
    Yushchenko: Open list of candidates for parliamentary elections a condition for eradicating corruption, Kyiv Post (December 12, 2009)
    Yatseniuk submits draft law on state committee for fighting corruption, Kyiv Post (December 16, 2009)
    Parliamentary majority responsible for failures in fight against corruption, says president, Interfax-Ukraine (December 12, 2009)
  26. ^ a b Ukraine Advances on Anti-Corruption Practices, Reuters {Reuters is not responsible for the content in this press release} (June 10, 2011)
  27. ^ German ambassador: No progress in fight against corruption in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (September 28, 2011)
  28. ^ The Ukraine Competitiveness Report 2008 by Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz and Thierry Geiger, World Economic Forum, 2008, ISBN-13: 139789295044050 (page 50)
  29. ^ Battle looming over new law on judiciary and judge status, Kyiv Post (July 4, 2010)
    A top prosecutor, accused of corruption and incompetence, forced out in political struggle, Kyiv Post (December 18, 2009)
  30. ^ a b Jackpot, Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)
  31. ^ Moskal: ‘Rotten to the core’, Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)
  32. ^ Yanukovych notes political pressure on Ukraine's judicial system, Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)
    Tymoshenko: Yanukovych entourage aims at recognizing legitimacy of coalition before president's trip to U.S., Kyiv Post (March 29, 2010)
    How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy by Anders Åslund, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009, ISBN 9780881324273 (page 219)
    Yanukovych allies: Tymoshenko trying to pressure court, Kyiv Post (March 30, 2010)
    Europe after Enlargement edited by Anders Åslund and Marek Dabrowski, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0521872867 (page 149)
    Nations in Transit 2000-2001 edited by Adrian Karatnycky, Alexander Motyl and Amanda Schnetzer, Transaction Publishers, 2001, ISBN 978-0765808974 (page 400)
  33. ^ Kyiv district court judge arrested while taking bribe, Kyiv Post (February 8, 2011)
    Ex-judge Zvarych sentenced to ten years in prison, Kyiv Post (September 20, 2011)
  34. ^ One third of students have encountered cases of corruption in higher educational institutions, International Renaissance Foundation (April 20, 2011)
  35. ^ Cheating nation, Kyiv Post (November 19, 2009)
  36. ^ Ukraine adopts new anti-corruption bill, Press TV (March 18, 2011)
  37. ^ [1], Interfax-Ukraine (May 21. 2009)
  38. ^ Yanukovych approves postponement of introduction of two anti-corruption laws until January, Kyiv Post (March 30, 2010)
  39. ^ a b Yanukovych vows to put an end to corruption, Kyiv Post (September 15, 2011)
  40. ^ Yanukovych: Over 400 officials of current government stand trial, Kyiv Post (Augustus 25, 2011)
  41. ^ Yanukovych: 'Some misinform international community about Ukraine', Kyiv Post (February 7, 2011)
  42. ^ a b Ukraine timeline, BBC News
  43. ^ Probe needed, Kyiv Post (July 22, 2011)
  44. ^ Ukrainska Pravda exposes presidential estate scandal, Kyiv Post (November 26, 2010)
  45. ^ Ukraine successfully fighting corruption, group says, Kyiv Post (April 13, 2011)
  46. ^ a b Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2006 Table.
  47. ^ a b | Annual Report Transparency International 2010 , pdf p79-80.
  48. ^ The confidence range is a measure of the degree of certainty about the Corruption Perception Index score. Nominally, the true score has a 1 in 20 probability of being above the upper range, and a 1 in 20 probability of being below the lower range. If the number of surveys available was low, then these 1 in 20 probabilities might really only be 1 in 10.
  49. ^ Ideally 12 surveys should be used for a country. If less than 3 surveys were available, then that country was not included in the Corruption Perceptions Index.
  50. ^ | Annual Report Transparency International 1999 , pdf p13
  51. ^ | Annual Report Transparency International 2000 , pdf p14
  52. ^ | Annual Report Transparency International 2001 , pdf p13
  53. ^ | Annual Report Transparency International 2002 , Portuguese, Spanish, pdf p30
  54. ^ | Annual Report Transparency International 2003 , pdf p21
  55. ^ | Annual Report Transparency International 2004 , pdf p11
  56. ^ | Annual Report Transparency International 2005 , pdf p21
  57. ^ | Annual Report Transparency International 2006 , pdf p23
  58. ^ | Annual Report Transparency International 2007 , pdf Abs1:27
  59. ^ Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2007 Table.
  60. ^ | Annual Report Transparency International 2008 , pdf Sec1:21
  61. ^ Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2008 Table.
  62. ^ | Annual Report Transparency International 2009 , pdf p53
  63. ^ Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2009 Table.
  64. ^ Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 pdf p7.
  65. ^ a b c Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2009 Report, 02 June 2009, ISBN: 978-3-935711-28-9 pdf Abs1:28-29.
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