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|battles = '''[[2011 Libyan civil war]]'''<br>* [[Battle of Tripoli (2011)|Battle of Tripoli]]<br>* [[Battle of Bani Walid]]
|battles = '''[[2011 Libyan civil war]]'''<br>* [[Battle of Tripoli (2011)|Battle of Tripoli]]<br>* [[Battle of Bani Walid]]
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'''Saif al-Islam Muammar al-Gaddafi''' (born 25 June 1972 {{lang-ar|سيف الإسلام معمر القذافي}}, translated as "Sword of Islam") is the second son of former Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] and his second wife [[Safia Farkash]]. He was part of his father's former inner circle,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011227192852808945.html |title=Inside Gaddafi's inner circle |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=February 27, 2011 |accessdate=June 20, 2011}}</ref> performing public relations and diplomatic roles on behalf of his father. During his father's reign, he was the second most-widely recognized official in Libya (his father was first)<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/28/world/20101128-cables-viewer.html#report/libya-09TRIPOLI208 | work=New York Times | first1=Alan | last1=McLean | first2=Scott | last2=Shane | first3=Archie | last3=Tse | title=A Selection From the Cache of Diplomatic Dispatches | date=November 28, 2010}}</ref> and had been mentioned as a possible successor, though he has denied this.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Politics of Blackmail |date=September 13, 2008 |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/40280/output/print |accessdate=August 9, 2008}}</ref> He is wanted by the [[International Criminal Court]] for [[crimes against humanity]] against the Libyan people, including torturing and killing civilians.<ref>{{cite web|title=War crimes court issues Gaddafi arrest warrant|work=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/27/muammar-gaddafi-arrest-warrant-hague}}</ref>
'''Saif al-Islam Muammar al-Gaddafi''' (born 25 June 1972 {{lang-ar|سيف الإسلام معمر القذافي}}, translated as "Sword of Islam") is the second son of former Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] and his second wife [[Safia Farkash]]. He was part of his father's former inner circle,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011227192852808945.html |title=Inside Gaddafi's inner circle |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=February 27, 2011 |accessdate=June 20, 2011}}</ref> performing public relations and diplomatic roles on behalf of his father. During his father's reign, he was the second most-widely recognized official in Libya (his father was first)<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/28/world/20101128-cables-viewer.html#report/libya-09TRIPOLI208 | work=New York Times | first1=Alan | last1=McLean | first2=Scott | last2=Shane | first3=Archie | last3=Tse | title=A Selection From the Cache of Diplomatic Dispatches | date=November 28, 2010}}</ref> and had been mentioned as a possible successor, though he has denied this.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Politics of Blackmail |date=September 13, 2008 |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/40280/output/print |accessdate=August 9, 2008}}</ref> He is wanted by the [[International Criminal Court]] for charges of [[crimes against humanity]] against the Libyan people, for allegedly torturing and killing civilians,<ref>{{cite web|title=War crimes court issues Gaddafi arrest warrant|work=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/27/muammar-gaddafi-arrest-warrant-hague}}</ref> a charge that Saif denied.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gaddafi's son: Libya like McDonald's for NATO - fast war as fast food|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RpMugPQC4ZY|accessdate=25 October 2011|date=July 1, 2011|agency=[[Russia Today]]}}</ref>


During the fall of Tripoli on 21 August 2011, it was widely reported that he had been captured by NTC forces, but on the night of 22 August he appeared at the Rixos hotel entrance, where foreign journalist were staying, demonstrating that the previous reports of his capture were false.
During the fall of Tripoli on 21 August 2011, it was widely reported that he had been captured by NTC forces, but on the night of 22 August he appeared at the Rixos hotel entrance, where foreign journalist were staying, demonstrating that the previous reports of his capture were false.


Although it was again widely reported at the time that Saif al-Islam Gaddafi was captured or killed by NTC forces during the concluding stages of the [[Battle of Sirte (2011)|Battle of Sirte]] on 20 October 2011, these reports appear to be false due to the fact that shortly after his father was killed, the Libyan prime minister Mahmoud Jibril said that Saif al-Islam Gaddafi had managed to escape and was on the run. <ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/saif-gaddafi-reported-dead-by-al-arabiya/2011/10/20/gIQApxun0L_blog.html</ref>
Although it was again widely reported at the time that Saif al-Islam Gaddafi was captured or killed by NTC forces during the concluding stages of the [[Battle of Sirte (2011)|Battle of Sirte]] on 20 October 2011, these reports appear to be false due to the fact that shortly after his father was killed, the Libyan prime minister Mahmoud Jibril said that Saif al-Islam Gaddafi had managed to escape and was on the run.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/saif-gaddafi-reported-dead-by-al-arabiya/2011/10/20/gIQApxun0L_blog.html</ref> On 23 October, Saif made a public appearance declaring that he has not been captured contrary to the rebels' claims, that Tripoli has not fallen under the rebels' control, and that he will continue fighting alongside the Libyan people against the rebels.<ref name="guardian_saif">{{cite news|last=Davies|first=Lizzy|title=Saif al-Islam Gaddafi's shock return rocks confidence in Libyan rebels|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/23/saif-al-islam-gaddafi-libyan|accessdate=25 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 August 2011}}</ref>


==Education and career==
==Education and career==

Revision as of 02:03, 25 October 2011

For his younger brother, see Saif al-Arab al-Gaddafi.

Saif al-Islam Muammar al-Gaddafi
سيف الإسلام معمر القذافي
Personal details
Born(1972-06-25)25 June 1972
Tripoli, Libya
Alma materAl Fateh University
International Management Development Consulting University
London School of Economics[1]
ProfessionEngineer
WebsiteGaddafi International Charity and Development Foundation
(archived 2010-04-26 at the Internet Archive)
Military service
AllegianceLibya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Branch/serviceLibyan Army
Years of service2011
Battles/wars2011 Libyan civil war
* Battle of Tripoli
* Battle of Bani Walid

Saif al-Islam Muammar al-Gaddafi (born 25 June 1972 Arabic: سيف الإسلام معمر القذافي, translated as "Sword of Islam") is the second son of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and his second wife Safia Farkash. He was part of his father's former inner circle,[2] performing public relations and diplomatic roles on behalf of his father. During his father's reign, he was the second most-widely recognized official in Libya (his father was first)[3] and had been mentioned as a possible successor, though he has denied this.[4] He is wanted by the International Criminal Court for charges of crimes against humanity against the Libyan people, for allegedly torturing and killing civilians,[5] a charge that Saif denied.[6]

During the fall of Tripoli on 21 August 2011, it was widely reported that he had been captured by NTC forces, but on the night of 22 August he appeared at the Rixos hotel entrance, where foreign journalist were staying, demonstrating that the previous reports of his capture were false.

Although it was again widely reported at the time that Saif al-Islam Gaddafi was captured or killed by NTC forces during the concluding stages of the Battle of Sirte on 20 October 2011, these reports appear to be false due to the fact that shortly after his father was killed, the Libyan prime minister Mahmoud Jibril said that Saif al-Islam Gaddafi had managed to escape and was on the run.[7] On 23 October, Saif made a public appearance declaring that he has not been captured contrary to the rebels' claims, that Tripoli has not fallen under the rebels' control, and that he will continue fighting alongside the Libyan people against the rebels.[8]

Education and career

In 1994, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi graduated with a BSc degree in Engineering Science from Tripoli's Al Fateh University, and earned an MBA from Vienna's IMADEC University in 2000.

His paintings made up the bulk of the international Libyan art exhibit, "The Desert Is Not Silent" (2002–2005),[9] a show which was supported by a host of international corporations with direct ties to his father's regime.[10]

In 2008, Gaddafi was awarded a PhD degree from London School of Economics, for a thesis entitled "The role of civil society in the democratisation of global governance institutions: from 'soft power' to collective decision-making?"[11][12] Examined by Meghnad Desai (London School of Economics) and Anthony McGrew (University of Southampton), among the LSE academics acknowledged in the thesis as directly assisting with it were Nancy Cartwright, David Held and Alex Voorhoeve (the son of former Dutch minister Joris Voorhoeve). Professor Joseph Nye of Harvard University is also thanked for having read portions of the manuscript and providing advice and direction.[13][14] In a later investigation by Channel 4 News, they found that 6% of the 93,000-word thesis was copied from other sources.[15] Furthermore, allegations abound that Saif's thesis was in many parts ghost-written by consultants from Monitor Group, which pocketed $3 million per year in fees from Muammar Gaddafi and whose ranks include Robert Nye, who is thanked in the paper.[16]

Speaking in Sabha on 20 August, 2008, Gaddafi said that he would no longer involve himself in state affairs. He noted that he had previously "intervene[d] due to the absence of institutions",[17] but said that he would no longer do so. He dismissed any potential suggestion that this decision was due to disagreement with his father, saying that they were on good terms. He also called for political reforms within the context of the Jamahiriya system and rejected the notion that he could succeed his father, saying that "this is not a farm to inherit".[17]

He owned an architectural agency in Tripoli—the National Engineering Service and Supplies Company.[citation needed]

Gaddafi was the president of the Libyan National Association for Drugs and Narcotics Control (DNAG). In 1997, he founded the official charity, the Gaddafi International Foundation for Charity Associations, which intervened in various hostage situations involving Islamic militants and the crisis of the HIV trial in Libya and the resulting European Union-Libyan rapprochement.

International diplomacy

Saif was instrumental in negotiations that led to Libya's abandoning a weapons of mass destruction programme in 2002–2003. He arranged several important business deals on behalf of the Libyan regime in the period of rapprochement that followed. He was viewed as a reformer, and has openly criticized the regime:[18]

[a] congressional aide asked him what Libya needed most. His one-word answer: democracy.

"You mean Libya needs more democracy?" the aide asked.

"No. 'More democracy’ would imply that we had some," Saif said.

In 2003, he published a report critical of Libya's record on human rights.

On 10 December 2004, shortly before a trip by Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin to Tripoli, in an interview with The Globe and Mail Saif requested a formal apology from the Canadian government, for joining U.S.-led sanctions against Libya after the Lockerbie bombing, and for denying him a student visa to study in Canada in 1997. His request was met with incredulity in Canada, and the Canadian government announced that no apology would be forthcoming.

HIV trial

Main article: HIV trial in Libya

Saif admitted in interviews that the Bulgarian nurses had been tortured and the government denied them a fair trial. His admissions were said to have badly damaged his reputation in Libya.[3]

Isratine proposal

Saif introduced the Isratine proposal to permanently resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through a secular, federalist, republican one-state solution.[19] The first ever opinion poll survey to be undertaken in both Pakistani and Indian-controlled Kashmir, conducted by King's College, London, and the polling organisation IPSOS-MORI, was also Saif's brainchild,[20] having arisen out of discussions he had with British academic Robert Bradnock, the author of the 2010 Chatham House report on the survey.[21]

2008 agreement with Italy

Saif was involved in negotiating compensation from Libya's former colonial power, Italy, and on 30 August 2008 a Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement was signed in Benghazi by his father and Italy's prime minister Silvio Berlusconi.[22]

Compensation for American terror victims

He was also negotiating with the United States in order to conclude a comprehensive agreement making any further payments for American victims of terror attacks that have been blamed on Libya – such as the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing, the 1988 Lockerbie bombing and the 1989 UTA Flight 772 bombing – conditional upon U.S. payment of compensation for the 40 Libyans killed and 220 injured in the 1986 United States bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi. On 14 August 2008, the U.S.-Libya Comprehensive Claims Settlement Agreement was signed in Tripoli. Former British Ambassador to Libya Oliver Miles described the agreement as "a bold step, with political cost for both parties" and wrote an article in the online edition of The Guardian querying whether the agreement is likely to work.[23]

In an August 2008 BBC TV interview, Saif Gaddafi said that Libya had admitted responsibility (but not "guilt") for the Lockerbie bombing simply to get trade sanctions removed. He further admitted that Libya was being "hypocritical" and was "playing on words", but Libya had no other choice on the matter. According to Saif, a letter admitting "responsibility" was the only way to end the economic sanctions imposed on Libya. When asked about the compensation that Libya was paying to the victims' families, he again repeated that Libya was doing so because it had no other choice. He went on to describe the families of the Lockerbie victims as "trading with the blood of their sons and daughters" and being very "greedy": "They were asking for more money and more money and more money".[24]

Diplomacy for extraditing Libyans

Interviewed by French newspaper Le Figaro on 7 December 2007, Saif said that the seven Libyans convicted for the Pan Am Flight 103 and the UTA Flight 772 bombings "are innocent".[25] When asked if Libya would therefore seek reimbursement of the compensation paid to the families of the victims (US$2.33 billion), Saif replied: "I don't know."[25] Saif led negotiations with Britain for the release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, the convicted Pan Am 103 conspirator.[18]

In 2007, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi met with French President Nicolas Sarkozy in Tripoli, with whom it is alleged he helped broker an arms deal, including missiles.[26][27][28]

In November 2008, Saif made a high-profile visit to the United States where he met with US Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice. During the meeting, Rice raised the case of Libya's jailed political dissident and democracy activist, Fathi El-Jahmi.[29]

Stand-off with US officials

In 2009, Saif claimed that Libya's opinion of him was shaped largely by his role in Libya's engagement with the West, saying "If something goes wrong, people will blame me, whether I am in a certain official position or not." He expressed frustration with the US, saying Libya's decision to give up its Weapons of Mass Destruction programs was contingent upon "compensation" from the US, including the signing of the Trade and Investment Framework Agreement, economic cooperation, and cooperation in purchasing conventional weapons and military equipment. He stated, "We share rich natural resources – oil and gas – along the borders, yet we have no capacity to defend that wealth." Because of a US legal embargo, Libya cannot purchase weapons from the United States, Sweden, or Germany, and has been disallowed from buying "Tiger" vehicles with American-manufactured engines from Jordan. He asked for greater military assistance, as Libya had committed itself to destroying chemical stockpiles, but would require at least $25 million to do so. Saif said the United States had "humiliated" his father during his visit to New York in 2009, and said that his father's tent and residence issues were disappointing and his UN speech had been misinterpreted. Saif said that his father was barred from visiting Ground Zero, which also frustrated him. Saif held a standoff with US officials in November 2009, refusing to send a shipment of HEU back to Russia unless the United States renewed its commitment to cooperation with Libya.[30]

Arrest warrant

A warrant for his arrest was issued in late June 2011, for crimes against humanity.[31]

2011 Libyan civil war

Main article: 2011 Libyan civil war

On 20 February 2011 at 18:00 EST, he made an extemporaneous speech on Libyan state TV. In it, he blamed the civil war on tribal factions and Islamists acting on their own agendas, drunken and drugged. He promised reforms, and said the alternative would be civil war causing no trade, no oil money, and the country taken over by foreigners.[32] He closed by saying, "We will not let Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya and BBC trick us." Many analysts disagreed with his assessment, including Oliver Miles, a former British Ambassador to Libya.[33][34] In an interview with ABC News reporter Christiane Amanpour, Saif al-Islam denied that his father's regime is killing civilians.[35] On 28 February, a video became available online in which Saif Gaddafi appears to spur on a crowd of followers to fight the opposition, and promises weapons to them, while brandishing a G36 assault rifle.[36] On 27 June, an arrest warrant was issued by the ICC.[37] In August, Saif gave an interview to the New York Times stating that Libya was becoming more closely aligned to Islamists and would likely resemble Iran or Saudi Arabia. Saif said that his father was working closely with Islamists within the rebellion to splinter the resistance.[38]

On 21 August, the National Transitional Council claimed that Saif al-Islam was arrested by the National Liberation Army, pursuant to an arrest warrant issued by the International Criminal Court.[39] However, on the early morning of 23 August, Saif al-Islam was seen by Western journalists apparently moving on his own free will outside of the Rixos Hotel.[40][41] Later reports stated that he had been briefly captured, but had escaped.[42]

On 20 October, Al Arabiya and BBC World News cited unconfirmed reports that Saif al-Islam was both wounded and captured near Sirte by Libyan National Liberation Army troops.[43] Then Press TV reported that Libya's Justice minister Mohammad al-Alagi had confirmed that Saif was captured. He had been taken to a hospital in Zliten after being shot in the leg while trying to flee but was surrounded by rebel forces.[44] Saif al-Islam Gaddafi was also said to have lost one of his arms and was in critical condition.[45]

However, the next day, it was reported by NTC officials that he was not in their custody. They believed al-Islam was heading toward the Niger border in the southern desert in an attempt to flee the country.[46]

On 22 October, Saif al-Islam was reported to have been captured near Bani Walid and was being transported to Misrata. However, this could not be independently confirmed.[47] Another report said that he appeared on a pro-Gaddafi network on the same night, saying that he was still in Libya and would continue fighting.[48]

Personal life

Saif has a reputation for hard-partying and womanizing. In 2006, Saif al-Islam Muammar Gaddafi was romantically linked to the Israeli actress, Orly Weinerman.[49][50] In 2009, he threw a party in Montenegro for his 37th birthday. Notable guests included Oleg Deripaska, Peter Munk and Prince Albert of Monaco. He previously hosted similar parties in Saint-Tropez and Monaco.[51]

British society

Gaddafi has been hosted at Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle by the British royal family. Gaddafi claims that former Prime Minister Tony Blair is a personal friend who took an interest in advising Libya on oil revenues and finance. In 2009, he spent a weekend at Waddesdon Manor, home of financier Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, where he was the guest of Lord Mandelson and Nathaniel Philip Rothschild. He later stayed at the Rothschild holiday home in Corfu. Nathaniel Rothschild was a guest at Saif's 37th birthday celebration in Montenegro.[52][53][54]

Main article: LSE Libya Links

Saif received his PhD from the London School of Economics in 2008.[55][56] LSE Professor David Held was one of the mentors of Saif Gaddafi according to a New York Times article.[57] Through the Gaddafi International Charity and Development Foundation, Saif subsequently pledged a donation of £1.5 million to support the work of the LSE's Centre for the Study of Global Governance on civil society organizations in North Africa. Following the LSE Libya Links affair, the LSE has issued a statement indicating that it will cut all financial ties with the country and will accept no further money from the Foundation, having already received and spent the first £300,000 installment of the donation.[58] Saif's thesis is analyzed using crowdsourcing.[59]

Pressure was put on the LSE to revoke his qualification. LSE set up a review process[60] to investigate the claims in early 2011.[61][62]

References

  1. ^ Thomas, Landon (28 February 2010). "Unknotting Father's Reins in Hope of 'Reinventing' Libya". New York Times.
  2. ^ "Inside Gaddafi's inner circle". Al Jazeera. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
  3. ^ a b McLean, Alan; Shane, Scott; Tse, Archie (28 November 2010). "A Selection From the Cache of Diplomatic Dispatches". New York Times.
  4. ^ "The Politics of Blackmail". Newsweek. 13 September 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
  5. ^ "War crimes court issues Gaddafi arrest warrant". http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/27/muammar-gaddafi-arrest-warrant-hague. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  6. ^ "Gaddafi's son: Libya like McDonald's for NATO - fast war as fast food". Russia Today. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  7. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/saif-gaddafi-reported-dead-by-al-arabiya/2011/10/20/gIQApxun0L_blog.html
  8. ^ Davies, Lizzy (23 August 2011). "Saif al-Islam Gaddafi's shock return rocks confidence in Libyan rebels". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  9. ^ The Desert Is Not Silent, Internet Archive record, Historical index.
  10. ^ Commercial partners of "The Desert Is Not Silent", Internet Archive record, June 29, 2007.
  11. ^ Alqadhafi, Saif Al-Islam, The role of civil society in the democratisation of global governance institutions: from "soft power" to collective decision-making?, London School of Economics Library, 2008.
  12. ^ Gaddafi son calls for democracy, BBC News, September 16, 2009.
  13. ^ Desai, Meghnad (2011) LSE is paying a heavy price for Saif Gaddafi's PhD: When it comes to Saif Gaddafi and his PhD, hindsight is indeed a wonderful thing, The Guardian, Friday March 4, 2011
  14. ^ Alqadhafi, Saif Al-Islam (2008) The role of civil society in the democratisation of global governance institutions: from "soft power" to collective decision-making? A thesis submitted to the Department of Philosophy of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2007, and published 2008, p.4.
  15. ^ "Fact Check:Saif Gaddafi – Genius or Fraud?". Channel4 News. 4 February 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  16. ^ "Gaddafi son plagiarised his thesis at LSE". The Independent. 2 March 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  17. ^ a b "Qaddafi's son declares he's leaving politics", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), August 22, 2008.
  18. ^ a b James Verini (22 May 2011). "The Good Bad Son". Retrieved 20 June 2011.
  19. ^ "White Book (ISRATIN)". May 8, 2003. Retrieved August 22, 2011 (via web.archive.org). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  20. ^ The Survey In Kashmir Was Saif Gaddafi's Idea, Outlook, June 14, 2010.
  21. ^ Kashmir: Paths to Peace, Chatham House, UK.
  22. ^ Italy's Bilateral Relations with the Maghreb Countries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Italy.
  23. ^ Miles, Oliver (16 August 2008). "The long road to normalisation". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
  24. ^ "Lockerbie evidence not disclosed". BBC. 28 August 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
  25. ^ a b Template:Fr Saif says "Libyans are innocent" of the Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772 bombings, Le Figaro, December 7, 2007.
  26. ^ "Sarkozy denies weapons deals to Libya", Jerusalem Post. August 4, 2007. Accessed February 27, 2011.
  27. ^ "EADS confirms it is selling military equipment to Libya", New York Times. August 3, 2007. Accessed February 27, 2011.
  28. ^ "Profile: Colonel Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam", The Telegraph. August 22, 2009. Accessed February 27, 2011.
  29. ^ "Rice Meets Gadhafi Son, Raises Dissident Case". Voice of America. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008. [dead link]
  30. ^ McLean, Alan; Shane, Scott; Tse, Archie (28 November 2010). "A Selection From the Cache of Diplomatic Dispatches". New York Times.
  31. ^ [1]
  32. ^ Gaddafi's son talks of conspiracy, Aljazeera, February 20, 2011.
  33. ^ How will Libya's protests play out?, Oliver Miles, The Guardian, February 20, 2011.
  34. ^ Libya on brink as protests hit Tripoli, Ian Black, The Guardian, February 21, 2011.
  35. ^ 'This Week' Transcript: Saif al-Islam and Saadi Gadhafi, ABC News.
  36. ^ Qaddafi's son promises weapons to followers, CBS News, February 28, 2011.
  37. ^ "Libya: Muammar Gaddafi subject to ICC arrest warrant". BBC News. 27 June 2011.
  38. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 August 2011). "Libya Allying With Islamists, Qaddafi Son Says". New York Times.
  39. ^ "Libyan rebels enter Tripoli, arrest Gadhafi's son". AP. 21 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  40. ^ "Reports of Saif al-Islam Qaddafi's Capture False, Appears in Tripoli". Fox News. 22 August 2011.
  41. ^ http://news.sky.com/home/world-news/article/16054331
  42. ^ The Independent: i:essential daily briefing, 31 August 2011, p.6.
  43. ^ "Libya's Col Muammar Gaddafi killed, says NTC". BBC World News. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  44. ^ Gamel, Kim (20 October 2011). "Pulled from drain pipe, Gadhafi was shown no mercy". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Sirte. Associated Press. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  45. ^ http://presstv.com/detail/205823.html
  46. ^ Saif al Islam fleeing towards Niger
  47. ^ Rebels: Gadhafi's son Saif al-Islam captured alive
  48. ^ Libya's NTC claim Saif al-Islam Gaddafi captured alive, uninjured
  49. ^ Ziabi, Jamil (17 January 2006). ""Arab-Hebrew" Love Affair". Dar Al-Hayat. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
  50. ^ La Voz de Galicia (15 January 2006). "Terra Chá, tierra de centenarios: Hechos y figuras". La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). A Coruña, Spain: La Voz de Galicia, S.A. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  51. ^ Milo with billionaires at Saif Gadaffi’s birthday party, Visit Montenegro, June 28, 2009.
  52. ^ "Saif al-Islam Gaddafi: The new face of Libyan defiance", Jamie Doward. The Guardian. February 26, 2011. Accessed February 26, 2011.
  53. ^ "Gaddafi son at heart of British society", Joe Murphy. Evening Standard. February 23, 2011. Accessed February 26, 2011.
  54. ^ "Please help us, my good friend Tony Blair: Gaddafi's son asks for former PM's help to 'crush enemies', Daily Mail. February 25, 2011. Accessed February 26, 2011.
  55. ^ Saif Al-Gaddafi, "The Role of Civil Society in the Democratization of Global Governance Institutions: From 'Soft Power' to Collective Decision-Making?" PhD Thesis, London School of Economics, 2008.
  56. ^ http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2011/03/director_steps_down.aspx
  57. ^ A London University Wrestles With a Qaddafi Gift, New York Times, March 1, 2011.
  58. ^ Statement on Libya, London School of Economics, February 2011.
  59. ^ "Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi Thesis Wiki". Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  60. ^ Pressure on LSE to annul Gaddafi son’s PhD, Chris Cook, Financial Times, February 24, 2011
  61. ^ Eliot Sefton, LSE investigates Saif Gaddafi plagiarism claims, The First Post, March 1, 2011.
  62. ^ Sellgren, Katherine (1 March 2011). "LSE investigates Gaddafi's son plagiarism claims". BBC News. Retrieved 4 March 2011.

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