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Lars Onsager
Lars Onsager
	Lars Onsager
Born	November 27, 1903; Kristiania (Oslo), Norway
Died	October 5, 1976 (aged 72); Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.
Nationality	Norway, U.S.
Alma mater	Norwegian Institute of Technology
Known for	Onsager reciprocal relations, the exact solution to the two-dimensional Ising model and for revealing the physics behind the De Haas–van Alphen effect
Awards	Lorentz Medal (1958); Willard Gibbs Award (1962); Peter Debye Award (1965); Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1968); National Medal of Science (1968)
	Scientific career
Fields	Physical chemist
Institutions	ETH Zürich; Johns Hopkins University; Brown University; Yale University; University of Miami
Doctoral advisor	Peter Debye
Doctoral students	Joseph L. McCauley

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Lars Onsager (November 27, 1903 – October 5, 1976) was a Norwegian-born American physical chemist and theoretical physicist. He held the Gibbs Professorship of Theoretical Chemistry at Yale University. He was the winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. ^[1]^[2]

Biography

Lars Onsager was born in Kristiania (today's Oslo), Norway. His father was a lawyer. After completing secondary school in Oslo, he attended the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) in Trondheim, graduating as a chemical engineer in 1925. In 1925 he arrived at a correction to the Debye-Hückel theory of electrolytic solutions, to specify Brownian movement of ions in solution, and during 1926 published it. He traveled to Zürich, where Peter Debye was teaching, and confronted Debye, telling him his theory was wrong. He impressed Debye so much that he was invited to become Debye's assistant at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), where he remained until 1928.^[3]

Johns Hopkins University

Eventually in 1928 he went to the United States of America to take a faculty position at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. At JHU he had to teach freshman classes in chemistry, and it quickly became apparent that, while he was a genius at developing theories in physical chemistry, he had little talent for teaching. He was dismissed by JHU after one semester.

Brown University

On leaving JHU, he accepted a position (involving the teaching of statistical mechanics to graduate students in chemistry) at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, where it became clear that he was no better at teaching advanced students than freshmen, but he made significant contributions to statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. The only graduate student who could really understand his lectures on electrolyte systems, Raymond Fuoss, worked under him and eventually joined him on the Yale chemistry faculty. In 1933, when the Great Depression limited Brown's ability to support a faculty member who was only useful as a researcher and not a teacher, he was let go by Brown, being hired after a trip to Europe by Yale University, where he remained for most of the rest of his life, retiring in 1972.^[4]

His research at Brown was concerned mainly with the effects on diffusion of temperature gradients, and produced the Onsager reciprocal relations, a set of equations published in 1929 and, in an expanded form, in 1931, in statistical mechanics whose importance went unrecognized for many years. However, their value became apparent during the decades following World War II, and by 1968 they were considered important enough to gain Onsager that year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1933, just before taking up the position at Yale, Onsager traveled to Austria to visit electrochemist Hans Falkenhagen. He met Falkenhagen's sister-in-law, Margrethe Arledter. They were married on September 7, 1933, and had three sons and a daughter.^[5]

Yale University

At Yale, an embarrassing situation occurred: he had been hired as a postdoctoral fellow, but it was discovered that he had never received a Ph.D. While he had submitted an outline of his work in reciprocal relations to the Norwegian Institute of Technology, they had decided it was too incomplete to qualify as a doctoral dissertation. He was told that he could submit one of his published papers to the Yale faculty as a dissertation, but insisted on doing a new research project instead. His dissertation, entitled, "Solutions of the Mathieu equation of period 4 pi and certain related functions", was beyond the comprehension of the chemistry and physics faculty, and only when some members of the mathematics department, including the chairman, insisted that the work was good enough that they would grant the doctorate if the chemistry department would not, was he granted a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1935. Even before the dissertation was finished, he was appointed assistant professor in 1934, and promoted to associate professor in 1940. He quickly showed at Yale the same traits he had at JHU and Brown: he produced brilliant theoretical research, but was incapable of giving a lecture at a level that a student (even a graduate student) could comprehend. He was also unable to direct the research of graduate students, except for the occasional outstanding one.^[6]

During the late 1930s, Onsager researched the dipole theory of dielectrics, making improvements for another topic that had been studied by Peter Debye. However, when he submitted his paper to a journal that Debye edited in 1936, it was rejected. Debye would not accept Onsager's ideas until after World War II. During the 1940s, Onsager studied the statistical-mechanical theory of phase transitions in solids, deriving a mathematically elegant theory which was enthusiastically received. He obtained the exact solution for the two dimensional Ising model in zero field in 1944. ^[7] ^[8]

In 1945, Onsager was naturalized as an American citizen, and the same year he was awarded the title of J. Willard Gibbs Professor of Theoretical Chemistry. This was particularly appropriate because Onsager, like Willard Gibbs, had been involved primarily in the application of mathematics to problems in physics and chemistry and, in a sense, could be considered to be continuing in the same areas Gibbs had pioneered. In 1947, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1950 he joined the ranks of Alpha Chi Sigma.

After World War II, Onsager researched new topics of interest. He proposed a theoretical explanation of the superfluid properties of liquid helium in 1949; two years later the physicist Richard Feynman independently proposed the same theory. He also worked on the theories of liquid crystals and the electrical properties of ice. While on a Fulbright scholarship to Cambridge University, he worked on the magnetic properties of metals. He developed important ideas on the quantization of magnetic flux in metals. He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1958, Willard Gibbs Award in 1962, ^[9] and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1968.

After Yale

In 1972 Onsager retired from Yale and became emeritus. He then became a member of the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, and was appointed Distinguished University Professor of Physics.^[10] At the University of Miami he remained active in guiding and inspiring postdoctoral students as his teaching skills, although not his lecturing skills, had improved during the course of his career. He developed interests in semiconductor physics, biophysics and radiation chemistry. However, his death came before he could produce any breakthroughs comparable to those of his earlier years.

He remained in Florida until his death from an aneurysm in Coral Gables, Florida in 1976. Onsager was buried next to John Gamble Kirkwood at New Haven's Grove Street Cemetery. While Kirkwood's tombstone has a long list of awards and positions, including the American Chemical Society Award in Pure Chemistry, the Richards Medal, and the Lewis Award, Onsager's tombstone, in its original form, simply said "Nobel Laureate". When Onsager's wife Gretel died in 1991 and was buried there, his children added an asterisk after "Nobel Laureate," and "*etc." in the lower right corner of the stone. ^[11]

Legacy

The Norwegian Institute of Technology established the Lars Onsager Lecture and The Lars Onsager Professorship in 1993 to award outstanding scientists in the scientific fields of Lars Onsager; Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics.^[12] In 1997 his sons and daughter donated his scientific works and professional belongings to NTNU (before 1996 NTH) in Trondheim, Norway as his Alma Mater. These are now organized as The Lars Onsager Archive at the Gunnerus Library in Trondheim. ^[13] ^[14]

References

Other Sources

The Collected Works of Lars Onsager (With Commentary) (Per Chr Hemmer, Helge Holden, Signe Kjelstrup Ratkje, editors) World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics: Volume 17

External Links

Template:Persondata

[1] Montroll, Elliott W. (February 1977). "Lars Onsager". Physics Today. 30 (2): 77. Bibcode:1977PhT....30b..77M. doi:10.1063/1.3037438.

[2] The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968 (The Nobel Foundation)

[3] Lars Onsager – Biographical (Nobel Prize.org)

[4] Lars Onsager (NNDB Soylent Communications)

[5] Lars Onsager - Fysiker, Kjemiker (Norsk biografisk leksikon. Signe Kjelstrup)

[6] Lars Onsager (1903 - 1976) (Famous Chemists Web Site, Emo Led)

[7] Lars Onsager (Array of Contemporary American Physicists)

[8] Onsager.pdf Lars Onsager (CUA faculty. Leopold May, 2003)

[9] American Chemical Society - Chicago Section

[10] Coral Gables (1972-1976) (Biographical Memoirs V.60 ( 1991 ) / 12. Lars Onsager)

[11] Scientists and Engineers (W. Jack Cunningham. April 2003. Friends of the Grove Street Cemetery, Inc.)

[NIT-12] The Lars Onsager Lecture and The Lars Onsager Professorship Norwegian Institute of Technology entry

[13] The Lars Onsager Online Archive Biographical Note (Monica Aase, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU Library, 1999]

[14] Prof. Dr. Lars Onsager (Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings )

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{ref improve|date=March 2013}}
 {{Infobox scientist
 | name        = Lars Onsager
@@ Line 20: / Line 19: @@
 | footnotes   =
 }}
-'''Lars Onsager''' (November 27, 1903 &ndash; October 5, 1976) was a [[Norway|Norwegian]]-born [[United States|American]] [[physical chemistry|physical chemist]] and  [[theoretical physicist]], winner of the 1968 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].
+'''Lars Onsager''' (November 27, 1903 &ndash; October 5, 1976) was a [[Norway|Norwegian]]-born [[United States|American]] [[physical chemistry|physical chemist]] and  [[theoretical physicist]].  He held the Gibbs Professorship of Theoretical Chemistry at [[Yale University]]. He was the winner of the 1968 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].
-He held the Gibbs Professorship of Theoretical Chemistry at [[Yale University]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Montroll, Elliott W.|authorlink=Elliott Waters Montroll|title=Lars Onsager|journal=Physics Today|date=February 1977|volume=30|issue=2|pages=77|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v30/i2/p77_s1?bypassSSO=1|doi=10.1063/1.3037438|bibcode = 1977PhT....30b..77M }}</ref>
+<ref>{{cite journal|author=Montroll, Elliott W.|authorlink=Elliott Waters Montroll|title=Lars Onsager|journal=Physics Today|date=February 1977|volume=30|issue=2|pages=77|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v30/i2/p77_s1?bypassSSO=1|doi=10.1063/1.3037438|bibcode = 1977PhT....30b..77M }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/ ''The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968'' (The Nobel Foundation)]</ref>
 == Biography ==
-Lars Onsager was born in Kristiania (today's [[Oslo]]), [[Norway]]. His father was a [[lawyer]]. After completing secondary school in Oslo, he attended the [[Norwegian Institute of Technology|Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH)]] in [[Trondheim]], graduating as a [[chemical engineering|chemical engineer]] in 1925.
+Lars Onsager was born in Kristiania (today's [[Oslo]]), [[Norway]]. His father was a [[lawyer]]. After completing secondary school in Oslo, he attended the [[Norwegian Institute of Technology|Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH)]] in [[Trondheim]], graduating as a [[chemical engineering|chemical engineer]] in 1925.  In 1925 he arrived at a correction to the [[Debye–Hückel equation|Debye-Hückel theory]] of [[electrolyte|electrolytic]] [[solution]]s, to specify [[Brownian movement]] of [[ion]]s in solution, and during 1926 published it. He traveled to [[Zürich]], where [[Peter Debye]] was teaching, and confronted Debye, telling him his theory was wrong. He impressed Debye so much that he was invited to become Debye's assistant at the [[ETH Zürich|Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)]], where he remained until 1928.<ref>[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/onsager-bio.html ''Lars Onsager – Biographical'' (Nobel Prize.org)]</ref>
-In 1925 he arrived at a correction to the [[Debye–Hückel equation|Debye-Hückel theory]] of [[electrolyte|electrolytic]] [[solution]]s, to specify [[Brownian movement]] of [[ion]]s in solution, and during 1926 published it. He traveled to [[Zürich]], where [[Peter Debye]] was teaching, and confronted Debye, telling him his theory was wrong. He impressed Debye so much that he was invited to become Debye's assistant at the [[ETH Zürich|Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)]], where he remained until 1928.
 ===Johns Hopkins University===
@@ Line 32: / Line 29: @@
 === Brown University===
-On leaving JHU, he accepted a position (involving the teaching of [[statistical mechanics]] to graduate students in chemistry) at [[Brown University]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]], where it became clear that he was no better at teaching advanced students than freshmen, but he made significant contributions to statistical mechanics and [[thermodynamics]]. The only graduate student who could really understand his lectures on electrolyte systems, Raymond Fuoss, worked under him and eventually joined him on the Yale chemistry faculty. In 1933, when the [[Great Depression]] limited Brown's ability to support a faculty member who was only useful as a researcher and not a teacher, he was let go by Brown, being hired after a trip to [[Europe]] by [[Yale University]], where he remained for most of the rest of his life, retiring in 1972.
+On leaving JHU, he accepted a position (involving the teaching of [[statistical mechanics]] to graduate students in chemistry) at [[Brown University]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]], where it became clear that he was no better at teaching advanced students than freshmen, but he made significant contributions to statistical mechanics and [[thermodynamics]]. The only graduate student who could really understand his lectures on electrolyte systems, Raymond Fuoss, worked under him and eventually joined him on the Yale chemistry faculty. In 1933, when the [[Great Depression]] limited Brown's ability to support a faculty member who was only useful as a researcher and not a teacher, he was let go by Brown, being hired after a trip to [[Europe]] by [[Yale University]], where he remained for most of the rest of his life, retiring in 1972.<ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/579/000100279/ ''Lars Onsager'' (NNDB Soylent Communications)]</ref>
-His research at Brown was concerned mainly with the effects on [[diffusion]] of [[temperature gradient]]s, and produced the [[Onsager reciprocal relations]], a set of equations published in 1929 and, in an expanded form, in 1931, in [[statistical mechanics]] whose importance went unrecognized for many years. However, their value became apparent during the decades following [[World War II]], and by 1968 they were considered important enough to gain Onsager that year's [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].
+His research at Brown was concerned mainly with the effects on [[diffusion]] of [[temperature gradient]]s, and produced the [[Onsager reciprocal relations]], a set of equations published in 1929 and, in an expanded form, in 1931, in [[statistical mechanics]] whose importance went unrecognized for many years. However, their value became apparent during the decades following [[World War II]], and by 1968 they were considered important enough to gain Onsager that year's [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].  In 1933, just before taking up the position at Yale, Onsager traveled to [[Austria]] to visit [[electrochemistry|electrochemist]] [[Hans Falkenhagen]]. He met Falkenhagen's sister-in-law, Margrethe Arledter. They were married on September 7, 1933, and had three sons and a daughter.<ref>[https://nbl.snl.no/Lars_Onsager ''Lars Onsager - Fysiker, Kjemiker'' (Norsk biografisk leksikon. Signe Kjelstrup)]</ref>
-In 1933, just before taking up the position at Yale, Onsager traveled to [[Austria]] to visit [[electrochemistry|electrochemist]] [[Hans Falkenhagen]]. He met Falkenhagen's sister-in-law, Margrethe Arledter. They were married on September 7, 1933, and had three sons and a daughter.
 ===Yale University===
-At Yale, an embarrassing situation occurred: he had been hired as a postdoctoral fellow, but it was discovered that he had never received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] While he had submitted an outline of his work in reciprocal relations to the [[Norwegian Institute of Technology]], they had decided it was too incomplete to qualify as a doctoral dissertation. He was told that he could submit one of his published papers to the Yale faculty as a dissertation, but insisted on doing a new research project instead. His dissertation, entitled, "Solutions of the [[Mathieu function|Mathieu equation]] of period 4 pi and certain related functions", was beyond the comprehension of the [[chemistry]] and [[physics]] faculty, and only when some members of the [[mathematics]] department, including the chairman, insisted that the work was good enough that ''they'' would grant the doctorate if the chemistry department would not, was he granted a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1935. Even before the dissertation was finished, he was appointed assistant professor in 1934, and promoted to associate professor in 1940. He quickly showed at Yale the same traits he had at JHU and Brown: he produced brilliant theoretical research, but was incapable of giving a lecture at a level that a student (even a graduate student) could comprehend. He was also unable to direct the research of graduate students, except for the occasional outstanding one.
+At Yale, an embarrassing situation occurred: he had been hired as a postdoctoral fellow, but it was discovered that he had never received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] While he had submitted an outline of his work in reciprocal relations to the [[Norwegian Institute of Technology]], they had decided it was too incomplete to qualify as a doctoral dissertation. He was told that he could submit one of his published papers to the Yale faculty as a dissertation, but insisted on doing a new research project instead. His dissertation, entitled, "Solutions of the [[Mathieu function|Mathieu equation]] of period 4 pi and certain related functions", was beyond the comprehension of the [[chemistry]] and [[physics]] faculty, and only when some members of the [[mathematics]] department, including the chairman, insisted that the work was good enough that ''they'' would grant the doctorate if the chemistry department would not, was he granted a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1935. Even before the dissertation was finished, he was appointed assistant professor in 1934, and promoted to associate professor in 1940. He quickly showed at Yale the same traits he had at JHU and Brown: he produced brilliant theoretical research, but was incapable of giving a lecture at a level that a student (even a graduate student) could comprehend. He was also unable to direct the research of graduate students, except for the occasional outstanding one.<ref>[http://emur.org/chemists/lars-onsager.htm  ''Lars Onsager (1903 - 1976)'' (Famous Chemists Web Site, Emo Led)]</ref>
 During the late 1930s, Onsager researched the [[dipole]] theory of [[dielectric]]s, making improvements for another topic that had been studied by Peter Debye. However, when he submitted his paper to a journal that Debye edited in 1936, it was rejected. Debye would not accept Onsager's ideas until after [[World War II]]. During the 1940s, Onsager studied the [[statistical mechanics|statistical-mechanical theory]] of [[phases of matter|phase]] transitions in [[solid]]s, deriving a mathematically elegant theory which was enthusiastically received. He obtained the exact solution for the two dimensional [[Ising model]] in zero field in 1944.
+<ref>[http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?onsagerl ''Lars Onsager'' (Array of Contemporary American Physicists)]</ref>
+<ref>[http://faculty.cua.edu/may/ Onsager.pdf ''Lars Onsager'' (CUA faculty.  Leopold May, 2003)]</ref>
 In 1945, Onsager was [[naturalization|naturalized]] as an [[United States|American]] citizen, and the same year he was awarded the title of '''J. Willard Gibbs Professor of Theoretical Chemistry.''' This was particularly appropriate because Onsager, like [[Willard Gibbs]], had been involved primarily in the application of [[mathematics]] to problems in [[physics]] and [[chemistry]] and, in a sense, could be considered to be continuing in the same areas Gibbs had pioneered.
 In 1947, he was elected to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], and in 1950 he joined the ranks of [[Alpha Chi Sigma]].
@@ Line 51: / Line 47: @@
 ==After Yale==
 [[Image:Kirkwood onsager.jpg|thumb|right|Graves of Onsager and Kirkwood]]
+In 1972 Onsager retired from Yale and became emeritus. He then became a member of the [[Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami]], and was appointed Distinguished University Professor of Physics.<ref>[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6061&page=218 ''Coral Gables (1972-1976)'' (Biographical Memoirs V.60  ( 1991 ) / 12. Lars Onsager)]</ref> At the [[University of Miami]] he remained active in guiding and inspiring postdoctoral students as his teaching skills, although not his lecturing skills, had improved during the course of his career. He developed interests in semiconductor physics, biophysics and radiation chemistry. However, his death came before he could produce any breakthroughs comparable to those of his earlier years.
+He remained in Florida until his death from an aneurysm in Coral Gables, Florida in 1976. Onsager was buried next to [[John Gamble Kirkwood]] at New Haven's [[Grove Street Cemetery]]. While Kirkwood's tombstone has a long list of awards and positions, including the [[American Chemical Society]] Award in Pure Chemistry, the Richards Medal, and the Lewis Award, Onsager's tombstone, in its original form, simply said "Nobel Laureate". When Onsager's wife Gretel died in 1991 and was buried there, his children added an asterisk after "Nobel Laureate," and "*etc." in the lower right corner of the stone.
-In 1972 Onsager retired from Yale and became emeritus. He then became a member of the [[Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami]], and was appointed Distinguished University Professor of Physics.<ref>[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6061&page=218 University of Miami years]</ref> At the [[University of Miami]] he remained active in guiding and inspiring postdoctoral students as his teaching skills, although not his lecturing skills, had improved during the course of his career. He developed interests in semiconductor physics, biophysics and radiation chemistry. However, his death came before he could produce any breakthroughs comparable to those of his earlier years.
+<ref>[http://www.grovestreetcemetery.org/self_guided_grove_street_cemetery_tours.htm ''Scientists and Engineers'' (W. Jack Cunningham. April 2003. Friends of the Grove Street Cemetery, Inc.)]</ref>
-He remained in Florida until his death from an aneurysm in Coral Gables, Florida in 1976. Onsager was buried next to [[John Gamble Kirkwood]] at New Haven's [[Grove Street Cemetery]]. While Kirkwood's tombstone has a long list of awards and positions, including the [[American Chemical Society]] Award in Pure Chemistry, the Richards Medal, and the Lewis Award, Onsager's tombstone, in its original form, simply said "Nobel Laureate."<ref>[http://www.grovestreetcemetery.org/self_guided_grove_street_cemetery_tours.htm Grove Street Cemetery<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> When Onsager's wife Gretel died in 1991 and was buried there, his children added an asterisk after "Nobel Laureate," and "*etc." in the lower right corner of the stone.
 ==Legacy==   <!-- [[The Lars Onsager Archive]] redirects here -->
 The [[Norwegian Institute of Technology]] established the Lars Onsager Lecture and The Lars Onsager Professorship in 1993 to award outstanding scientists in the scientific fields of Lars Onsager; Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics.<ref name='NIT'>[http://www.ntnu.edu/onsager The Lars Onsager Lecture and The Lars Onsager Professorship] Norwegian Institute of Technology entry</ref> In 1997 his sons and daughter donated his scientific works and professional belongings to [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology|NTNU]] (before 1996 [[Norwegian Institute of Technology|NTH]]) in [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]] as his Alma Mater.  These are now organized as ''The Lars Onsager Archive'' at the [[Gunnerus Library]] in Trondheim.
+<ref>[http://www.ntnu.no/ub/spesialsamlingene/tekark/tek5/notes_on_biography.php ''The Lars Onsager Online Archive Biographical Note'' (Monica Aase, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU Library, 1999]]</ref>
+<ref>[http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/laureates/onsager ''Prof. Dr. Lars Onsager'' (Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings )]</ref>
 ==See also==
 {{Portal|Norway|Biography}}
@@ Line 66: / Line 62: @@
 * [[De Haas–van Alphen effect]]
 * [[Onsager–Machlup function]]
+{{ commons|Lars Onsager}}
-==Notes==
+==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+==Other Sources==
+*[http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/3027 ''The Collected Works of Lars Onsager (With Commentary)'' (Per Chr Hemmer, Helge Holden, Signe Kjelstrup Ratkje, editors) World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics: Volume 17]
-==References==
+==Related Reading==
-*The Collected Works of Lars Onsager (with Commentary) World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics - Vol. 17  Editors: Per Chr Hemmer, [[Helge Holden]] and Signe Kjelstrup Ratkje (World Scientific, Singapore 1996) ISBN 981-02-2563-6.
 *''Constitutions of matter : mathematically modelling the most everyday of physical phenomena'' by Martin H. Krieger, University of Chicago Press, 1996.  ISBN 0-226-45304-9  Contains a detailed pedagogical discussion of Onsager's solution of the phase transition of the 2-D [[Ising model]].
@@ Line 85: / Line 80: @@
  | url = http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6061&page=182
  | doi = }}
+==External Links==
+*[http://www.ntnu.edu/onsager The Lars Onsager Lecture and Professorship (Norwegian  University of Science And Technology)]
-==External links==
+*[http://www.ntnu.no/ub/spesialsamlingene/tekark/tek5/arkiv5.php The Lars Onsager Archive at Universitetsbiblioteket/Gunnerus Library in Trondheim. (Norwegian  University of Science And Technology)]
-* Onsager's [http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1968/onsager-bio.html Nobel Foundation biography]
+*[http://www.ntnu.edu/onsager/committee The Onsager Committee (Norwegian  University of Science And Technology)]
-* Onsager's  Nobel Lecture [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/onsager-lecture.html The Motion of Ions: Principles and Concepts]
-* [http://www.ntnu.no/ub/spesialsamlingene/tekark/tek5/arkiv5.php The Lars Onsager Online Archive]
+*[http://www.ntnu.edu/onsager/ The Lars Onsager Lecture and The Lars Onsager Professorship (Norwegian  University of Science And Technology)].
+*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/onsager-lecture.html ''The Motion of Ions: Principles and Concepts'' (Lars Onsager's  Nobel Lecture)]
-*[http://www.nndb.com/people/579/000100279/ Lars Onsager profile, NNDB].
-*[http://www.ntnu.edu/onsager/ The Lars Onsager Lecture and The Lars Onsager Professorship].
 *{{MathGenealogy |id=111411}}
 {{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1951-1975}}
 {{Authority control}}
 {{Persondata

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1901–1925	1901: Jacobus van 't Hoff 1902: Emil Fischer 1903: Svante Arrhenius 1904: William Ramsay 1905: Adolf von Baeyer 1906: Henri Moissan 1907: Eduard Buchner 1908: Ernest Rutherford 1909: Wilhelm Ostwald 1910: Otto Wallach 1911: Marie Curie 1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913: Alfred Werner 1914: Theodore Richards 1915: Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918: Fritz Haber 1919 1920: Walther Nernst 1921: Frederick Soddy 1922: Francis Aston 1923: Fritz Pregl 1924 1925: Richard Zsigmondy
1926–1950	1926: Theodor Svedberg 1927: Heinrich Wieland 1928: Adolf Windaus 1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1930: Hans Fischer 1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932: Irving Langmuir 1933 1934: Harold Urey 1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie 1936: Peter Debye 1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938: Richard Kuhn 1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943: George de Hevesy 1944: Otto Hahn 1945: Artturi Virtanen 1946: James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947: Robert Robinson 1948: Arne Tiselius 1949: William Giauque 1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder
1951–1975	1951: Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952: Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953: Hermann Staudinger 1954: Linus Pauling 1955: Vincent du Vigneaud 1956: Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957: Alexander Todd 1958: Frederick Sanger 1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960: Willard Libby 1961: Melvin Calvin 1962: Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964: Dorothy Hodgkin 1965: Robert Woodward 1966: Robert S. Mulliken 1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968: Lars Onsager 1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970: Luis Federico Leloir 1971: Gerhard Herzberg 1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974: Paul Flory 1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976–2000	1976: William Lipscomb 1977: Ilya Prigogine 1978: Peter D. Mitchell 1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982: Aaron Klug 1983: Henry Taube 1984: Robert Merrifield 1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990: Elias Corey 1991: Richard R. Ernst 1992: Rudolph A. Marcus 1993: Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994: George Olah 1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland 1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999: Ahmed Zewail 2000: Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001–present	2001: William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich 2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005: Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006: Roger D. Kornberg 2007: Gerhard Ertl 2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath 2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi 2011: Dan Shechtman 2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner 2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson 2018: Frances Arnold / Gregory Winter / George Smith 2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna 2021: David MacMillan / Benjamin List 2022: Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten P. Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless 2023: Moungi G. Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Alexei I. Ekimov

Authority control databases
International	FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands
Academics	CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project Scopus zbMATH
People	Deutsche Biographie Trove
Other	SNAC IdRef