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[[File:Nongthoomfairtex.jpg|thumb|[[Parinya Charoenphol|Nong Tum]] is perhaps the most internationally recognised Kathoey for his portrayal in the film ''[[Beautiful Boxer]]''.]]
[[File:Nongthoomfairtex.jpg|thumb|[[Parinya Charoenphol|Nong Tum]] is perhaps the most internationally recognised Kathoey for her portrayal in the film ''[[Beautiful Boxer]]''.]]
{{Transgender sidebar}}
{{Transgender sidebar}}


'''''Kathoey''''' or '''''katoey''''' ({{lang-th|กะเทย}}; {{RTGS|''Kathoei''}} {{IPA-th|kàtʰɤːj|}}) is a Thai term that refers to either a [[transgender]] woman or an [[effeminate]] gay male in [[Thailand]]. A significant number of [[Thai people|Thais]] perceive ''kathoeys'' as belonging to a [[third gender]], including many ''kathoeys'' themselves, while others see them as either a kind of man or a kind of woman.<ref name="Winter">Winter, Sam (2003). Research and discussion paper: ''Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey''. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003. [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_language_and_identity.htm Article online].</ref> However, when considering transgender women (MtF) as a group in Thai society, most refer to themselves as ''phuying'' (Thai: ผู้หญิง "women"), with a minority referring to themselves as ''phuying praphet song'' (a "second kind of woman") and only very few referring to themselves as ''kathoey''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Thai Transgenders in Focus: Demographics, Transitions and Identities|url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J485v09n01_03|journal = International Journal of Transgenderism|date = 2006-06-14|issn = 1553-2739|pages = 15–27|volume = 9|issue = 1|doi = 10.1300/J485v09n01_03|first = Sam Winter|last = BSc}}</ref> Related phrases include ''phet thi sam'' ({{lang-th|เพศที่สาม}}, "third gender"), and ''sao praphet song'' or ''phu ying praphet song'' ({{lang-th|สาวประเภทสอง, ผู้หญิงประเภทสอง}}— both meaning "second-type female"). The word ''kathoey'' is of [[Khmer language|Khmer]] origin.<ref name=":0">Jackson, Peter A. ''Male homosexuality in Thailand: an interpretation of contemporary Thai sources''. Elmhurst, NY: Global Academic Publishers, 1989. Print.</ref> It is most often rendered as '''ladyboy''' or '''lady boy''' in English conversation with Thais and this latter expression has become popular across [[Southeast Asia]].
'''''Kathoey''''' or '''''katoey''''' ({{lang-th|กะเทย}}; {{RTGS|''Kathoei''}} {{IPA-th|kàtʰɤːj|}}) is a Thai term that refers to either a [[transgender]] woman or an [[effeminate]] gay male in [[Thailand]]. A significant number of [[Thai people|Thais]] perceive ''kathoeys'' as belonging to a [[third gender]], including many ''kathoeys'' themselves, while others see them as either a kind of man or a kind of woman.<ref name="Winter">Winter, Sam (2003). Research and discussion paper: ''Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey''. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003. [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_language_and_identity.htm Article online].</ref> However, when considering transgender women (MtF) as a group in Thai society, most refer to themselves as ''phuying'' (Thai: ผู้หญิง "women"), with a minority referring to themselves as ''phuying praphet song'' (a "second kind of woman") and only very few referring to themselves as ''kathoey''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Thai Transgenders in Focus: Demographics, Transitions and Identities|url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J485v09n01_03|journal = International Journal of Transgenderism|date = 2006-06-14|issn = 1553-2739|pages = 15–27|volume = 9|issue = 1|doi = 10.1300/J485v09n01_03|first = Sam Winter|last = BSc}}</ref> Related phrases include ''phet thi sam'' ({{lang-th|เพศที่สาม}}, "third gender"), and ''sao praphet song'' or ''phu ying praphet song'' ({{lang-th|สาวประเภทสอง, ผู้หญิงประเภทสอง}}— both meaning "second-type female"). The word ''kathoey'' is of [[Khmer language|Khmer]] origin.<ref name=":0">Jackson, Peter A. ''Male homosexuality in Thailand: an interpretation of contemporary Thai sources''. Elmhurst, NY: Global Academic Publishers, 1989. Print.</ref> It is most often rendered as '''ladyboy''' or '''lady boy''' in English conversation with Thais and this latter expression has become popular across [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Jackson-1996">{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Peter A. |title=Non-normative Sex/Gender Categories in the Theravada Buddhist Scriptures |publisher= |date=April 1996 |url=http://rspas.anu.edu.au/papers/pah/theravada.html |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725115630/rspas.anu.edu.au/papers/pah/theravada.html |archive-date=2008-07-25 |accessdate=5 December 2009}}</ref>


== General description ==
== General description ==
Although ''kathoey'' is often translated as "[[transgender]]" in the English usage, this term is not used frequently in Thailand. As well as trans individuals, the term can refer to [[gay men]], and was originally used to refer to [[intersex]] individuals.<ref name=":0" /> Because of this confusion in translation, the [[English language|English]] translation of ''kathoey'' is usually "ladyboy" (or variants of the term).
Although ''kathoey'' is often translated as "[[transgender]]" in the English usage, this term is not used frequently in Thailand. As well as trans individuals, the term can refer to [[gay men]], and was originally used to refer to [[intersex]] individuals<ref name=":0" />. Because of this confusion in translation, the [[English language|English]] translation of ''kathoey'' is usually "ladyboy" (or variants of the term).


Use of the term "''kathoey''" suggests that the person [[gender identity|self-identifies as a type of male]], in contrast to ''sao praphet song'' (which, like "trans woman", suggests a "female" (''sao'') gender identity), and in contrast to ''phet thi sam'' (which means "[[third gender]]"). The term ''phu ying praphet song'', which can be translated as "second-type female", is also used to refer to ''kathoey''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lady Boys, Tom Boys, Rent Boys: Male and Female Homosexualities in Contemporary Thailand |last=Jackson |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Jackson (academic) |year=1999 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G30kIcfc8HMC&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=kathoey+legal+status&source=web&ots=bsR41HzMmk&sig=FiszctvZyEs9OEyYYmPYfKAeNhg#PPA146,M1 |isbn=0-7890-0656-1 |page=146 |ref=harv}}</ref> Australian scholar of sexual politics in Thailand [[Peter Jackson (academic)|Peter Jackson]] claims that the term "''kathoey''" was used in pre-modern times to refer to [[intersex]] people, and that the usage changed in the middle of the twentieth century to cover [[cross-dressing]] males.<ref>[[Peter Jackson (academic)|Jackson, Peter]] (2003). [http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/jackson.html Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures]. in "Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context," Issue 9, August 2003. See paragraph "The Homosexualisation of Cross-Dressing."</ref> The term can refer to males who exhibit varying degrees of femininity. Many ''kathoey''s dress as women and undergo "feminising" medical procedures such as [[breast implant]]s, [[hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female)|hormones]], [[silicone]] injections, or [[Chondrolaryngoplasty|Adam's apple reductions]]. Others may wear makeup and use feminine [[pronouns]], [[transvestism|but dress as men]], and are closer to the Western category of [[Effeminacy|effeminate]] gay man than transgender.
Use of the term "''kathoey''" suggests that the person self-identifies as a type of male, in contrast to ''sao praphet song'' (which, like "trans woman", suggests a "female" (''sao'') gender identity), and in contrast to ''phet thi sam'' (which means "[[third gender]]"). The term ''phu ying praphet song'', which can be translated as "second-type female", is also used to refer to ''kathoey''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lady Boys, Tom Boys, Rent Boys: Male and Female Homosexualities in Contemporary Thailand |last=Jackson |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Jackson (academic) |year=1999 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G30kIcfc8HMC&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=kathoey+legal+status&source=web&ots=bsR41HzMmk&sig=FiszctvZyEs9OEyYYmPYfKAeNhg#PPA146,M1 |isbn=0-7890-0656-1 |page=146 |ref=harv}}</ref> Australian scholar of sexual politics in Thailand [[Peter Jackson (academic)|Peter Jackson]] claims that the term "''kathoey''" was used in pre-modern times to refer to [[intersex]] people, and that the usage changed in the middle of the twentieth century to cover [[cross-dressing]] males.<ref>[[Peter Jackson (academic)|Jackson, Peter]] (2003). [http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/jackson.html Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures]. in "Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context," Issue 9, August 2003. See paragraph "The Homosexualisation of Cross-Dressing."</ref> The term can refer to males who exhibit varying degrees of femininity. Many ''kathoey''s dress as women and undergo "feminising" medical procedures such as [[breast implant]]s, [[hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female)|hormones]], [[silicone]] injections, or [[Chondrolaryngoplasty|Adam's apple reductions]]. Others may wear makeup and use feminine [[pronouns]], but dress as men, and are closer to the Western category of [[Effeminacy|effeminate]] gay man than transgender.


The term "''kathoey''" may be considered pejorative, especially in the form "''kathoey-saloey''". It has a meaning similar to the English language "fairy" or "queen".<ref>[http://www.cpamedia.com/culture/thailand_kathoey/ CPAmedia.com: Thailand's Women of the Second Kind<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>
The term "''kathoey''" may be considered pejorative, especially in the form "''kathoey-saloey''". It has a meaning similar to the English language "fairy" or "queen".<ref>[http://www.cpamedia.com/culture/thailand_kathoey/ CPAmedia.com: Thailand's Women of the Second Kind<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>

== Requirements to confirm eligibility for Sex Reassignment Surgery ==
:''Main article: [[LGBT rights in Thailand]]''
Patients must be at least 18 years old and permission from parents if under 20 years old.<ref name="Duncan, Debbie 2017">Duncan, Debbie. "Prerequisites - The Transgender Center." ''Prerequisites - The Transgender Center''. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2017.</ref> One must provide evidence of diagnosis of gender dysphoria from a psychologist/psychiatrist. Before going through gender reassignment surgery, one must be on hormones/antiandrogens for at least one year.<ref name="Duncan, Debbie 2017"/> Patients must have a note from the psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. Two months prior to the surgery, patients are required to see a Psychiatrist in Thailand to confirm eligibility for Sex Reassignment Surgery. 


== Social context ==
== Social context ==
Many ''kathoey'' work in predominately female occupations, such as in shops, restaurants, and [[beauty salon|beauty salons]], but also in factories (a reflection of Thailand's high proportion of female industrial workers).<ref name="SwinterNsak">Winter S, Udomsak N (2002). [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand]. ''International Journal of Transgenderism''. 6,1</ref> ''Kathoey'' also work in entertainment and tourist centers, in [[cabaret]]s, and as [[prostitution|sex workers]]. ''Kathoey'' sex workers have high rates of HIV.<ref>{{cite journal|title=HIV-Related Risk Behaviors among Kathoey (Male-to-Female Transgender) Sex Workers in Bangkok, Thailand| pmc=3242825 | pmid=21780964 | doi=10.1080/09540121.2011.597709| volume=24| issue=2| year=2012| journal=AIDS Care| pages=210–9}}</ref>
Many ''kathoey'' work in predominately female occupations, such as in shops, restaurants, and [[beauty salon]]s, but also in factories (a reflection of Thailand's high proportion of female industrial workers).<ref name="SwinterNsak">Winter S, Udomsak N (2002). [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand]. ''International Journal of Transgenderism''. 6,1</ref> ''Kathoey'' also work in entertainment and tourist centers, in [[cabaret]]s, and as [[prostitution|sex workers]]. ''Kathoey'' sex workers have high rates of HIV.<ref>{{cite journal|title=HIV-Related Risk Behaviors among Kathoey (Male-to-Female Transgender) Sex Workers in Bangkok, Thailand| pmc=3242825 | pmid=21780964 | doi=10.1080/09540121.2011.597709| volume=24| issue=2| year=2012| journal=AIDS Care| pages=210–9}}</ref>


[[File:Kathoy1649.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Pattaya]]: ''Kathoey''s on the stage of a [[cabaret]] show.]]
[[File:Kathoy1649.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Pattaya]]: ''Kathoey''s on the stage of a [[cabaret]] show.]]


''Kathoeys'' are more visible and more accepted in Thai culture than [[transgender]] people are in other countries in the world. Several popular Thai models, singers and movie stars are ''kathoey''s, and Thai newspapers often print [[photograph|photographs]] of the winners of female and ''kathoey'' beauty contests side by side. The phenomenon is not restricted to urban areas; there are ''kathoey''s in most villages, and ''kathoey'' beauty contests are commonly held as part of local fairs.
''Kathoey''s are more visible and more accepted in Thai culture than [[transgender]] people are in other countries in the world. Several popular Thai models, singers and movie stars are ''kathoey''s, and Thai newspapers often print [[photo]]s of the winners of female and ''kathoey'' beauty contests side by side. The phenomenon is not restricted to urban areas; there are ''kathoey''s in most villages, and ''kathoey'' beauty contests are commonly held as part of local fairs.


Using the notion of [[Karma]], some Thai believe that being a ''kathoey'' is the result of transgressions in [[reincarnation|past lives]], concluding that ''kathoey'' deserve pity rather than blame.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Totman| first = Richard | title = The Third Sex: Kathoey: Thailand's Ladyboys |publisher=Souvenir Press | year = 2003 | location = London | page = 57 | isbn = 0-285-63668-5 }}</ref>
Using the notion of [[Karma]], some Thai believe that being a ''kathoey'' is the result of transgressions in [[reincarnation|past live]]s, concluding that ''kathoey'' deserve pity rather than blame.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Totman| first = Richard | title = The Third Sex: Kathoey: Thailand's Ladyboys |publisher=Souvenir Press | year = 2003 | location = London | page = 57 | isbn = 0-285-63668-5 }}</ref>


A common stereotype is that older, well-off ''kathoey'' [[sugar daddy|provide financial support]] to [[gigolo|young men]] with whom they are in a personal relationship.<ref name=encycl>[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/thailand.html Thailand], in the ''[[International Encyclopedia of Sexuality]]'', Volume I–IV 1997–2001, edited by [[Robert T. Francoeur]]</ref>
A common stereotype is that older, well-off ''kathoey'' provide financial support to young men with whom they are in a personal relationship.<ref name=encycl>[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/thailand.html Thailand], in the ''[[International Encyclopedia of Sexuality]]'', Volume I–IV 1997–2001, edited by [[Robert T. Francoeur]]</ref>


''Kathoey''s currently face many social and legal impediments. Families (and especially fathers) are typically disappointed if a child becomes a ''kathoey'', and ''kathoey''s often have to face the prospect of [[coming out]]. However, ''kathoey'' generally have greater acceptance in [[Thailand]] than most other Asian countries.<ref name=Time>{{cite web|last1=Roderick|first1=Daffyd|title=Boys Will Be Girls: In a Bangkok clinic, $1,000 can turn a man into a woman. Some call that the price of freedom|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/sex/sextranssexual.html|website=TIMEasia.com|publisher=[[Time Asia]]|accessdate=22 March 2015| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413164052/http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/sex/sextranssexual.html|archivedate=13 April 2001|date=2001|deadurl=yes}}. See also Céline Grünhagen: ''Transgender in Thailand: Buddhist Perspectives and the Socio-Political Status of Kathoeys.'' In: Gerhard Schreiber (ed.), ''Transsexuality in Theology and Neuroscience. Findings, Controversies, and Perspectives.'' De Gruyter, Berlin and Boston 2016, pp. 219-232.</ref> Legal recognition of ''kathoey''s and transgender individuals is non-existent in Thailand: even if trans people have had genital reassignment surgery, they are not allowed to change their legal sex. Discrimination in employment also remains rampant.<ref name=bkpost>Are you man enough to be a woman? ''[[Bangkok Post]]'', 1 October 2007</ref> Problems can also arise in regards to access to amenities and gender allocation; for example, a ''kathoey'' and a transgender person who has undergone [[sexual reassignment surgery]] would still have to stay in an all-male prison.
''Kathoey''s currently face many social and legal impediments. Families (and especially fathers) are typically disappointed if a child becomes a ''kathoey'', and ''kathoey''s often have to face the prospect of [[coming out]]. However, ''kathoey'' generally have greater acceptance in [[Thailand]] than most other Asian countries.<ref name=Time>{{cite web|last1=Roderick|first1=Daffyd|title=Boys Will Be Girls: In a Bangkok clinic, $1,000 can turn a man into a woman. Some call that the price of freedom|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/sex/sextranssexual.html|website=TIMEasia.com|publisher=[[Time Asia]]|accessdate=22 March 2015| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413164052/http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/sex/sextranssexual.html|archivedate=13 April 2001|date=2001|deadurl=yes}}. See also Céline Grünhagen: ''Transgender in Thailand: Buddhist Perspectives and the Socio-Political Status of Kathoeys.'' In: Gerhard Schreiber (ed.), ''Transsexuality in Theology and Neuroscience. Findings, Controversies, and Perspectives.'' De Gruyter, Berlin and Boston 2016, pp. 219-232.</ref> Legal recognition of ''kathoey''s and transgender individuals is non-existent in Thailand: even if trans people have had genital reassignment surgery, they are not allowed to change their legal sex. Discrimination in employment also remains rampant.<ref name=bkpost>Are you man enough to be a woman? ''[[Bangkok Post]]'', 1 October 2007</ref> Problems can also arise in regards to access to amenities and gender allocation; for example, a ''kathoey'' and a transgender person who has undergone [[sexual reassignment surgery]] would still have to stay in an all-male prison.


== Performance ==

=== Representation in cinema ===
Ladyboys began to gain prominence in Thai cinema during the late 1980s.<ref name=":1" /> The depiction at first was negative with ladybodys suffering from bad karma, suicide, and abandoned by straight lovers.<ref name=":1">Ünaldim Serhat. Queer Bangkok: twenty-first-century markets, media, and rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011. Print.</ref> Independent and experimental films contributed to defying sexual norms in queer cinema in the 1990s.<ref name=":02">Morris, R. C. "Three Sexes and Four Sexualities: Redressing the Discourses on Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Thailand." ''Positions: east asia cultures critique''2.1 (1994): 15-43. Web.</ref> In the new millennium, the film [[The Iron Ladies]] notably showed a positive portrayal of ladybodys acting confident.<ref name=":1" />

=== Miss Tiffany's Universe ===
[[Miss Tiffany's Universe]] is a beauty contest that is opened to all transgender women.<ref name="Mailonline, Flora Drury For 2016">Mailonline, Flora Drury For. "Sequins, spangles and tiaras: The beauty pageant full of gorgeous women with a shocking surprise – they were all born men." ''Daily Mail Online''. Associated Newspapers, 13 Jan. 2016. Web. 18 Mar. 2017.</ref> Beginning in 1998, the pageant takes place every year in Pattaya, Thailand during May. With over 100 applicants, all across Thailand, the pageant is considered to be one of the most popular transgender pageant in the world.<ref name="Mailonline, Flora Drury For 2016"/> ''Ladyboys: Inside Thailand's Third Gender'', a documentary filmed in 2014, depicts the obstacles contestants face as they compete for first place in Miss Tiffany's Universe.<ref>Ladyboys: Inside Thailand's Third Gender . Dir. Caroline Allward. Amazon. N.p., 1 Apr.             2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. </ref>  
== Recent developments ==
== Recent developments ==
[[File:Kathoey.jpg|thumb|right|225px|''Kathoey'' working in a go-go bar in [[Bangkok]]'s [[Nana Plaza]] entertainment area]]
[[File:Kathoey.jpg|thumb|right|225px|''Kathoey'' working in a go-go bar in [[Bangkok]]'s [[Nana Plaza]] entertainment area]]
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The German-Swedish band [[Lindemann (band)|Lindemann]] has written a song "Ladyboy" on their first studio album [[Skills in Pills]] about a man's preference of Kathoeys.
The German-Swedish band [[Lindemann (band)|Lindemann]] has written a song "Ladyboy" on their first studio album [[Skills in Pills]] about a man's preference of Kathoeys.

Thai kathoey style and fashion has largely borrowed from Korean pop culture.<ref>Blackwood, Evelyn, and Mark Johnson. "Queer Asian Subjects: Transgressive Sexualities and Heteronormative Meanings." ''Asian Studies Review''36.4 (2012): 441-51. Web.</ref>

Following Ladyboys in the vibrant social scene of Thailand, the documentary titled Thailand’s Third Gender direct insight on the lives of Ladyboys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Ladyboys-Inside-Thailands-Third-Gender/dp/B0172UOW8G|title=Ladyboys: Inside Thailand's Third Gender|last=Allward|first=Caroline|date=2008|website=Amazon|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Direct interviews with various transgender women, the film reveals the obstacles these individuals face with their family and lovers, but moreover on a larger societal aspect where they feel outcasted by the religious Thai culture. The documentary also follows contestants participating in one of the largest transgender beauty pageants known as Miss Tiffany’s Universe and illustrates the process/competitiveness that takes place during the beauty pageant.


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 02:42, 7 April 2017

"Lady Boy" redirects here. For the 1994 J-pop song, see Lady Boy (song).
"Ladyboys" redirects here. For the 1992 documentary film, see Ladyboys (film).

Nong Tum is perhaps the most internationally recognised Kathoey for her portrayal in the film Beautiful Boxer.
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Kathoey or katoey (Thai: กะเทย; RTGS: Kathoei [kàtʰɤːj]) is a Thai term that refers to either a transgender woman or an effeminate gay male in Thailand. A significant number of Thais perceive kathoeys as belonging to a third gender, including many kathoeys themselves, while others see them as either a kind of man or a kind of woman.[1] However, when considering transgender women (MtF) as a group in Thai society, most refer to themselves as phuying (Thai: ผู้หญิง "women"), with a minority referring to themselves as phuying praphet song (a "second kind of woman") and only very few referring to themselves as kathoey.[2] Related phrases include phet thi sam (Thai: เพศที่สาม, "third gender"), and sao praphet song or phu ying praphet song (Thai: สาวประเภทสอง, ผู้หญิงประเภทสอง— both meaning "second-type female"). The word kathoey is of Khmer origin.[3] It is most often rendered as ladyboy or lady boy in English conversation with Thais and this latter expression has become popular across Southeast Asia.[4]

General description

Although kathoey is often translated as "transgender" in the English usage, this term is not used frequently in Thailand. As well as trans individuals, the term can refer to gay men, and was originally used to refer to intersex individuals[3]. Because of this confusion in translation, the English translation of kathoey is usually "ladyboy" (or variants of the term).

Use of the term "kathoey" suggests that the person self-identifies as a type of male, in contrast to sao praphet song (which, like "trans woman", suggests a "female" (sao) gender identity), and in contrast to phet thi sam (which means "third gender"). The term phu ying praphet song, which can be translated as "second-type female", is also used to refer to kathoey.[5] Australian scholar of sexual politics in Thailand Peter Jackson claims that the term "kathoey" was used in pre-modern times to refer to intersex people, and that the usage changed in the middle of the twentieth century to cover cross-dressing males.[6] The term can refer to males who exhibit varying degrees of femininity. Many kathoeys dress as women and undergo "feminising" medical procedures such as breast implants, hormones, silicone injections, or Adam's apple reductions. Others may wear makeup and use feminine pronouns, but dress as men, and are closer to the Western category of effeminate gay man than transgender.

The term "kathoey" may be considered pejorative, especially in the form "kathoey-saloey". It has a meaning similar to the English language "fairy" or "queen".[7]

Social context

Many kathoey work in predominately female occupations, such as in shops, restaurants, and beauty salons, but also in factories (a reflection of Thailand's high proportion of female industrial workers).[8] Kathoey also work in entertainment and tourist centers, in cabarets, and as sex workers. Kathoey sex workers have high rates of HIV.[9]

Pattaya: Kathoeys on the stage of a cabaret show.

Kathoeys are more visible and more accepted in Thai culture than transgender people are in other countries in the world. Several popular Thai models, singers and movie stars are kathoeys, and Thai newspapers often print photos of the winners of female and kathoey beauty contests side by side. The phenomenon is not restricted to urban areas; there are kathoeys in most villages, and kathoey beauty contests are commonly held as part of local fairs.

Using the notion of Karma, some Thai believe that being a kathoey is the result of transgressions in past lives, concluding that kathoey deserve pity rather than blame.[10]

A common stereotype is that older, well-off kathoey provide financial support to young men with whom they are in a personal relationship.[11]

Kathoeys currently face many social and legal impediments. Families (and especially fathers) are typically disappointed if a child becomes a kathoey, and kathoeys often have to face the prospect of coming out. However, kathoey generally have greater acceptance in Thailand than most other Asian countries.[12] Legal recognition of kathoeys and transgender individuals is non-existent in Thailand: even if trans people have had genital reassignment surgery, they are not allowed to change their legal sex. Discrimination in employment also remains rampant.[13] Problems can also arise in regards to access to amenities and gender allocation; for example, a kathoey and a transgender person who has undergone sexual reassignment surgery would still have to stay in an all-male prison.

Recent developments

Kathoey working in a go-go bar in Bangkok's Nana Plaza entertainment area

In 1993, Thailand's teacher training colleges implemented a semi-formal ban on allowing homosexual (which included kathoey) students enrolling in courses leading to qualification for positions in kindergartens and primary schools. In January 1997, the Rajabhat Institutes (the governing body of the colleges) announced it would formalize the ban, which would extend to all campuses at the start of the 1997 academic year. The ban was quietly rescinded later in the year, following the replacement of the Minister of Education.[14]

In 1996, a volleyball team composed mostly of gays and kathoeys, known as The Iron Ladies (Thai: สตรีเหล็ก, satree lek), later portrayed in two Thai movies, won the Thai national championship. The Thai government, concerned with the country's image, barred two of the kathoeys from joining the national team and competing internationally.

Among the most famous kathoeys in Thailand is Nong Tum, a former champion Thai boxer who emerged into the public eye in 1998. She would present in a feminine manner and had commenced hormone therapy while still a popular boxer; she would enter the ring with long hair and makeup, occasionally kissing a defeated opponent. She announced her retirement from professional boxing in 1999 – undergoing genital reassignment surgery, while continuing to work as a coach, and taking up acting and modeling. She returned to boxing in 2006.

In 2004, the Chiang Mai Technology School allocated a separate restroom for kathoeys, with an intertwined male and female symbol on the door. The 15 kathoey students are required to wear male clothing at school but are allowed to sport feminine hairdos. The restroom features four stalls, but no urinals.[15]

Following the 2006 Thai coup d'état, kathoeys are hoping for a new third sex to be added to passports and other official documents in a proposed new constitution.[16] In 2007, legislative efforts have begun to allow kathoeys to change their legal sex if they have undergone genital reassignment surgery; this latter restriction was controversially discussed in the community.[13]

Bell Nuntita, a contestant of Thailand's Got Talent TV shows, became a YouTube hit when she first performed singing as a girl and then switched to a masculine voice.[17]

The first all kathoey music group in Thailand was formed in 2006. It is named Venus Flytrap and was selected and promoted by Sony BMG Music Entertainment.[18] The Lady Boys of Bangkok is a kathoey revue that has been performed in the UK since 1998 touring the country in both theatres and the famous "Sabai Pavilion"[19] for nine months each year.

Ladyboys, also a popular term used in Thailand when referring to a transgender male, was a popular documentary filmed. The documentary was aired on Channel 4 TV in 1992 and was directed by Jeremy Marre. Marre aimed to portray the life of two teenage kathoeys, living in the rural part of Thailand, as they strived to land a job at a cabaret revue located in the popular city known as Pattaya.

The German-Swedish band Lindemann has written a song "Ladyboy" on their first studio album Skills in Pills about a man's preference of Kathoeys.

See also

References

  1. ^ Winter, Sam (2003). Research and discussion paper: Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003. Article online.
  2. ^ BSc, Sam Winter (14 June 2006). "Thai Transgenders in Focus: Demographics, Transitions and Identities". International Journal of Transgenderism. 9 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1300/J485v09n01_03. ISSN 1553-2739.
  3. ^ a b Jackson, Peter A. Male homosexuality in Thailand: an interpretation of contemporary Thai sources. Elmhurst, NY: Global Academic Publishers, 1989. Print.
  4. ^ Jackson, Peter A. (April 1996). "Non-normative Sex/Gender Categories in the Theravada Buddhist Scriptures". Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Jackson, Peter (1999). Lady Boys, Tom Boys, Rent Boys: Male and Female Homosexualities in Contemporary Thailand. Haworth Press. p. 146. ISBN 0-7890-0656-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  6. ^ Jackson, Peter (2003). Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures. in "Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context," Issue 9, August 2003. See paragraph "The Homosexualisation of Cross-Dressing."
  7. ^ CPAmedia.com: Thailand's Women of the Second Kind
  8. ^ Winter S, Udomsak N (2002). Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand. International Journal of Transgenderism. 6,1
  9. ^ "HIV-Related Risk Behaviors among Kathoey (Male-to-Female Transgender) Sex Workers in Bangkok, Thailand". AIDS Care. 24 (2): 210–9. 2012. doi:10.1080/09540121.2011.597709. PMC 3242825. PMID 21780964.
  10. ^ Totman, Richard (2003). The Third Sex: Kathoey: Thailand's Ladyboys. London: Souvenir Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-285-63668-5.
  11. ^ Thailand, in the International Encyclopedia of Sexuality, Volume I–IV 1997–2001, edited by Robert T. Francoeur
  12. ^ Roderick, Daffyd (2001). "Boys Will Be Girls: In a Bangkok clinic, $1,000 can turn a man into a woman. Some call that the price of freedom". TIMEasia.com. Time Asia. Archived from the original on 13 April 2001. Retrieved 22 March 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help). See also Céline Grünhagen: Transgender in Thailand: Buddhist Perspectives and the Socio-Political Status of Kathoeys. In: Gerhard Schreiber (ed.), Transsexuality in Theology and Neuroscience. Findings, Controversies, and Perspectives. De Gruyter, Berlin and Boston 2016, pp. 219-232.
  13. ^ a b Are you man enough to be a woman? Bangkok Post, 1 October 2007
  14. ^ Jackson, Peter (1999). Lady Boys, Tom Boys, Rent Boys: Male and Female Homosexualities in Contemporary Thailand. Haworth Press. pp. xv–xiv. ISBN 0-7890-0656-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  15. ^ "Transvestites Get Their Own School Bathroom", Associated Press, 22 June 2004.
  16. ^ "Thailand’s 'third sex' seeks legal recognition". The First Post. 17 May 2007.
  17. ^ Winn, Patrick (16 March 2011). "UPDATED: Thai transgender talent show shocker = YouTube gold". globalpost. Retrieved 22 March 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ "‘Katoeys’ hit the music scene", The Star, 3 February 2007.
  19. ^ "The Sabai Pavilion | The Lady Boys of Bangkok". The Lady Boys of Bangkok. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
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