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The '''Nathu La and Cho La incidents''', (11–14 September 1967 for Nathu La; 1–10 October 1967 for Cho La) were a series of [[military conflict|military clashes]] between [[India]] and [[China]] in the Himalayan [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], then an Indian [[protectorate]].
Different parties have different cognition on the the '''Nathu La and Cho La incidents''', (11–14 September 1967 for Nathu La; 1–10 October 1967 for Cho La). '''India''' claimed Nathu La incidents were a series of [[military conflict|military clashes]] between [[India]] and [[China]] in the Himalayan [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], then an Indian [[protectorate]]. While '''China''' perceived this accident as a border conflict which started by India Army who set up barbed wire on China's side of border.


'''Indian source:'''
⚫
The Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] infiltrated parts of Sikkim<ref name="Elleman">{{cite book|title=Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnDlcP6L8iEC&pg=PA317 |page=317 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |author1=Bruce Elleman |author2=Stephen Kotkin |author3=Clive Schofield |isbn=978-0-7656-2766-7 |year=2015}}</ref> on 1 October 1967, but was repulsed by the [[Indian Army]] by 10 October. During the [[Cho La, Sikkim|Cho La]] and [[Nathu La]] incidents, Indian losses were 88 killed in action and 163 wounded,<ref name="Chengappa" /><ref name="Lok Sabha Debates">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=y2jVAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Our+losses+in+the+incidents+of+firing+at+Nathu+La+and+Cho+La+were+88+killed+and+163+wounded%22 |title=Lok Sabha Debates |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |year=1967}}</ref> while Chinese casualties were estimated to be 340 killed in action and 450 wounded.<ref name="shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in">[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/30868/6/06_chapter%202.pdf Chapter 2: THE PERIOD OF STALEMATE (1963-1975)]</ref><ref name="Chengappa">{{cite book|first=Bidanda M. |last=Chengappa |title=India-China relations: post conflict phase to post cold war period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiluAAAAMAAJ |date=2004 |publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp. |isbn=978-81-7648-538-8 |page=63}}</ref>


⚫
The Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] infiltrated parts of Sikkim<ref name="Elleman">{{cite book|title=Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnDlcP6L8iEC&pg=PA317 |page=317 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |author1=Bruce Elleman |author2=Stephen Kotkin |author3=Clive Schofield |isbn=978-0-7656-2766-7 |year=2015}}</ref> on 1 October 1967, but was repulsed by the [[Indian Army]] by 10 October. During the [[Cho La, Sikkim|Cho La]] and [[Nathu La]] incidents, Indian losses were 88 killed in action and 163 wounded,<ref name="Chengappa" /><ref name="Lok Sabha Debates">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=y2jVAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Our+losses+in+the+incidents+of+firing+at+Nathu+La+and+Cho+La+were+88+killed+and+163+wounded%22 |title=Lok Sabha Debates |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |year=1967}}</ref> while Chinese casualties were estimated to be 340 killed in action and 450 wounded.<ref name="shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in">[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/30868/6/06_chapter%202.pdf Chapter 2: THE PERIOD OF STALEMATE (1963-1975)]</ref><ref name="Chengappa">{{cite book|first=Bidanda M. |last=Chengappa |title=India-China relations: post conflict phase to post cold war period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiluAAAAMAAJ |date=2004 |publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp. |isbn=978-81-7648-538-8 |page=63}}</ref> The end of the conflicts saw a Chinese military withdrawal from Sikkim after being defeated by Indian forces.<ref name=Hoontrakul>{{cite book
The end of the conflicts saw a Chinese military withdrawal from Sikkim after being defeated by Indian forces.<ref name=Hoontrakul>{{cite book
|last=Hoontrakul |first=Pongsak |title=The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |year=2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |edition=illustrated |isbn=9781137412355 |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=11769 |title=50 years after Sino-Indian war |newspaper=Millennium Post |date=16 May 1975 |accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Kirantis’ khukris flash at Chola in 1967">{{cite news|title=Kirantis’ khukris flash at Chola in 1967 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |accessdate=22 July 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/kirantis-khukris-flash-at-chola-in-1967/article1-1239765.aspx}}</ref>
|last=Hoontrakul |first=Pongsak |title=The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |year=2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |edition=illustrated |isbn=9781137412355 |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=11769 |title=50 years after Sino-Indian war |newspaper=Millennium Post |date=16 May 1975 |accessdate=12 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Kirantis’ khukris flash at Chola in 1967">{{cite news|title=Kirantis’ khukris flash at Chola in 1967 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |accessdate=22 July 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/kirantis-khukris-flash-at-chola-in-1967/article1-1239765.aspx}}</ref>

'''Chinese source:'''

In early September 1967, Indian army crossed the border near the Nathu La and began to set up barbed wire on China's side. Issue escalated after India Army ignored the serious warning sent by Chinese garrison and killed one Chinese soldier. Fight started on 11 September 1967 in a manner of shelling on both sides. On 13 September, India Army ceased fire after 8 Artillery positions paralyzed, two command posts, two observation posts and 23 fortifications destroyed, and over 540 Indian soldiers wounded or killed. On 14 September, when China side also ceased fire and returned the Indian soldiers' bodies, the first conflict ended.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://bbs.creaders.net/military/bbsviewer.php?trd_id=632643|title=鲜为人知的1967年中印边境战争(中印说法对比) - 万维论坛|website=bbs.creaders.net|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://bbs.tiexue.net/post_5953763_1.html|title=1967年乃堆拉山口冲突：比62年更让印度人心惊 - 铁血社区|last=|first=|date=|website=bbs.tiexue.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>

The second conflict began on 1 October 1967, when an Indian Gurkha squad crossed the border and killed one Chinese soldier. Chinese garrison retaliated immediately and killed all 8 Gurkha soldiers. The issue soon escalated into exchanging shells, but soon both sides ceased fire at 19:55 on the same day and ends the second conflicts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The total losses for the two conflicts were over 600 Indian wounded or killed, and 123 Chinese wounded or killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://history.dwnews.com/news/2013-05-20/59183637-all.html|title=多维历史：中印历史上的争端_历史_多维新闻网|website=history.dwnews.com|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zhihu.com/question/51191800|title=1967年中印在乃堆拉谁是胜利者？ - 知乎|website=www.zhihu.com|language=zh|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>

China don't recognize Nathu La and Cho La incidents as related to Sikkim, since the revolt against India in Sikkim rose in 1969 and India launched the coup in Sikkim in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnwnews.com/html/soceity/cn_ls/lsjm/20150810/743178.html|title=锡金被印度吞并前 曾向全世界宣告加入中国 - 中网资讯中心|website=www.cnwnews.com|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>

'''Relevant information:'''


[[Sikkim]] became an Indian state in 1975,<ref name=Elleman/> which was not recognised by China. In 2003, China recognised Sikkim as an Indian state, on condition that India accept that the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] was a part of China, even though India had already done so back in 1953.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=india+recognized+tibet+1953&source=bl&ots=XHK4WiRz0m&sig=1NIJ29_Dzsu6MoSwNHOSF-zCmqo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE5o_zw4vMAhXKq5QKHREgC9UQ6AEIKzAC#v=onepage&q=india%20recognized%20tibet%201953&f=false|publisher= Pearson|title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World|page=87}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eTzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China |first=Willem Frederik |last=Eekelen}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HICit08CEkC&pg=PA243 |title=Between Two Fires: Towards an Understanding of Jawaharlal Nehru's, Volume II |author=Iqbal Singh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3015840.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=India and China agree over Tibet}}</ref> This mutual agreement led to a thaw in [[Sino-Indian relations]].<ref name="Map">{{cite news|first=Amit |last=Baruah |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/12/stories/2005041210160100.htm |title=China backs India's bid for U.N. Council seat |publisher=The Hindu |date=12 April 2005 |accessdate=17 March 2009}}</ref>
[[Sikkim]] became an Indian state in 1975,<ref name=Elleman/> which was not recognised by China. In 2003, China recognised Sikkim as an Indian state, on condition that India accept that the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] was a part of China, even though India had already done so back in 1953.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=india+recognized+tibet+1953&source=bl&ots=XHK4WiRz0m&sig=1NIJ29_Dzsu6MoSwNHOSF-zCmqo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE5o_zw4vMAhXKq5QKHREgC9UQ6AEIKzAC#v=onepage&q=india%20recognized%20tibet%201953&f=false|publisher= Pearson|title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World|page=87}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eTzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China |first=Willem Frederik |last=Eekelen}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HICit08CEkC&pg=PA243 |title=Between Two Fires: Towards an Understanding of Jawaharlal Nehru's, Volume II |author=Iqbal Singh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3015840.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=India and China agree over Tibet}}</ref> This mutual agreement led to a thaw in [[Sino-Indian relations]].<ref name="Map">{{cite news|first=Amit |last=Baruah |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/12/stories/2005041210160100.htm |title=China backs India's bid for U.N. Council seat |publisher=The Hindu |date=12 April 2005 |accessdate=17 March 2009}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:42, 26 May 2017

1967 China-India border conflicts

The fighting occurred in the Kingdom of Sikkim, between China and India.
Date11–14 September 1967 (Nathu La)
1–10 October 1967 (Cho La)
Location
Nathu La and Cho La, Kingdom of Sikkim
(now Sikkim, India)
Result Indian victory[1]
Territorial
changes		 Chinese withdrawal from Nathu La and Cho La, Sikkim[2]
Belligerents
India China
Commanders and leaders
Indira Gandhi
Sagat Singh[3]
Jagjit Aurora[3]		 Mao Zedong [clarification needed]
Casualties and losses
Indian sources:
88 killed
163 wounded in Cho La and the Nathu La incidents combined[4]
Chinese sources:
unknown[5][6]		 Indian sources:
340 killed
450 wounded in Cho La and Nathu La incidents combined[4]
Chinese sources:
unknown[5]

Different parties have different cognition on the the Nathu La and Cho La incidents, (11–14 September 1967 for Nathu La; 1–10 October 1967 for Cho La). India claimed Nathu La incidents were a series of military clashes between India and China in the Himalayan Kingdom of Sikkim, then an Indian protectorate. While China perceived this accident as a border conflict which started by India Army who set up barbed wire on China's side of border.

Indian source:

The Chinese People's Liberation Army infiltrated parts of Sikkim[7] on 1 October 1967, but was repulsed by the Indian Army by 10 October. During the Cho La and Nathu La incidents, Indian losses were 88 killed in action and 163 wounded,[4][8] while Chinese casualties were estimated to be 340 killed in action and 450 wounded.[9][4] The end of the conflicts saw a Chinese military withdrawal from Sikkim after being defeated by Indian forces.[1][10][11]

Chinese source:

In early September 1967, Indian army crossed the border near the Nathu La and began to set up barbed wire on China's side. Issue escalated after India Army ignored the serious warning sent by Chinese garrison and killed one Chinese soldier. Fight started on 11 September 1967 in a manner of shelling on both sides. On 13 September, India Army ceased fire after 8 Artillery positions paralyzed, two command posts, two observation posts and 23 fortifications destroyed, and over 540 Indian soldiers wounded or killed. On 14 September, when China side also ceased fire and returned the Indian soldiers' bodies, the first conflict ended.[12][13]

The second conflict began on 1 October 1967, when an Indian Gurkha squad crossed the border and killed one Chinese soldier. Chinese garrison retaliated immediately and killed all 8 Gurkha soldiers. The issue soon escalated into exchanging shells, but soon both sides ceased fire at 19:55 on the same day and ends the second conflicts.[12][13] The total losses for the two conflicts were over 600 Indian wounded or killed, and 123 Chinese wounded or killed.[14][15]

China don't recognize Nathu La and Cho La incidents as related to Sikkim, since the revolt against India in Sikkim rose in 1969 and India launched the coup in Sikkim in 1973.[16]

Relevant information:

Sikkim became an Indian state in 1975,[7] which was not recognised by China. In 2003, China recognised Sikkim as an Indian state, on condition that India accept that the Tibet Autonomous Region was a part of China, even though India had already done so back in 1953.[17][18][19][20] This mutual agreement led to a thaw in Sino-Indian relations.[21]

Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao said in 2005 that "Sikkim is no longer the problem between China and India."[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Hoontrakul, Pongsak (2014). The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics (illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 37. ISBN 9781137412355.
  2. ^ Chaurasia, R.S. History of Modern China. Atlantic Publishers. p. 288.
  3. ^ a b Sheru Thapliyal (27 May 2011). "The Nathu La skirmish: when Chinese were given a bloody nose". Centre for Land Warfare Studies. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d Chengappa, Bidanda M. (2004). India-China relations: post conflict phase to post cold war period. A.P.H. Pub. Corp. p. 63. ISBN 978-81-7648-538-8.
  5. ^ a b Asian Recorder - Volume 13. p. 7965. The New China News Agency report, broadcast by Peking Radio, said that an unspecified number of Chinese soldiers were killed or wounded. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  6. ^ 甄嫣 (20 May 2013). "多维历史：中印历史上的争端_历史_多维新闻网". Duowei News (in Chinese). Retrieved 31 January 2017. 在这次的战斗中，印军共伤亡607人，中方伤亡123名，其中阵亡者32名。...打死打伤中国官兵各一人...毙伤印军195名
  7. ^ a b Bruce Elleman; Stephen Kotkin; Clive Schofield (2015). Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia. M.E. Sharpe. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-7656-2766-7.
  8. ^ Lok Sabha Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1967.
  9. ^ Chapter 2: THE PERIOD OF STALEMATE (1963-1975)
  10. ^ "50 years after Sino-Indian war". Millennium Post. 16 May 1975. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  11. ^ "Kirantis' khukris flash at Chola in 1967". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  12. ^ a b "鲜为人知的1967年中印边境战争(中印说法对比) - 万维论坛". bbs.creaders.net. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  13. ^ a b "1967年乃堆拉山口冲突：比62年更让印度人心惊 - 铁血社区". bbs.tiexue.net. Retrieved 26 May 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  14. ^ "多维历史：中印历史上的争端_历史_多维新闻网". history.dwnews.com. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  15. ^ "1967年中印在乃堆拉谁是胜利者？ - 知乎". www.zhihu.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  16. ^ "锡金被印度吞并前 曾向全世界宣告加入中国 - 中网资讯中心". www.cnwnews.com. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  17. ^ Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World. Pearson. p. 87.
  18. ^ Eekelen, Willem Frederik. Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China.
  19. ^ Iqbal Singh. Between Two Fires: Towards an Understanding of Jawaharlal Nehru's, Volume II.
  20. ^ "India and China agree over Tibet". BBC News.
  21. ^ Baruah, Amit (12 April 2005). "China backs India's bid for U.N. Council seat". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  22. ^ David Scott. Handbook of India's International Relations. Routledge.

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