Persian alphabet: Difference between revisions
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==== Letter construction ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|- |
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|- |
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! rowspan=4 colspan=2 | forms {{ref|illustrative_only|(i)}} |
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! colspan=2 | isolated |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ء ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ا ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ے ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ى ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ں ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ٮ ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ح ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ س ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ص ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ط ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ع ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ڡ ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ٯ ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ک ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ل ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ م ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ د ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ر ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ و ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ھ ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ہ ]]}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|[[ ه ]]}} |
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|- |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 | start |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ا }} |
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| none |
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| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ىـ }} <!-- |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ںـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ٮـ }} --> |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| حـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| سـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| صـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| طـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| عـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ڡـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ٯـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| کـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| لـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| مـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| د }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ر }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| و }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ھـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ہـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| هـ }} |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 | mid |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـا }} |
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| none |
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| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـىـ }} <!-- |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـںـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـٮـ }} --> |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـحـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـسـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـصـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـطـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـعـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـڡـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـٯـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـکـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـلـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـمـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـد }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـر }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـو }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـھـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـہـ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـهـ }} |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 | end |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـا }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـے }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـى }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـں }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـٮ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـح }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـس }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـص }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـط }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـع }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـڡ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـٯ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـک }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـل }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـم }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـد }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـر }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـو }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـھ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـہ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـه }} |
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|- style="font-size:80%" |
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! colspan=4 | [[Unicode ]] for above |
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| <!-- ء --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 0621 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0621 .] |
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| <!-- ا --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 0627 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0627 .] |
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| <!-- ے --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 06D2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D2 .] |
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| <!-- ى --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0649 0649 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0649 .] |
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| <!-- ں --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA 06BA .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA .] |
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| <!-- ٮ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066E 066E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+066E .] |
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| <!-- ح --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D 062D .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062D .] |
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| <!-- س --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 0633 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0633 .] |
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| <!-- ص --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 0635 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0635 .] |
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| <!-- ط --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 0637 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0637 .] |
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| <!-- ع --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 0639 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0639 .] |
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| <!-- ڡ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A1 06A1 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A1 .] |
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| <!-- ٯ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066F 066F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+066F .] |
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| <!-- ک --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 066F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A9 .] |
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| <!-- ل --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 0644 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0644 .] |
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| <!-- م --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 0645 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0645 .] |
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| <!-- د --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F 062F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062F .] |
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| <!-- ر --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 0631 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0631 .] |
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| <!-- و --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 0648. .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0648 .] |
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| <!-- ھھھ -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE 06BE .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BE .] |
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| <!-- ہہہ -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 06C1 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C1 .]<!-- ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL --> |
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| <!-- ههه -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647 0647 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0647 .]<!-- ARABIC LETTER HEH --> |
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|- |
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! colspan=4 | [[i'jam ]] {{ref|illustrative_only|(i)}} |
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! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! |
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! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! |
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|- |
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|- |
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| colspan=4 | none |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ء }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ا }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ے }} |
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| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـی ی }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ں }} |
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| |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ح }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| س }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ص }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ط }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ع }} |
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| |
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| |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ک }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ل }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| م }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| د }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ر }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| و }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ھ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ہ }} |
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| |
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|- style="font-size:80%" |
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! colspan=4 | Unicode <!-- |
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| colspan=2 | none --> |
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| <!-- ء --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621 0621 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0621 .] |
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| <!-- ا --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627 0627 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0627 .] |
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| <!-- ے --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D2 06D2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D2 .] |
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| <!-- ى --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0649 0649 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0649 .] |
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| <!-- ں --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA 06BA .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA .] |
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| <!-- ٮ --> |
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| <!-- ح --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D 062D .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062D .] |
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| <!-- س --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633 0633 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0633 .] |
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| <!-- ص --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635 0635 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0635 .] |
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| <!-- ط --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637 0637 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0637 .] |
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| <!-- ع --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639 0639 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0639 .] |
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| |
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| |
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| <!-- ک --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9 066F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A9 .] |
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| <!-- ل --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644 0644 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0644 .] |
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| <!-- م --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645 0645 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0645 .] |
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| <!-- د --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F 062F .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062F .] |
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| <!-- ر --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631 0631 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0631 .] |
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| <!-- و --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648 0648. .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0648 .] |
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| <!-- ھھھ -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BE 06BE .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BE .] |
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| <!-- ہہہ -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C1 06C1 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C1 .]<!-- ARABIC LETTER HEH GOAL --> |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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| colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | tōē above |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﯀ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﯀ }} |
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| || || || || |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ٹ }} |
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| || || || || || || || || || |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ڈ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ڑ }} |
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| || || || |
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|- style="font-size:80%;" |
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! colspan=1 | Unicode |
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| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBC0 FBC0][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBC0 .] |
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| || || || || |
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| <!-- ٹ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0679 0679 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0679 .] |
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| || || || || || || || || || |
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| <!-- ڈ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0688 0688 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0688 .] |
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| <!-- ڑ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0691 0691 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0691 .] |
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| || || || |
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|- |
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| colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 1 dot below |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮳ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮳ }} |
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| || || || || |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ب }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0628 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0628 .] --> |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ج }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062C .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062C .] jeem --> |
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| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
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|- style="font-size:80%" |
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! colspan=1 | Unicode |
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| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB3 FBB3][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB3 .] |
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| || || || || |
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| <!-- ب --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0628 0628 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0628 .] |
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| <!-- ج --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062C 062C .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062C .] <!-- jeem --> |
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| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
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|- |
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|- |
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| colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 1 dot above |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮲ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮲ }} |
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| || || || |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ن }} |
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| |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| خ }} |
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| |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ض }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ظ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| غ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ف }} |
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| || || || |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ذ }} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ز }} |
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| || || || |
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|- style="font-size:80%" |
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! colspan=1 | Unicode |
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| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2 FBB2][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB2 .] |
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| || || || |
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| <!-- ن --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0646 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0646 .] |
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| |
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| <!-- خ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062E .]<!-- --> |
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| |
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| <!-- ض --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0636 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0636 .] |
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| <!-- ظ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0638 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0638 .] |
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| <!-- غ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=063A .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+063A .] |
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| <!-- ف --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0641 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0641 .] |
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| || || || |
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| <!-- ذ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0630 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0630 .] |
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| <!-- ز --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0632 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0632 .] |
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| || || || |
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|- |
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|- |
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| colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 2 dots below {{ref|start_mid_only|(ii)}} <!-- |
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(in initial and middle positions only) --> |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮵ }}}} |
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| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮵ }} |
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| || || |
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| style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| یـ ـیـ }} |
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| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
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|- style="font-size:80%" |
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! colspan=1 | Unicode |
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| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB5 FBB5][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB5 .] |
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| || || |
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| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC 06CC .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06CC .] |
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| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 2 dots above |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮴ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮴ }} |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ت }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062A .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ق }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0642 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0642 .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـۃ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C3 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C3 .] ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA GOAL --> |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ـة }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0629 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0629 .] ARABIC TEH MARBUTA --> |
|||
|- style="font-size:80%" |
|||
! colspan=1 | Unicode |
|||
| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB4 FBB4][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB4 .] |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ت --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A 062A .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062A .] |
|||
| || || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ق --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0642 0642 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0642 .] |
|||
| || || || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ـۃ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C3 06C3 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C3 .]<!-- ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA GOAL --> |
|||
| <!-- ـة --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0629 0629 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0629 .] <!-- ARABIC TEH MARBUTA --> |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 3 dots below |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮹ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮹ }} |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| پ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+067E .] --> |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| چ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0686 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0686 .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:80%" |
|||
! colspan=1 | Unicode |
|||
| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB9 FBB9][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB9 .] <!-- three dots below -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB7 FBB7][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB7 .] <!-- pointing down --> |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| <!-- پ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067E 067E .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+067E .] |
|||
| <!-- چ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0686 0686 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0686 .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | 3 dots above |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ﮶ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ﮶ }} |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ث }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062B .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062B .] --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ش }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0634 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0634 .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ژ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0698 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0698 .] --> |
|||
| || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:80%;" |
|||
! colspan=1 | Unicode |
|||
| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB6 FBB6][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB6 .] <!-- three dots above --> |
|||
| || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ث --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062B 062B .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062B .] |
|||
| |
|||
| <!-- ش --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0634 0634 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0634 .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ژ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0698 0698 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0698 .] |
|||
| || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | line above |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ‾ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ar| ‾ }} |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| گ }} |
|||
| || || || || || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:80%" |
|||
! colspan=1 | Unicode |
|||
| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=203E 203E][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+203E .] <!-- Overline --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
| <!-- گ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06AF 06AF .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06AF .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 style="white-space:nowrap;" | nūn ghūnna {{ref|nun-ghunna|(ii)}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٘ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ــ٘ـ }} |
|||
| || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ٘ }} |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:80%" |
|||
! colspan=1 | Unicode |
|||
| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0658 0658][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0658 .] <!-- diacritic nūn ghūnna --> |
|||
| || || || |
|||
| <!-- diacritic --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0658 0658 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0658 .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | [[Arabic_diacritics#Maddah | madda ]] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ۤ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ۤ }} |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| آ }} |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- style="font-size:80%" |
|||
! colspan=1 | Unicode |
|||
| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06E4 06E4][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06E4 .] <!-- small high --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0653 0653][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0653 .] <!-- non spacing --> |
|||
| |
|||
| [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0622 0622 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0622 .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
| colspan=2 | [[Hamza]] |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq| ٴ }}}} |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ــٔـ }} |
|||
| || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ۓ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D3 06D3 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D3 .] --> |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ئ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0626 0626 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0626 .] --> |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ؤ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0624 0624 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0624 .] --> |
|||
| |
|||
| style="font-size:150%;" | {{lang|ur| ۂ }} <!-- [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C2 06C2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C2 .] --> |
|||
| |
|||
|- style="font-size:80%;" |
|||
! colspan=1 | Unicode |
|||
| colspan=3 style="white-space:nowrap;" | [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0674 0674][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0674 .] <!-- High Hamza --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0654 0654][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0654 .] <!-- Hamza above --> |
|||
| || |
|||
| <!-- ۓ -->[https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06D3 06D3 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06D3 .] |
|||
| <!-- ئ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0626 0626 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0626 .] |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
| <!-- ؤ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0624 0624 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0624 .] |
|||
| |
|||
| <!-- ۂ --> [https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C2 06C2 .][https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C2 .] |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
{{note|illustrative_only|i.}} The [[i'jam ]] diacritic characters are illustrative only, in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. |
|||
{{note|start_mid_only|ii.}} Farsi Yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The [[standard Arabic ]] version {{lang|ar| ي يـ ـيـ ـي }} always has 2 dots below. |
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=== Letters that do not link to a following letter === |
=== Letters that do not link to a following letter === |
Revision as of 19:36, 3 May 2020
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|
Template:Contains Perso-Arabic text
Persian alphabet |
---|
ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن و ه ی |
Perso-Arabic script |
The Persian alphabet (Persian: الفبای فارسی, romanized: Alefbâye fârsi) or Perso-Arabic alphabet is a writing system used for the Persian language spoken in Iran (Western Persian) and Afghanistan (Dari Persian). The Persian language spoken in Tajikistan (Tajiki Persian) is written in the Tajik alphabet, a modified version of Cyrillic alphabet since the Soviet era.
The Modern Persian script is directly derived and developed from Arabic script. After the Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of Sasanian Empire in the 7th century, Arabic became the language of government and especially religion in Persia for two centuries.
The replacement of the Pahlavi scripts with the Persian alphabet to write the Persian language was done by the Saffarid dynasty and Samanid dynasty in 9th-century Greater Khorasan.[1][2][3] It is mostly but not exclusively right-to-left; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right. The script is cursive, meaning most letters in a word connect to each other; when they are typed, contemporary word processors automatically join adjacent letter forms.
Letters
Below are the 32 letters of the modern Persian alphabet. Since the script is cursive, the appearance of a letter changes depending on its position: isolated, initial (joined on the left), medial (joined on both sides) and final (joined on the right) of a word.[4]
The names of the letter are mostly the ones used in Arabic except for the Persian pronunciation. The only ambiguous name is he, which is used for both ح and ه. For clarification, they are often called ḥä-ye jimi (literally "jim-like ḥe" after jim, the name for the letter ج that uses the same base form) and hâ-ye do-češm (literally "two-eyed he", after the contextual middle letterform ـهـ), respectively.
Overview table
# | Name (in Persian) |
Name (transliterated) |
DIN 31635 | IPA | Unicode | Contextual forms | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Final | Medial | Initial | Isolated | ||||||
0 | همزه | hamze[5] | ʾ | Glottal stop[ʔ] | U+0621 | — | — | — | ء |
U+0623 | ـأ | أ | |||||||
U+0626 | ـئ | ـئـ | ئـ | ئ | |||||
U+0624 | ـؤ | ؤ | |||||||
1 | الف | ʾalef | â | [ɒ] | U+0627 | ـا | ا | ||
2 | به | be | b | [b] | U+0628 | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | ب |
3 | په | pe | p | [p] | U+067E | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | پ |
4 | ته | te | t | [t] | U+062A | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | ت |
5 | ثه | s̱e | s̱ | [s] | U+062B | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | ث |
6 | جیم | jim | j | [d͡ʒ] | U+062C | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ج |
7 | چه | če | č | [t͡ʃ] | U+0686 | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | چ |
8 | حه | ḥe (ḥâ-ye ḥotti, ḥâ-ye jimi) | ḥ | [h] | U+062D | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ح |
9 | خه | xe | x | [x] | U+062E | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | خ |
10 | دال | dâl | d | [d] | U+062F | ـد | د | ||
11 | ذال | ẕâl | ẕ | [z] | U+0630 | ـذ | ذ | ||
12 | ره | re | r | [ɾ] | U+0631 | ـر | ر | ||
13 | زه | ze | z | [z] | U+0632 | ـز | ز | ||
14 | ژه | že | ž | [ʒ] | U+0698 | ـژ | ژ | ||
15 | سین | sin | s | [s] | U+0633 | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | س |
16 | شین | šin | š | [ʃ] | U+0634 | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | ش |
17 | صاد | ṣâd | ṣ | [s] | U+0635 | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | ص |
18 | ضاد | zâd | z | [z] | U+0636 | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | ض |
19 | طا | tâ | t | [t] | U+0637 | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | ط |
20 | ظا | ẓâ | ẓ | [z] | U+0638 | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | ظ |
21 | عین | ʿayn | ʿ | [ʔ], [æ] | U+0639 | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ع |
22 | غین | ġayn | ġ | [ɣ] | U+063A | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | غ |
23 | فه | fe | f | [f] | U+0641 | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ف |
24 | قاف | q̈âf | q̈ | [ɣ] | U+0642 | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ق |
25 | کاف | kâf | k | [k] | U+06A9 | ـک | ـکـ | کـ | ک |
26 | گاف | gâf | g | [ɡ] | U+06AF | ـگ | ـگـ | گـ | گ |
27 | لام | lâm | l | [l] | U+0644 | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | ل |
28 | میم | mim | m | [m] | U+0645 | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | م |
29 | نون | nun | n | [n] | U+0646 | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | ن |
30 | واو | vâv | v / ū / ow / (w / aw / ō in Dari) | [v], [uː], [o] (only word-finally), [ow] ([w], [aw], [oː] in Dari) | U+0648 | ـو | و | ||
31 | هه | he (hā-ye havvaz, hā-ye do-češm) | h | [h], [e] (word-finally) | U+0647 | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | ه |
32 | یه | ye | y / ī / á / (ay / ē in Dari) | [j], [i], [ɒː] ([aj] / [eː] in Dari) | U+06CC | ـی | ـیـ | یـ | ی |
variants
ی ه و ن م ل گ ک ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ژ ز ر ذ د خ ح چ ج ث ت پ ب ا ء | ||
Font: | ||
• | Noto Nastaliq Urdu | |
• | Scheherazade | |
• | Lateef | |
• | Noto Naskh Arabic | |
• | Markazi Text | |
• | Noto Sans Arabic | |
• | Baloo Bhaijaan | |
• | El Messiri SemiBold | |
• | Lemonada Medium | |
• | Changa Medium | |
• | Mada | |
• | Noto Kufi Arabic | |
• | Reem Kufi | |
• | Lalezar | |
• | Jomhuria | |
• | Rakkas | |
The alphabet in 16 fonts: Noto Nastaliq Urdu, Scheherazade, Lateef, Noto Naskh Arabic, Markazi Text, Noto Sans Arabic, Baloo Bhaijaan, El Messiri SemiBold, Lemonada Medium, Changa Medium, Mada, Noto Kufi Arabic, Reem Kufi, Lalezar, Jomhuria, and Rakkas. |
Letter construction
forms (i) | isolated | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ک | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
start | ء | ا | none | ىـ | حـ | سـ | صـ | طـ | عـ | ڡـ | ٯـ | کـ | لـ | مـ | د | ر | و | ھـ | ہـ | هـ | |||||
mid | ء | ـا | none | ـىـ | ـحـ | ـسـ | ـصـ | ـطـ | ـعـ | ـڡـ | ـٯـ | ـکـ | ـلـ | ـمـ | ـد | ـر | ـو | ـھـ | ـہـ | ـهـ | |||||
end | ء | ـا | ـے | ـى | ـں | ـٮ | ـح | ـس | ـص | ـط | ـع | ـڡ | ـٯ | ـک | ـل | ـم | ـد | ـر | ـو | ـھ | ـہ | ـه | |||
Unicode for above | 0621 .. | 0627 .. | 06D2 .. | 0649 .. | 06BA .. | 066E .. | 062D .. | 0633 .. | 0635 .. | 0637 .. | 0639 .. | 06A1 .. | 066F .. | 066F .. | 0644 .. | 0645 .. | 062F .. | 0631 .. | 0648. .. | 06BE .. | 06C1 .. | 0647 .. | |||
i'jam (i) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
none | ء | ا | ے | ـی ی | ں | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ک | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | |||||||
Unicode | 0621 .. | 0627 .. | 06D2 .. | 0649 .. | 06BA .. | 062D .. | 0633 .. | 0635 .. | 0637 .. | 0639 .. | 066F .. | 0644 .. | 0645 .. | 062F .. | 0631 .. | 0648. .. | 06BE .. | 06C1 .. | |||||||
tōē above | ﯀ | ﯀ | ٹ | ڈ | ڑ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | FBC0. | 0679 .. | 0688 .. | 0691 .. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1 dot below | ﮳ | ﮳ | ب | ج | |||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | FBB3. | 0628 .. | 062C .. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1 dot above | ﮲ | ﮲ | ن | خ | ض | ظ | غ | ف | ذ | ز | |||||||||||||||
Unicode | FBB2. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||||||||||||||||
2 dots below (ii) | ﮵ | ﮵ | یـ ـیـ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | FBB5. | 06CC .. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2 dots above | ﮴ | ﮴ | ت | ق | ـۃ | ـة | |||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | FBB4. | 062A .. | 0642 .. | 06C3 .. | 0629 .. | ||||||||||||||||||||
3 dots below | ﮹ | ﮹ | پ | چ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | FBB9. FBB7. | 067E .. | 0686 .. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
3 dots above | ﮶ | ﮶ | ث | ش | ژ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | FBB6. | 062B .. | 0634 .. | 0698 .. | |||||||||||||||||||||
line above | ‾ | ‾ | گ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | 203E. | 06AF .. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
nūn ghūnna (ii) | ٘ | ــ٘ـ | ٘ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | 0658. | 0658 .. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
madda | ۤ | ۤ | آ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | 06E4. 0653. | 0622 .. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Hamza | ٴ | ــٔـ | ۓ | ئ | ؤ | ۂ | |||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | 0674. 0654. | 06D3 .. | 0626 .. | 0624 .. | 06C2 .. |
^i. The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only, in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used.
^ii. Farsi Yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version ي يـ ـيـ ـي always has 2 dots below.
Letters that do not link to a following letter
Seven letters (و, ژ, ز, ر, ذ, د, ا) do not connect to the following letter, unlike the rest of the letters of the alphabet. The seven letters have the same form in isolated and initial position and a second form in medial and final position. For example, when the letter ا alef is at the beginning of a word such as اینجا injâ ("here"), the same form is used as in an isolated alef. In the case of امروز emruz ("today"), the letter ر re takes the final form and the letter و vâv takes the isolated form, but they are in the middle of the word, and ز also has its isolated form, but it occurs at the end of the word.
Diacritics
Persian script has adopted a subset of Arabic diacritics: zebar /æ/ (fatḥah in Arabic), zir /e/ (kasrah in Arabic), and piš /ou̯/ or /o/ (ḍammah in Arabic, pronounced zamme in Western Persian), tanwīne nasb /æn/ and šaddah (gemination). Other Arabic diacritics may be seen in Arabic loanwords in Persian.
Short vowels
Of the four Arabic short vowels, the Persian language has adopted the following three. The last one, sukūn, has not been adopted.
Short vowels (fully vocalized text) |
Name (in Persian) |
Name (transliterated) |
Trans. | Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
064E ◌َ |
زبر (فتحه) |
zebar/zibar | a | Ir. /æ/; D. /a/ |
0650 ◌ِ |
زیر (کسره) |
zer/zir | e | /e/ |
064F ◌ُ |
پیش (ضمّه) |
peš/piš | o | /o/ |
In Iranian Persian, none of these short vowels may be the initial or final grapheme in an isolated word, although they may appear in the final position as an inflection, when the word is part of a noun group. In a word that starts with a vowel, the first grapheme is a silent alef which carries the short vowel, e.g. اُمید (omid, meaning "hope"). In a word that ends with a vowel, letters ع, ه and و respectively become the proxy letters for zebar, zir and piš, e.g. نو (now, meaning "new") or بسته (bast-e, meaning "package").
Tanvin (nunation)
Nunation (Persian: تنوین, tanvin) is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics to a noun or adjective to indicate that the word ends in an alveolar nasal sound without the addition of the letter nun.
Nunation (fully vocalized text) |
Name (in Persian) |
Name (transliterated) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
064B َاً، ـاً، ءً |
تنوین نَصْبْ | Tanvine nasb | |
064D ٍِ |
تنوین جَرّ | Tanvine jarr | Never used in the Persian language.
Taught in Islamic nations to complement Quran education. |
064C ٌ |
تنوین رَفْعْ | Tanvine rafʔ |
Tašdid
Symbol | Name (in Persian) |
Name (transliteration) |
---|---|---|
0651 ّ |
تشدید | tašdid |
Other characters
The following are not actual letters but different orthographical shapes for letters, a ligature in the case of the lâm alef. As to ﺀ (hamza), it has only one graphic since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a vâv, ye or alef, and in that case, the seat behaves like an ordinary vâv, ye or alef respectively. Technically, hamza is not a letter but a diacritic.
Name | Pronunciation | IPA | Unicode | Final | Medial | Initial | Stand-alone | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
alef madde | â | [ɒ] | U+0622 | ـآ | — | آ | آ | The final form is very rare and is freely replaced with ordinary alef. |
he ye | -eye or -eyeh | [eje] | U+06C0 | ـۀ | — | — | ۀ | Validity of this form depends on region and dialect. Some may use the three-letter ـهای combination instead. |
lām alef | lā | [lɒ] | U+0644 (lām) and U+0627 (alef) | ـلا | — | — | لا | |
kašida | U+0640 | — | ـ | — | — | This is the medial character which connects other characters |
Although at first glance, they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets. For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently.
Novel letters
The Persian alphabet has four extra letters that are not in the Arabic alphabet: /p/, /ɡ/, /t͡ʃ/ (ch in chair), /ʒ/ (s in measure).
Sound | Shape | Unicode name | Unicode code point |
---|---|---|---|
/p/ | پ | pe | U+067E |
/t͡ʃ/ (ch) | چ | če | U+0686 |
/ʒ/ (zh) | ژ | že | U+0698 |
/ɡ/ | گ | gâf | U+06AF |
Deviations from the Arabic script
Persian uses the Eastern Arabic numerals, but the shapes of the digits 'four' (۴), 'five' (۵), and 'six' (۶) are different from the shapes used in Arabic. All the digits also have different codepoints in Unicode:[6]
Name | Persian | Unicode | Arabic | Unicode |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | ۰ | U+06F0 | ٠ | U+0660 |
1 | ۱ | U+06F1 | ١ | U+0661 |
2 | ۲ | U+06F2 | ٢ | U+0662 |
3 | ۳ | U+06F3 | ٣ | U+0663 |
4 | ۴ | U+06F4 | ٤ | U+0664 |
5 | ۵ | U+06F5 | ٥ | U+0665 |
6 | ۶ | U+06F6 | ٦ | U+0666 |
7 | ۷ | U+06F7 | ٧ | U+0667 |
8 | ۸ | U+06F8 | ٨ | U+0668 |
9 | ۹ | U+06F9 | ٩ | U+0669 |
ye | ی | U+06CC | ي | U+064A |
kāf | ک | U+06A9 | ك | U+0643 |
Word boundaries
Typically, words are separated from each other by a space. Certain morphemes (such as the plural ending '-hâ'), however, are written without a space. On a computer, they are separated from the word using the zero-width non-joiner.
Cyrillic Persian alphabet in Tajikistan
As part of the "russification" of Central Asia, the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s.[7][8][9][10][11] The alphabet remained Cyrillic until the end of the 1980s with the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In 1989, with the growth in Tajik nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik the state language. In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian, placing the word Farsi (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
The Persian alphabet was introduced into education and public life, although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party in 1993 slowed down the adoption. In 1999, the word Farsi was removed from the state-language law, reverting the name to simply Tajik.[1] As of 2004[update] the de facto standard in use is the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet,[2] and as of 1996[update] only a very small part of the population can read the Persian alphabet.[3]
See also
- Scripts used for Persian
- Romanization of Persian
- Persian braille
- Persian phonology
- Abjad numerals
- Nastaʿlīq, the calligraphy used to write Persian before the 20th century
References
- ^ Ira M. Lapidus (2012). Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–. ISBN 978-0-521-51441-5.
- ^ Ira M. Lapidus (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
- ^ Persian (Fārsī / فارسی), omniglot
- ^ "ویژگىهاى خطّ فارسى". Academy of Persian Language and Literature.
- ^ "??" (PDF). Persianacademy.ir. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
- ^ "Unicode Characters in the 'Number, Decimal Digit' Category".
- ^ ed. Hämmerle 2008, p. 76.
- ^ Cavendish 2006, p. 656.
- ^ Landau & Kellner-Heinkele 2001, p. 125.
- ^ ed. Buyers 2003, p. 132.
- ^ Borjian 2005.
- ^ ed. Ehteshami 2002, p. 219.
- ^ ed. Malik 1996, p. 274.
- ^ Banuazizi & Weiner 1994, p. 33.
- ^ Westerlund & Svanberg 1999, p. 186.
- ^ ed. Gillespie & Henry 1995, p. 172.
- ^ Badan 2001, p. 137.
- ^ Winrow 1995, p. 47.
- ^ Parsons 1993, p. 8.
- ^ RFE/RL, inc, RFE/RL Research Institute 1990, p. 22.
- ^ Middle East Institute (Washington, D.C.) 1990, p. 10.
- ^ Ochsenwald & Fisher 2010, p. 416.
- ^ Gall 2009, p. 785.
External links
- Dastoore khat - The Official document in Persian by Academy of Persian Language and Literature