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===Independence and Kashmir conflict (1947)===
===Independence and Kashmir conflict (1947)===
[[Image:No.7 Tempest.jpg|thumb|Tempest fighters of Indian Air Force in 1947. The Planes show the [[Chakra]] [[roundel]]s of the early IAF planes.]]<!-- FAIR USE of No.7_Tempest.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:No.7_Tempest.jpg for rationale -->
[[:Image:No.7 Tempest.jpg|thumb|Tempest fighters of Indian Air Force in 1947. The Planes show the [[Chakra]] [[roundel]]s of the early IAF planes.]]<!--Non free file removed by DASHBot--><!-- FAIR USE of No.7_Tempest.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:No.7_Tempest.jpg for rationale -->
When British India was granted its independence in 1947, [[partition of India|it was partitioned]] into the new states of the [[Union of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The armed forces were similarly divided. India's air force retained the name of the Royal Indian Air Force, but three of the ten operational squadrons and facilities, located within the new borders of Pakistan, were transferred to the [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]].<ref name="Engineer">{{cite web | last=Engineer | first=Aspy M. | coauthors= | title=Air Marshal Aspy Engineer's Recollections | url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Aspy01.html | date=February 1993 | work=| publisher=Bharat Rakshak | accessdate=8 Apr. 2009}}</ref>
When British India was granted its independence in 1947, [[partition of India|it was partitioned]] into the new states of the [[Union of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The armed forces were similarly divided. India's air force retained the name of the Royal Indian Air Force, but three of the ten operational squadrons and facilities, located within the new borders of Pakistan, were transferred to the [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]].<ref name="Engineer">{{cite web | last=Engineer | first=Aspy M. | coauthors= | title=Air Marshal Aspy Engineer's Recollections | url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Aspy01.html | date=February 1993 | work=| publisher=Bharat Rakshak | accessdate=8 Apr. 2009}}</ref>


Revision as of 05:03, 22 August 2010


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History

Main article: History of the Indian Air Force

Formation and Pre-Independence years (1932–1947)

A Westland Wapiti, one of the first aircraft of the Indian Air Force.

The Indian Air Force was established in British India as an auxiliary air force[1] of the Royal Air Force with the enactment of the Indian Air Force Act 1932 on 8 October that year.[2][3] On 1 April 1933, the IAF commissioned its first squadron, No.1 Squadron, with four Westland Wapiti biplanes and five Indian pilots. The Indian pilots were led by Flight Lieutenant (later Air Vice Marshal) Cecil Bouchier.[4] Until 1938, No. 1 Squadron remained the only squadron of the IAF, though two more flights were added.[4]

Karun Krishna "Jumbo" Majumdar was the first Indian officer to be awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.

During World War II, the Air Force grew to seven squadrons in 1943 and to nine squadrons in 1945.[4] The IAF helped in blocking the advance of the Japanese army in Burma, where its first air strike was on the Japanese military base in Arakan. It also carried out strike missions against the Japanese airbases at Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai in northern Thailand. In recognition of the crucial role played by the IAF, King George VI conferred it the prefix "Royal" in 1945.[3][5] The prefix was dropped in 1950 when India became a republic.[3] During the war, many youth joined the Indian National Army. Forty five of them (known as the Tokyo Boys) were sent to train as fighter pilots at the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Academy in 1944 by Subhas Chandra Bose.[6] After the war, they were interned by the Allies and were court-martialled. After Indian independence, some of them rejoined the IAF for service.[6]

Independence and Kashmir conflict (1947)

[[:Image:No.7 Tempest.jpg|thumb|Tempest fighters of Indian Air Force in 1947. The Planes show the Chakra roundels of the early IAF planes.]] When British India was granted its independence in 1947, it was partitioned into the new states of the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The armed forces were similarly divided. India's air force retained the name of the Royal Indian Air Force, but three of the ten operational squadrons and facilities, located within the new borders of Pakistan, were transferred to the Royal Pakistan Air Force.[7]

Around the same time, conflict broke out between them over the control of the princely state of Jammu & Kashmir. With Pakistani forces moving into the state, its Maharaja decided to accede to India in order to receive military help.[8] The day after instrument of accession was signed, the RIAF was called upon to transport troops into the war-zone.[8] This led to the eruption of full scale war between India and Pakistan, though there was no formal declaration of war.[9] During the war, the RIAF did not engage the Pakistan Air Force in air-to-air combat; however, it did provide effective transport and close air support to the Indian troops.[10]

Congo Crisis and liberation of Goa (1960–1961)

The IAF saw significant conflict in 1960, when Belgium's 75-year rule over Congo ended abruptly, engulfing the nation in widespread violence and rebellion.[11] IAF sent No. 5 Squadron, equipped with English Electric Canberra, to support United Nations Operation in the Congo. The squadron started undertaking operational missions in November.[12] The unit remained there until 1966, when the UN mission ended.[12] Operating from Leopoldville and Kamina, the Canberras soon destroyed the rebel Air Force and provided the UN ground forces with its only long-range air support force.[13]

In late 1961, the Indian government decided to deploy the armed forces in an effort to evict the Portuguese out of Goa and other Enclaves after years of negotiation.[14] The Indian Air Force was requested to provide support elements to the ground force in what was called Operation Vijay. Probing flights by some fighters and bombers were carried out from 8–18 December to draw out the Portuguese Air Force, but to no avail.[14] On December 18, two waves of Canberra bombers bombed the runway of Dabolim airfield taking care not to bomb the Terminals and the ATC tower. Two Portuguese transport air craft (a Super Constellation and a DC-6) found on the airfield were left alone so that they can be captured intact. However the Portuguese pilots managed to take off the aircraft from the still damaged airfield and made their getaway to Portugal.[14] Hunters attacked the wireless station at Bambolim. Vampires were used to provide air support to the ground forces.[14] In Daman, Mystères were used to strike Portuguese gun positions.[14] Ouragans (called Toofanis in the IAF) bombed the runways at Diu and destroyed the control tower, wireless station and the meteorological station.[14]

Border disputes and changes in IAF (1962–1971)

In 1962, border disagreements between China and India escalated to a war when China mobilised its troops across the Indian border.[15] During the Sino-Indian War, India's military planners failed to deploy and effectively use the IAF against the invading Chinese forces. This resulted in India losing a significant amount of territory to the Chinese; especially in Jammu and Kashmir.[15]

Three years after the Sino-Indian conflict, in 1965, India went to war with Pakistan again over Kashmir in what came to be known as the Second Kashmir War. Learning from the experiences of the Sino-Indian war, India used its air force extensively during the war. This was the first time the IAF actively engaged an enemy air force.[16] However, instead of providing close air support to the Indian Army,[17] the IAF carried out independent raids against PAF bases.[18] These bases were situated deep inside Pakistani territory, making IAF fighters vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire.[19] During the course of the conflict, the PAF enjoyed qualitative superiority over the IAF as most of the jets in IAF's fleet were of post World War II vintage. Despite this, the IAF was able to prevent the PAF from gaining air superiority over conflict zones.[20] By the time the conflict had ended, Pakistan claimed to have shot down 113 IAF aircraft while the Indians claimed 73 PAF aircraft were downed.[21] More than 60% of IAF's air combat losses took place during the battles over Kalaikunda and Pathankot; where most of the aircraft were destroyed while parked on the ground.[22]

HAL HF-24 Marut, the first indigenous fighter jet to enter service with the Indian Air Force.

After the 1965 war, the IAF underwent a series of changes to improve its capabilities. In 1966, the Para Commandos regiment was created.[23] To increase its logistics supply and rescue operations ability, the IAF inducted 72 HS 748s which were built by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) under license from Avro.[24] India started to put more stress on indigenous manufacture of fighter aircraft. As a result, HAL HF-24 Marut, designed by the famed German aerospace engineer Kurt Tank,[25] were inducted into the air force. HAL also started developing an improved version of the Folland Gnat, known as HAL Ajeet.[26] At the same time, the IAF also started inducting Mach 2 capable Soviet MiG-21 and Sukhoi Su-7 fighters.[27]

Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)

File:Gnats from No.22 Sqn.gif
IAF Folland Gnats

By late 1971, the intensification of the independence movement in erstwhile East Pakistan lead to the Bangladesh Liberation War between India and Pakistan .[28] On 22 November 1971, 10 days before the start of a full-scale war, four PAF F-86 Sabre jets attacked Indian and Mukti Bahini positions at Garibpur, near the international border. Three of the four PAF Sabres were shot down by the IAF's Folland Gnats.[29] On 3 December, India formally declared war against Pakistan following massive preemptive strikes by the PAF against Indian Air Force installations in Srinagar, Ambala, Sirsa, Halwara and Jodhpur. However, the IAF did not suffer significantly because the leadership had anticipated such a move and precautions were taken.[30] The Indian Air Force was quick to respond to Pakistani air strikes, following which the PAF carried out mostly defensive sorties.[31]

Within the first two weeks, the IAF had carried out almost 2,000 sorties over East Pakistan and also provided close air support to the advancing Indian Army.[32] IAF also assisted the Indian Navy in its operations against the Pakistani Navy and Maritime Security Agency in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. On the western front, the IAF destroyed more than 29 Pakistani tanks, 40 APCs and a railway train during the Battle of Longewala.[33] The IAF undertook strategic bombing of West Pakistan by carrying out raids on oil installations in Karachi, the Mangla Dam and a gas plant in Sindh.[34] Similar strategy was also deployed in East Pakistan and as the IAF achieved complete air superiority on the eastern front, the ordnance factories, runways, and other vital areas of East Pakistan were severely damaged.[35] By the time Pakistani forces surrendered, the IAF claimed that 94 PAF aircraft, including 54 F-86 Sabres had been shot down.[36] The IAF had flown over 6,000 sorties[32] on both East and West fronts; including sorties by transport aircraft and helicopters.[32] Towards the end of the war, IAF's transport planes dropped leaflets over Dhaka urging the Pakistani forces to surrender, demoralising Pakistani troops in East Pakistan.[37]

Incidents before Kargil (1984–1988)

IAF Mi-8 helicopters airlifted troops to Siachen in Operation Meghdoot.

In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot to capture the Siachen Glacier in the contested Kashmir region.[38] IAF's Mi-8, Chetak and Cheetah helicopters airlifted hundreds of Indian troops to Siachen.[39] Launched on 13 April 1984, this military operation was unique because of Siachen's inhospitable terrain and climate. The military action was successful, given the fact that under a previous agreement, neither Pakistan nor India had stationed any personnel in the area. The Indian forces, facing no opposition, took control over most of the heights on the glacier.[40]

IAF An-32s were used to airdrop humanitarian supplies in Operation Poomalai.

Following the failure to negotiate an end to the Sri Lankan Civil War, and to provide humanitarian aid through an unarmed convoy of ships,[41] the Indian Government decided to carry out an airdrop of the humanitarian supplies on the evening of 4 June 1987 designated Operation Poomalai (Tamil: Garland) or Eagle Mission 4.[41] Five An-32s escorted by five Mirage 2000s carried out the supply drop which faced no opposition from the Sri Lankan Armed Forces.[41][42] Sri Lanka accused India of "blatant violation of sovereignty".[41] India insisted that it was acting only on humanitarian grounds.[41]

In 1987, the IAF supported the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in northern and eastern Sri Lanka in Operation Pawan. About 70,000 sorties were flown by the IAF's transport and helicopter force in support of nearly 100,000 troops and paramilitary forces without a single aircraft lost or mission aborted.[43] IAF An-32s maintained a continuous air link between air bases in South India and Northern Sri Lanka transporting men, equipment, rations and evacuating casualties.[43] Mi-8s supported the ground forces and also provided air transportation to the Sri Lankan civil administration during the elections.[43] Mi-25s of No. 125 Helicopter Unit were utilised to provide suppressive fire against militant strong points and to interdict coastal and clandestine riverine traffic.[43]

On the night of November 3, 1988, the Indian Air Force mounted special operations to airlift a parachute battalion group from Agra, non-stop over 2000 kilometres to the remote Indian Ocean archipelago of the Maldives in response to Maldivian president Gayoom's request for military help against a mercenary invasion in Operation Cactus. The IL-76s of No. 44 Squadron landed at Hulhule at 0030 hours and the Indian paratroopers secured the airfield and restored Government rule at Male within hours.[44]

Kargil War (1999)

IAF MiG-21s were used extensively in the Kargil war.

On 11 May 1999, the Indian Air Force was called in to provide close air support to the Indian Army at the height of the ongoing Kargil conflict with the use of helicopters.[44] The IAF strike was code named Operation Safed Sagar.[44] The first strikes were launched on the 26 May, when the Indian Air Force struck infiltrator positions with fighter aircraft and helicopter gunships.[45]. The initial strikes saw MiG-27s carrying out offensive sorties, with MiG-21s and later MiG-29s providing fighter cover.[41] The IAF also deployed its radars and the MiG-29 fighters in vast numbers to keep check on Pakistani military movements across the border.[46] Srinagar Airport was at this time closed to civilian air-traffic and dedicated to the Indian Air Force.[45]

File:Dassault Mirage 2000 2.jpg
During the Kargil conflict IAF Mirage 2000Hs carried out strike missions.

On 27 May, the first fatalities were suffered when a MiG-21 and a MiG-27 jets were lost over Batalik Sector to enemy action and mechanical failure, respectively.[47][48] The following day, a Mi-17 was lost- with the loss of all four of the crew- when it was hit by three stingers while on an offensive sortie.[41]. These losses forced the Indian Air Force to reassess its strategy. The helicopters were immediately withdrawn from offensive roles as a measure against the man-portable missiles in possession of the infiltrators. On 30 May, the Indian Air Force called into operation the Mirage 2000 which was deemed the best aircraft capable of optimum performance under the conditions of high-altitude seen in the zone of conflict. Mirage 2000s not only had better defence equipment compared to the MiGs, but also gave IAF the ability to carry out aerial raids at night. The MiG-29s were used extensively to provide fighter escort to the Mirage 2000.[49] The Mirages successfully targeted enemy camps and logistic bases in Kargil and within days, their supply lines were severely disrupted.[50] Mirage 2000s were used for strikes on Muntho Dhalo[41] and the heavily defended Tiger Hill and paved the way for their early recapture.[41] At the height of the conflict, the IAF was conducting over forty sorties daily over the Kargil region.[49] By 26 July, the Indian forces had successfully liberated Kargil from Pakistani forces.[51]

Post Kargil incidents (1999–present)

On 10 August 1999, IAF MiG-21s intercepted a Pakistan Navy Breguet Atlantic which was flying over the disputed region of Sir Creek. The aircraft was shot down killing all 16 Pakistani Navy personnel on board.[52] India claimed that the Atlantic was on a mission to gather information on IAF air defence,[53] a charge emphatically rejected by Pakistan which argued that the unarmed aircraft was on a training mission.[54]

Since the late 1990s, the Indian Air Force has been modernising its fleet to counter challenges in the new century. The fleet size of the IAF has decreased during this period because of the retirement of older aircraft. Still, India maintains the fourth largest air force.[55]

Aircraft inventory

Main article: List of aircraft of the Indian Air Force

The Indian Air Force has aircraft of British, French and Russian (erstwhile Soviet) origins. However, Russian aircraft dominate its inventory. HAL produces some of the Russian and British aircraft in India under licence. The exact number of aircraft in service with the Indian Air Force cannot be determined with precision from open sources. Various reliable sources provide notably divergent estimates for a variety of high-visibility aircraft.[56]

Fighter and multi-role combat aircraft

Sukhoi Su-30MKI

The fighter aircraft in the IAF inventory are the primary means to achieve and maintain air supremacy over the battle field. These aircraft are designed for air-to-air combat in order to achieve their goals.

The Sukhoi Su-30MKI is the IAF's primary air superiority fighter with the capability to conduct strike missions. The IAF have placed an order for a total of 272 Su-30MKIs[57] of which 124 have been inducted as of July 2010 and two have been lost in crashes.[58]

The Mikoyan MiG-29 known as Baaz (Hindi for Hawk) is the IAF's dedicated air superiority fighter and forms the second line of defence for the IAF after the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. The IAF operates 63 MiG-29s all of which are currently being upgraded to the MiG-29SMT standard.[59]

The Dassault Mirage 2000, known as Vajra (Hindi for Thunderbolt) in Indian service, is the IAF's primary multirole fighter. The IAF currently operates 56 Mirage 2000Hs.[60]

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 serves as an interceptor in the IAF. The IAF currently operates about 250 MiG-21s, 125 of which have been upgraded to MiG-21 Bison standard. The MiG-21s are planned to be replaced by the indigenously built HAL Tejas.[61][62]

Strike, attack and close support aircraft

SEPECAT Jaguar

These are military aircraft designed to attack targets on the ground. They are often deployed as close air support for, and in proximity to, their own ground forces, requiring precision strikes from these aircraft.

The SEPECAT Jaguar known as Shamsher and the Mikoyan MiG-27 known as Bahadur (Hindi for Valiant) serve as the IAF's primary ground attack force.[63] The IAF currently operates 139 Jaguars[64] and about 100 MiG-27s.[65]

Airborne Early Warning aircraft

These aircraft are designed to detect and distinguish hostile aircraft. The system can be used to direct fighters and strike aircraft to their targets and warn them of hostile enemy aircraft in the area.

The IAF currently operates the IAI EL/M-2075 Phalcon AWACS radar on an Ilyushin Il-76 platform. A total of 3 such systems have been ordered[66] of which two have been delivered.[66] The IAF is now keen to order 2 more Phalcon systems.[66]

Tanker aircraft

IAF Il-78MKI

These aircraft are used for aerial refueling which allows IAF aircraft to remain airborne for longer periods, hence enhancing their effective range. Aerial refueling also allows aircraft to take-off with greater payload (by carrying less fuel during take-off). The IAF currently operates 6 Ilyushin Il-78MKIs for aerial refueling roles.[67][68]

Transport aircraft

IAF Il-76

Transport aircraft are typically used to deliver troops, weapons, supplies and other military equipment to the IAF field of operations. The IAF currently operate different types of transport aircraft for different roles.

The IAF operates Ilyushin Il-76s known as Gajraj (Hindi for King Elephant) for military transport roles such as strategic or heavy lift at all operational levels.[69] The IAF currently operates 12 Il-76s.[70][71] The Il-76s are to be replaced by C-17 Globemaster IIIs.[71]

The Antonov An-32 known as Sutlej serves as medium transport aircraft in the IAF. The aircraft is also used in bombing roles and para-dropping operations.[72] The IAF currently operates 105 An-32s, all of which are being upgraded.[72]

The Hawker Siddeley HS 748 once formed the backbone of the IAF's transport fleet, but are now used mainly for transport training and communication duties.[73] The Dornier Do 228 serves as light transport aircraft in the IAF.[74] The IAF also operates Boeing 737s[75] and Embraer ECJ-135 Legacy aircraft[76] as VIP Transports.

Training aircraft

IAF BAE Hawk Mk 132

Training aircraft are used to develop piloting and nagivational skills in pilots and air crew.

The HAL HPT-32 Deepak is IAF's basic flight training aircraft for cadets.[77] The HPT-32 was grounded in July 2009 following a crash that killed two senior flight instructors,[78] but was revived in May 2010[78] and is to be fitted with a parachute recovery system (PRS) to enhance survivability during an emergency in the air and to bring the trainer down safely.[78] The HPT-32 is to be phased out soon.[78]

The IAF uses the HAL HJT-16 Kiran mk.I for intermediate flight training of cadets, while the HJT-16 Kiran mk.II provides advanced flight and weapons training.[79][80] The HAL HJT-16 Kiran Mk.2 is also operated by the Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT) of the IAF.[81] The Kiran is to be replaced by the HAL HJT-36 Sitara.[82]

The BAE Hawk Mk 132 serves as an advanced jet trainer in the IAF and is progressively replacing the Kiran Mk.II. A total of 106 BAE Hawk trainers have been ordered by the IAF of which 39 have entered service.[83]

Helicopters

HAL Dhruv of the Indian Air Force Sarang Helicopter Display Team

An important objective of the IAF is to support ground troops by providing air cover and by transporting men and essential commodities across the battlefield. For this purpose the Air Force maintains a fleet of helicopters.

The HAL Dhruv serves primarily as a light utility helicopter in the IAF. In addition to transport and utility roles, Dhruvs are also used as attack helicopters.[84] 4 Dhruvs are also operated by the Indian Air Force Sarang Helicopter Display Team.[85]

IAF Mil Mi-35 Hind Akbar

The HAL Chetak is a light utility helicopter and is used primarily for training, rescue and light transport roles in the IAF.[86] The HAL Chetak is scheduled to be replaced by HAL's Advanced Light Helicopter.[86]

The HAL Cheetah is a light utility helicopter used for high altitude operations. It is used for both transport and search-and-rescue missions in the IAF.[87]

The Mil Mi-8 and the Mil Mi-17 are operated by the IAF for medium utility roles. The Mi-8 is being progressively replaced by the Mi-17.[88][89] The IAF has ordered 80 Mi-17V-5s to replace and augment its existing fleet of Mi-8s and Mi-17s, with an order for 59 additional helicopters to follow soon.[90]

The Mil Mi-26 serves as a heavy lift helicopter in the IAF. It can also be used to transport troops or as a flying ambulance. The IAF currently operates 4 Mi-26s.[91]

The Mil Mi-25/35 serves primarily as an attack helicopter in the IAF. The Mil Mi-25/35 can also act as a low-capacity troop transport. The IAF currently operates 2 squadrons (No.104 Firebirds and No.125 Gladiators) of Mi-25/35s.[92]

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The primary role of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is to provide aerial surveillance and reconnaissance. UAVs can also be used as unmanned combat aircraft or pilotless target aircraft.

The IAF currently uses the IAI Searcher II[93] and IAI Heron[94] for reconnaissance and surveillance purposes. The IAI Harpy serves as an Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) which is designed to attack radar systems.[95] The IAF also operates the DRDO Lakshya which serves as realistic towed aerial sub-targets for live fire training.[96]

Future

Main article: Future of the Indian Air Force

The number of aircraft in the IAF has been decreasing from the late 1990s due to retirement of older aircraft and several crashes. To deal with the depletion of force levels, the IAF has started to modernise its fleet. This includes both upgradation of existing aircraft, equipment and infrastructure as well as induction of new aircraft and equipment, both indigenous and imported. As new aircraft enter service and numbers recover, the IAF plans to have a fleet of 42 squadrons.[97]

Upgrades

The air launched version of Brahmos

The IAF is currently upgrading its 63 MiG-29s (to the SMT standard)[59] and 105 An-32s[72]. IAF's HAL HPT-32 Deepak trainers are to be fitted with a parachute recovery system (PRS) to enhance survivability during an emergency in the air and to bring the trainer down safely.[78] There are also plans to upgrade its 56 Mirage 2000Hs to the Mirage-2000-5 Mk 2 variant[98] and 40 Su-30MKIs with new radars, onboard computers, electronic warfare systems[99] and the capability of carrying the air launched version of the BrahMos cruise missile.[100][101]

Under procurement

The IAF is to acquire 126 fighters through the Indian MRCA competition.[102][103] The IAF has also ordered 16 C-17 Globemaster III strategic airlifters,[104] 6 C-130J Super Hercules modified for special mission roles,[105] 80 Mi-17V-5 helicopters (with orders for 59 more to follow),[90] 12 VVIP-configured AgustaWestland AW101 helicopters,[106] and IAI Harop UCAVs.[95][107] The Indian Ministry of Defense has issued a request for proposal (RFP) to a dozen global aircraft manufacturers for 75 basic trainer aircraft,[108] issued a Request for Information (RFI) for 16 C-27J Spartan medium military transport aircraft,[109] invited bids for 22 combat helicopters and 15 heavy-lift helicopters[110][111] and will float a tender for 317 light helicopters combining the requirements of Indian Air force (125) and Indian Army (197). The Indian air force has submitted a request for information to international suppliers for a stealth unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV).[112] The IAF has also ordered 18 Israeli SPYDER Surface to Air Missiles (SAMs).[113]

Under development

HAL Tejas

Indian defence companies such as HAL and DRDO is developing several aircraft for the IAF such as the HAL Tejas,[61][62] Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA),[114] DRDO AEW&CS (revived from the Airavat Project),[115] NAL Saras,[116] HAL HJT-36 Sitara,[117] HAL HTT-40, HAL Light Combat Helicopter (LCH),[118] HAL Light Observation Helicopter (LOH),[119] DRDO Rustom[120] and AURA (Autonomous Unmanned Research Aircraft) UCAV.[121] DRDO has developed the Akash missile system for the IAF[122][123] and is developing the Maitri SAM with MBDA.[124] DRDO is also developing the Prithvi II ballistic missile.[125] HAL has undertaken the joint development of the FGFA (Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft)[126] (a derivative project of the PAK FA) and the UAC/HAL Il-214 Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA)[127] with Russia's United Aircraft Corporation (UAC). DRDO has entered in a joint venture with Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) to develop the Barak II SAM.[128] DRDO is developing the air launched version of the Brahmos cruise missile in a joint venture with Russia's NPO Mashinostroeyenia. DRDO is also developing the nuclear capable Nirbhay cruise missile.[129]

References

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  2. ^ "History of the IAF". Official Website. Webmaster IAF – Air Headquarters. Retrieved 7 Apr 2009.
  3. ^ a b c Bedi, Sanjeev (2008). "Strategic Role of Air Power" (PDF). Air Power Journal. 3 (2). Center for Air Power Studies: 27–45. Retrieved 8 Apr. 2009. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  5. ^ D’Souza, Bart (October 2001). "Indian Air Force : Down the Memory Lane". Sainik Samachar. Retrieved 7 Apr. 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  6. ^ a b "Bharat Rakshak Book Review". Burma to Japan with Azad Hind: A War Memoir (1941–1945) by Ramesh S Benegal. September 2009. Retrieved 4 Jul 2010.
  7. ^ Engineer, Aspy M. (February 1993). "Air Marshal Aspy Engineer's Recollections". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 8 Apr. 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ a b Lyon 2008, p. 79
  9. ^ Massey 2005, p. 97
  10. ^ Barua 2005, p. 192
  11. ^ "The Congolese Rescue Operation". US Army History. Retrieved 25 Apr. 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  12. ^ a b Singh, Charanjit (2005). "The Congo Diary" (PDF). Air Power Journal. 2 (3). Center for Air Power Studies: 27–45. Retrieved 25 Apr 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Air Force History". Global Security. Retrieved 8 Jul 2010.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Jagan Pillarisetti. "THE LIBERATION OF GOA: 1961". Bharat Rakshak.
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  16. ^ Pradhan & Chavan 2007, p. xiv
  17. ^ Thomas 1996, p. 11
  18. ^ Sisodia & Bhaskar 2005, p. 82
  19. ^ Gupta 1997, p. 43
  20. ^ Dixit 2002, p. 149
  21. ^ Barua 2005, p. 193
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  26. ^ "The Folland Gnat / HAL Ajeet". 1 December 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  27. ^ "A Whale of a Fighter: the Su-7 in IAF Service". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 5 Jul 2010.
  28. ^ Sisson & Rose 1991, p. 229
  29. ^ Ajithkumar 2006, p. 141
  30. ^ Newsweek: 34. 20 December 1971. ISSN 0028-9604. Trying to catch the Indian Air Force napping, Yahya Khan, launched a Pakistani version of Israel's 1967 air blitz in hopes that one quick blow would cripple India's far superior air power. But India was alert and Yahya's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields failed! {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ^ Kainikara 2007, p. 195
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