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An attempt to define and categorise world cities was made in 1999 by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC), based primarily at [[Loughborough University]] in [[Loughborough]], [[Leicestershire]], [[England]]. The roster was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5<ref>[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html GaWC Research Bulletin 5], GaWC, [[Loughborough University]], 28 July 1999</ref> and ranked cities based on provision of "advanced producer services" such as accountancy, advertising, finance and law, by international corporations. The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of world cities and several sub-ranks.
An attempt to define and categorise world cities was made in 1999 by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC), based primarily at [[Loughborough University]] in [[Loughborough]], [[Leicestershire]], [[England]]. The roster was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5<ref>[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html GaWC Research Bulletin 5], GaWC, [[Loughborough University]], 28 July 1999</ref> and ranked cities based on provision of "advanced producer services" such as accountancy, advertising, finance and law, by international corporations. The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of world cities and several sub-ranks.


Note that this roster generally denotes cities in which there are offices of certain multinational companies providing financial and consulting services rather than other cultural, political, and economic centres. There is a schematic map of GaWC cities at their website.<ref>[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citymap.html The World According to GaWC], GaWC, [[Loughborough University]]</ref>
Note that this roster generally denotes cities in which there are offices of certain multinational companies providing financial and consulting services rather than other cultural, political, and economic centers. There is a schematic map of GaWC cities at their website.<ref>[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citymap.html The World According to GaWC], GaWC, [[Loughborough University]]</ref>


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Revision as of 23:08, 13 January 2007

"World city" redirects here. For a city spanning an entire planet, see Ecumenopolis.

A global city or world city is a concept which postulates that globalisation can be broken down in terms of strategic geographic locales that see global processes being created, facilitated and enacted. The most complex of these entities is the "global city", whereby the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through more than just socio-economic means, with influence in terms of culture, or politics. [1] The terminology of "global city", as opposed to megacity, is thought to have been first coined by Saskia Sassen in reference to London, New York and Tokyo in her 1991 work The Global City. [2]

General characteristics

It has been argued that global cities are those sharing the following characteristics:[citation needed]

To some, London, New York City, Paris, and Tokyo have been traditionally considered the 'big four' world cities – not coincidentally, they also serve as symbols of global capitalism. [citation needed] However, many people have their own personal lists, and any two lists are likely to differ based on cultural background, values, and experience.

In certain countries, the rise of suburbia and the ongoing migration of manufacturing jobs to these countries has led to significant urban decay. Therefore, to boost urban regeneration, tourism, and revenue, the goal of building a "world-class" city has recently become an obsession with the governments of some mid-size cities and their constituents.

The phenomenon of world-city building has also been observed in Buenos Aires, Santiago, Frankfurt, Montréal, Sydney, Mexico City and Toronto: each of these cities has emerged as large and influential. [citation needed]

GaWC Inventory of World Cities (1999 Edition)

An attempt to define and categorise world cities was made in 1999 by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC), based primarily at Loughborough University in Loughborough, Leicestershire, England. The roster was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5[4] and ranked cities based on provision of "advanced producer services" such as accountancy, advertising, finance and law, by international corporations. The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of world cities and several sub-ranks.

Note that this roster generally denotes cities in which there are offices of certain multinational companies providing financial and consulting services rather than other cultural, political, and economic centers. There is a schematic map of GaWC cities at their website.[5]

Alpha world cities (full service world cities)

12 points:

10 points:

Refer to Official GaWC List.[6]

Beta world cities (major world cities)

9 points:

8 points:

7 points:

Gamma world cities (minor world cities)

6 points

5 points:

4 points:

Evidence of world city formation

Strong evidence

3 points

Some evidence

2 points:

Minimal evidence

1 point:

GaWC Leading World Cities (2004 Edition)

An attempt to redefine and recategorise leading world cities was made by PJ Taylor at GaWC in 2004.
This ranking list is referred to as the Official GaWC List.[7]

Global Cities

Well rounded global cities

  1. Very large contribution: London and New York City.
    Smaller contribution and with cultural bias: Los Angeles, Paris and San Francisco.
  2. Incipient global cities: Amsterdam, Boston, Chicago, Madrid, Milan, Moscow, Toronto.

Global niche cities - specialised global contributions

  1. Economic: Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo.
  2. Political and social: Brussels, Geneva, Strasbourg and Washington.

World Cities

Subnet articulator cities

  1. Cultural: Berlin, Copenhagen, Melbourne, Munich, Oslo, Rome, Stockholm.
    Political: Bangkok, Beijing, Vienna.
  2. Social: Manila, Nairobi, Ottawa.

Worldwide leading cities

  1. Primarily economic global contributions: Frankfurt, Miami, Munich, Osaka, Singapore, Sydney, Zürich
  2. Primarily non-economic global contributions: Abidjan, Addis Ababa, Atlanta, Basle, Barcelona, Cairo, Denver, Harare, Lyon, Manila, Mexico City, Mumbai, New Delhi, Shanghai.

Global Cities Conference 2006

This conference[8] took place at Liverpool Hope University, starting on 29 June 2006 and chaired by Dr. Lawrence Phillips of the Global Cities Conference at the university. Its aim was to establish what is meant by a 'global city', by examining criteria such as images, narratives, economics, planning and people's experiences. It also looked at whether the perceived 'big four' — London, Paris, New York, and Tokyo — are in fact the only candidates for global city status, or if they should in fact be joined by fast-growing cities in Asia or the developing world.

Other criteria

The GaWC list is based on specific criteria and, thus, may not include other cities of global significance or elsewhere on the spectrum. For example, cities with the following:

Table of the cities of the world

For selected criteria

Rank Population of city (proper) Population of metropolitan area Percentage foreign born [9] Cost of living [20] Metro systems by annual passenger ridership Annual passenger air traffic (2002) [32] Number of billionaires (US Dollars) [33][34][35]
1 Mumbai Tokyo Miami Moscow Tokyo London New York City
2 Karachi Mumbai Toronto Seoul Moscow Tokyo Los Angeles
3 Delhi Mexico City Los Angeles Tokyo Seoul Chicago Moscow
4 São Paulo New York City Vancouver Hong Kong Mexico City New York City London
5 Shanghai São Paulo New York City London New York City Atlanta Hong Kong
6 Moscow Seoul Singapore Osaka Paris Paris Chicago
7 Seoul Delhi Sydney Geneva London Los Angeles San Francisco
8 İstanbul Shanghai Abidjan Copenhagen Osaka Dallas Fort-Worth Paris
9 Mexico City Kolkata London Zürich Hong Kong Frankfurt Dallas
10 Tokyo Moscow Paris Oslo/New York City Singapore Houston Tokyo

See also

References

  1. ^ Sassen, Saskia - The global city: strategic site/new frontier
  2. ^ Sassen, Saskia - The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. (1991) - Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07063-6
  3. ^ PERMANENT MISSIONS TO THE UNITED NATIONS, UN, 29 April 2003
  4. ^ GaWC Research Bulletin 5, GaWC, Loughborough University, 28 July 1999
  5. ^ The World According to GaWC, GaWC, Loughborough University
  6. ^ Inventory of World Cities, GaWC, Loughborough University
  7. ^ Leading World Cities, GaWC, Loughborough University
  8. ^ 2006 Global Cities Conference
  9. ^ a b Chapter 5: Globalization and cultural choice, "2004 Human Development Report" (page 99), UNDP, 2004 Template:PDFlink
  10. ^ Chapter 9: Urban Data, "World Resources 1998-99", WRI, 1998 Template:PDFlink
  11. ^ City Profiles, UN
  12. ^ Mobility 2001, WBCSD Template:PDFlink
  13. ^ WORLD URBANIZATION PROSPECTS: THE 2003 REVISION, UN, 2004 Template:PDFlink
  14. ^ Urban Characteristics,City Level, 1993, "World Resources 1998-99", WRI, 1998 Template:PDFlink
  15. ^ Global Urban Indicators Database 2 (1998 data) (data sets in .ZIP), UN-HABITAT
  16. ^ World Indices, Bloomberg
  17. ^ J.V. Beaverstock, World City Networks 'From Below', GaWC, Loughborough University, 29 September 2005
  18. ^ World-wide quality of living survey, Mercer, 10 April 2006
  19. ^ The city development index, "THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES REPORT 2001", UN-HABITAT, 21 June 2006 Template:PDFlink
  20. ^ a b 2006 worldwide cost of living survey results released, Mercer, 26 June 2006
  21. ^ The World's Billionaires, Forbes, 2005
  22. ^ Mapping the Global Network Economy on the Basis of Air Passenger Transport Flows, GaWC, Loughborough University, 8 December 2004
  23. ^ Estimated Ridership of the World’s Largest Public Transit Systems, 1998
  24. ^ COMMUTER RAIL (SUBURBAN RAIL, REGIONAL RAIL) IN THE UNITED STATES: INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT, October 2003 Template:PDFlink
  25. ^ Traffic Intensity by International Urban Area: 1990
  26. ^ Largest seaports of the world
  27. ^ The World's Best Skylines
  28. ^ [1] (registration required) Template:PDFlink
  29. ^ K. O'Connor, International Students and Global Cities, GaWC, Loughborough University, 17 February 2005
  30. ^ World Heritage List, UNESCO
  31. ^ P. De Groote, Economic and Tourism Aspects of the Olympic Games, GaWC, Loughborough University, 21 September 2005
  32. ^ http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/airports/INTRO.pdf
  33. ^ INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE WEALTH MANAGEMENT, International Financial Services, December 2004 Template:PDFlink
  34. ^ Forbes reports billionaire boom, BBC, 10 March 2006
  35. ^ 500 richest in Russia, Finance Magazine, published by RBC. February 2006.
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