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(Summary: Added ancient Japanese reading of 200, 300, 400, 600, 700, 900)
(Summary: Added ancient Japanese reading of 200, 300, 400, 600, 700, 900)


[[Okurigana#Exceptions]]

The above rules are guidelines, and there are exceptions and special cases that must be learnt individually: okurigana that has become standard for historical reasons (now obscure or not obvious at a glance) or by convention rather than logic. Compare for instance:
:{{lang|ja|明るい}} ''aka-rui'' – rather than {{lang|ja|×明い}} ''akaru-i''
:{{lang|ja|明かり}} ''a-kari'' ({{lang|ja|明り}} ''aka-ri'' also acceptable)
These both originally derived from the verb {{lang|ja|明る}} ''aka-ru,'' which is no longer in use; the first is an irregularly derived ''i''-adjective, while the latter is a deverbal noun. Compare {{lang|ja|明く}} ''a-ku'' and {{lang|ja|明らか}} ''ak<u>i</u>-raka''.

These are the words of exceptions of okurigana rule<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190820074833/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19730618001/k19730618001.html</ref>:
:{{lang|ja|明らむ}} ''aka-ramu'' rather than {{lang|ja|×明む}} ''akara-mu''
:{{lang|ja|味わう}} ''aji-wau'' rather than {{lang|ja|×味う}} ''ajiwa-u''
:{{lang|ja|哀れむ}} ''awa-remu'' rather than {{lang|ja|×哀む}} ''aware-mu''
:{{lang|ja|慈しむ}} ''itsuku-shimu''' rather than {{lang|ja|×慈む}} ''itsukushi-mu''
:{{lang|ja|教わる}} ''oso-waru'' rather than {{lang|ja|×教る}} ''osowa-ru''
:{{lang|ja|脅かす(おどかす)}} ''odo-kasu'' rather than {{lang|ja|×脅す(おどかす)}} ''odoka-su''
:{{lang|ja|脅かす(おびやかす)}} ''obiya-kasu'' rather than {{lang|ja|×脅かす(おびやかす)}} ''obiyaka-su''
:{{lang|ja|食らう}} ''ku-rau'' rather than {{lang|ja|×食う}} ''kura-u''
:{{lang|ja|異なる}} ''koto-naru'' rather than {{lang|ja|×異る}} ''kotona-ru''
:{{lang|ja|逆らう}} ''saka-rau'' rather than {{lang|ja|×逆う}} ''sakara-u''
:{{lang|ja|捕まる}} ''tsuka-maru'' rather than {{lang|ja|×捕る}} ''tsukama-ru''
:{{lang|ja|群がる}} ''mura-garu'' rather than {{lang|ja|×群る}} ''muraga-ru''
:{{lang|ja|和らぐ}} ''yawa-ragu'' rather than {{lang|ja|×和ぐ}} ''yawara-gu''
:{{lang|ja|揺する}} ''yu-suru'' rather than {{lang|ja|×揺る}} ''yusu-ru''
:{{lang|ja|明るい}} ''aka-rui'' rather than {{lang|ja|×明い}} ''akaru-i''
:{{lang|ja|危ない}} ''abu-nai'' rather than {{lang|ja|×危い}} ''abuna-i''
:{{lang|ja|危うい}} ''aya-ui'' rather than {{lang|ja|×危い}} ''ayau-i''
:{{lang|ja|大きい}} ''oo-kii'' rather than {{lang|ja|×大い}} ''ooki-i''
:{{lang|ja|少ない}} ''suku-nai'' rather than {{lang|ja|×少い}} ''sukuna-i''
:{{lang|ja|小さい}} ''chii-sai'' rather than {{lang|ja|×小い}} ''chiisa-i''
:{{lang|ja|冷たい}} ''tsume-tai'' rather than {{lang|ja|×冷い}} ''tsumeta-i''
:{{lang|ja|平たい}} ''hira-tai'' rather than {{lang|ja|×平い}} ''hirata-i''
:{{lang|ja|新ただ}} ''ara-ta da'' rather than {{lang|ja|×新だ}} ''arata da''
:{{lang|ja|同じだ}} ''ona-ji da'' rather than {{lang|ja|×同だ}} ''onaji da''
:{{lang|ja|盛んだ}} ''saka-n da'' rather than {{lang|ja|×盛だ}} ''sakan da''
:{{lang|ja|平らだ}} ''tai-ra da'' rather than {{lang|ja|×平だ}} ''taira da''
:{{lang|ja|懇ろだ}} ''nengo-ro da'' rather than {{lang|ja|×懇だ}} ''nengoro da''
:{{lang|ja|惨めだ}} ''miji-me da'' rather than {{lang|ja|×惨だ}} ''mijime da''
:{{lang|ja|哀れだ}} ''awa-re da'' rather than {{lang|ja|×哀だ}} ''aware da''
:{{lang|ja|幸いだ}} ''saiwa-i da'' rather than {{lang|ja|×幸だ}} ''saiwai da''
:{{lang|ja|幸せだ}} ''shiawa-se da'' rather than {{lang|ja|×幸だ}} ''shiawase da''
:{{lang|ja|巧みだ}} ''taku-mi da'' rather than {{lang|ja|×巧だ}} ''takumi da''
:{{lang|ja|辺り}} ''ata-ri'' rather than {{lang|ja|×辺}} ''atari''
:{{lang|ja|哀れ}} ''awa-re'' rather than {{lang|ja|×哀}} ''aware''
:{{lang|ja|勢い}} ''ikio-i'' rather than {{lang|ja|×勢}} ''ikioi''
:{{lang|ja|幾ら}} ''iku-ra'' rather than {{lang|ja|×幾}} ''ikura''
:{{lang|ja|後ろ}} ''ushi-ro'' rather than {{lang|ja|×後}} ''ushiro''
:{{lang|ja|傍ら}} ''katawa-ra'' rather than {{lang|ja|×傍}} ''katawara''
:{{lang|ja|幸い}} ''saiwa-i'' rather than {{lang|ja|×幸}} ''saiwai''
:{{lang|ja|幸せ}} ''shiawa-se'' rather than {{lang|ja|×幸}} ''shiawase''
:{{lang|ja|互い}} ''taga-i'' rather than {{lang|ja|×互}} ''tagai''
:{{lang|ja|便り}} ''tayo-ri'' rather than {{lang|ja|×便}} ''tayori''
:{{lang|ja|半ば}} ''naka-ba'' rather than {lang|ja|×半}} ''nakaba''
:{{lang|ja|情け}} ''nasa-ke'' rather than {lang|ja|×情}} ''nasake''
:{{lang|ja|斜め}} ''nana-me'' rather than {{lang|ja|×斜}} ''naname''
:{{lang|ja|独り}} ''hito-ri'' rather than {{lang|ja|×独}} ''hitori''
:{{lang|ja|誉れ}} ''homa-re'' rather than {{lang|ja|×誉}} ''homare''
:{{lang|ja|自ら}} ''mizuka-ra'' rather than {{lang|ja|×自}} ''mizukara''
:{{lang|ja|災い}} ''wazawa-i'' rather than {{lang|ja|×災}} ''wazawai''

Revision as of 04:07, 13 March 2022

Blocked indefinitely

As you immediately resumed your disruptive behaviour, I have reblocked you indefinitely. --Yamla (talk) 10:36, 17 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Sorry. Then what should I do? Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 11:10, 17 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]
This user's unblock request has been reviewed by an administrator, who declined the request. Other administrators may also review this block, but should not override the decision without good reason (see the blocking policy).

Zenkaino lovelive (block log • active blocks • global blocks • contribs • deleted contribs • filter log • creation log • change block settings • unblock • checkuser (log))

Request reason:

I'm sorry to make my disruptive behaviour. If I'm unblocked, I WON'T make a discussion to change the color scheme in like Motion picture content rating system for at least half a year. I would like to contribute in language-related and Microsoft Windows-related articles. Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 18:54, 17 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Decline reason:

I am declining your unblock request because it does not address the reason for your block, or because it is inadequate for other reasons. To be unblocked, you must convince the reviewing administrator(s) that

  • the block is not necessary to prevent damage or disruption to Wikipedia, or
  • the block is no longer necessary because you
    1. understand what you have been blocked for,
    2. will not continue to cause damage or disruption, and
    3. will make useful contributions instead.

Please read the guide to appealing blocks for more information. --Deepfriedokra (talk) 17:50, 18 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

If you want to make any further unblock requests, please read the guide to appealing blocks first, then use the {{unblock}} template again. If you make too many unconvincing or disruptive unblock requests, you may be prevented from editing this page until your block has expired. Do not remove this unblock review while you are blocked.

This user's unblock request has been reviewed by an administrator, who declined the request. Other administrators may also review this block, but should not override the decision without good reason (see the blocking policy).

Zenkaino lovelive (block log • active blocks • global blocks • contribs • deleted contribs • filter log • creation log • change block settings • unblock • checkuser (log))

Request reason:

1. I understand what I've been blocked for: I'm sorry to make my disruptive behaviour which is to suggest pointless color scheme replacement of the articles like Motion picture content rating system. 2. I won't continue to cause damage or disruption: I will NOT make a discussion to change the color scheme in those articles. Also, if I think that any articles have incorrect parts, I'll write a draft and will make a discussion before putting information. 3. I'll make useful contributions instead: I would make productive contributions by adding true information only, and if a conflict is occurred, I'll talk or discuss it first. I would like to contribute in language-related and Microsoft Windows-related articles, etc. I'm politely requesting to review my block. Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 01:13, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

Decline reason:

Last time you were unblocked it was because of this discussion: [1].

You made promises, apologies, all of the same things you are doing now. It was made clear to you there that there won't be a lot of tolerance for future disruption. You lasted barely 1 day here after that. You have used up your credibility. I am declining your unblock request. HighInBC Need help? Just ask. 04:14, 22 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

If you want to make any further unblock requests, please read the guide to appealing blocks first, then use the {{unblock}} template again. If you make too many unconvincing or disruptive unblock requests, you may be prevented from editing this page until your block has expired. Do not remove this unblock review while you are blocked.

Then what should I do? Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 04:33, 22 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Find another hobby. HighInBC Need help? Just ask. 04:43, 22 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Then I'll pursue WP:SO - that means no editing for six months, yes, six months, and then requesting an unblock here. Does edits to my talk page also reset the six month timer?GN said to me, "No.". Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 04:50, 22 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

@TheresNoTime: Thanks for answering. Then what should I do until December? Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 04:08, 25 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Nothing on the Wikipedia. Zero edits until the end of January, 2022. --Yamla (talk) 10:05, 25 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks for answering. Then I won't edit except my talk page for 6 months and will appeal in January. Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 03:04, 26 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]

You emailed me. No, I'm not interested in a conversation by email. --Yamla (talk) 10:22, 3 September 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Six months from this user's last edit is 9 March, 2022. --Yamla (talk) 21:49, 9 September 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Zenkaino, you have been banned from WP:Discord as you continuously kept bringing up your block despite numerous warnings. If and when you succeed in appealing your block, you may contact me for an unban. -- ferret (talk) 17:04, 8 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

This user's unblock request has been reviewed by an administrator, who declined the request. Other administrators may also review this block, but should not override the decision without good reason (see the blocking policy).

Zenkaino lovelive (block log • active blocks • global blocks • contribs • deleted contribs • filter log • creation log • change block settings • unblock • checkuser (log))

Request reason:

Hello, it's 2022 now and I want a new chance for me to be a better Wikipedian here. I got blocked from Wikipedia in last July, because of my immediate resumption of pointless color scheme replacement suggestions, as it consituted disruptive edits. I'm still getting used to editing again on Wikipedia after having been unblocked around 8 months ago, and I'm trying to make the table more understandable, but I fully realize my behavior was disruptive. To be unblocked, blocked users have to leave Wikipedia for at least 6 months, including their talk page, and then they have to request to be unblocked at their main account. I'm trying not to make the same mistakes from the past. I understand, regret, and apologize for my past mistakes after 8 months passed. I'm not a teenager anymore, but I'm a young adult. Please unblock me and I'll make sure not to suggest pointless color scheme replacement. I don't want be blocked forever, especially after almost 2 11/12 years of previously being blocked. If I'm unblocked, I will be a productive editor who always consults his fellow Wikipedians. I plan to make small and non-controversial contributions on language and Windows articles to English Wikipedia, and always discuss larger or more significant changes on the talk page or in a draft first. I haven't edited Wikipedia at all since I been reblocked because if I were to do that, that would impact my changes of getting unblocked. Please unblock me and thank you for your consideration. Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 00:06, 9 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Decline reason:

Looking through your edits, all I see is messing around with tables and arguing about how tables should be tweaked. I'd like you to prove that you can make constructive edits to Wikipedia. Please read through our core content policies, how to cite sources, and this guide. Using this knowledge, please propose a constructive edit here on your talk page. It could be as simple as suggesting a fact that could be included in an article about your favorite video game or film, backed up with a citation to a reliable source. The proposed edit should be something that can be copied verbatim into an encyclopedia article. You can immediately make another unblock request with your response. If you need help understanding what I'm talking about, you can see that in Special:Diff/1075983265 I added a bit of sourced content and lots of citations to List of neo-Nazi bands. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 10:50, 9 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

If you want to make any further unblock requests, please read the guide to appealing blocks first, then use the {{unblock}} template again. If you make too many unconvincing or disruptive unblock requests, you may be prevented from editing this page until your block has expired. Do not remove this unblock review while you are blocked.

@Betty Logan: If there's something I'd like to edit, but I'm not sure, I'll talk to you first. Further, I will not change color scheme recklessly. Since you proposed to reblock me, I am posting here. Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 00:30, 9 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Nobody needs my consent to lift the block, and there's no evidence of block evasion. However, I think this editor fundamentally lacks sufficient competence to edit here. Last time they were unblocked, they lasted only a day before violating the conditions. They were then incredibly disruptive, contesting that block. Frankly, I think Wikipedia is better off without them. --Yamla (talk) 10:23, 9 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]
Your promise does not fill me with confidence. I am not sure what it even means. Presumably you are referring to the color schemes used in the table at Motion picture content rating system and the other media content articles. Furthermore, as explained to you on multiple occasions prior to your block the color scheme does not reflect my personal preference or anybody else's, its goal is to facilitate accessibility i.e. This is what you should have written:

I will not change color scheme recklessly I will not change the color scheme to one that is not compliant with H:Colorblind.

Betty Logan (talk) 14:59, 10 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

@Betty Logan: OK. I'm very sorry for my fault. I just wanted to add bold-style and italic-style in order to add more information (e.g. distinguishing general category and child-oriented category) and I wanted to change purple color to blue because the help article H:Colorblind suggests the color blue rather than purple. Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 01:43, 11 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

The problem here though, is why bother? Why change it to blue? If it were blue would you want to change it to purple? Your desire to change the color schemes seems to be driven by a compulsion rather than a desire to improve the article in any meaningful way. Changing things purely for the sake of changing things on Wikipedia is a form of disruption. Wikipedia is best served by stability, a principle that is best served by only making edits that either update or discernibly improve an article. Betty Logan (talk) 15:35, 12 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

@Betty Logan: OK. I will let go of my obsession. I will not change the color scheme to one that is not compliant with H:Colorblind anymore because the color scheme does not reflect anyone's personal preference, its goal is to facilitate accessibility. All editors, including I, have to follow facilitating accessibility for everyone sincerely. I would like you to reconsider my block (e.g. withdrawing the block) because the block was my fault for not recognizing accessibility for color-blind people rather than breaking the rules. Further, if what I would like to edit is not sure, I will make a draft first in my sandbox and will leave a message to your talk page or here. Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 19:56, 12 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

@NinjaRobotPirate: I am willing to contribute constructively to other Wikimedia projects in order to prove that I can make constructive edits here. Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 00:58, 10 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

But how? That's not what he asked. You were directly asked to propose an edit here on your talk page. That you could not or refuse to follow that instruction lends credence to Yamla's position. -- ferret (talk) 01:43, 10 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]
@Ferret: Do you mean like below? Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 04:00, 10 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]
It is absolutely unclear what most of the below proposed changes are. I managed to figure out one, List of features removed in Windows 11, only to see that the only changed proposed was to add an unsourced claim. Please, help us out. "Change X to Y" is routine standard edit request stuff. If you can't provide an easy to understand format... -- ferret (talk) 04:58, 10 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]
@Ferret: I added edit summaries for my proposed edits. Like below? Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 04:13, 12 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]
Not really. I'm pretty much in Yamla's camp now. There is zero context to what your proposed edit to Windows NT 3.51 is. There's a list of service packs and release dates. I said provide a clear "Change X to Y" above. Where.... do you want it added? Should I guess you want it added to the Updates section? What are your thoughts on how this list of updates with no commentary or reliable secondary sourcing meshes against the policy WP:NOTCHANGELOG? Why do you believe the source you've used is reliable? Does it have a history of fact checking? A clear editorial policy? Or is it simply a database entry?
Let's skip down. You've bolded some of this to indicate what's added, though they aren't super clear still. For features removed from Windows Vista, you want to add that IE Mode is available in Edge. Why? The section is above removed apps from Windows 11. IE is removed. That Edge has an IE mode is irrelevant. Edge is not IE. For the list of features removed from Windows 8, you want to add that DVD-Video and MPEG-2 Video were included in Windows Vista and 7. Why? Why does it matter? The context is they were removed from Windows 8. This continues for all of these similar sections. List of features removed from Vista, which already denotes themes that were removed, you want to add a list of themes that weren't removed. But why? The section is about things that are removed. For Windows XP, you denote that three sound schemes were removed... but clarify that they were actually removed in Windows 2000. So why are you adding a note to the XP list? You want to change the list of versions to say Windows XP Emerald was NT 5.1. But you provide no explanation or source. -- ferret (talk) 04:37, 12 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]
@Ferret: I added the age of majority in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Comoros, Republic of Congo, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kosovo, Liberia, Libya, Micronesia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, Suriname, Togo, Turkmenistan, Vanuatu with source. Is this what you mean? Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 06:04, 12 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]
@Ferret: I don't understand what you mean. Could you please provide me an example? Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 16:35, 12 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Zenkaino made a new appeal, and once I replied that I opposed it, removed the appeal as well as my oppose. See Special:Diff/1076725920. They then replied that they don't understand what I mean when I asked them direct questions and want "an example". This continues to show WP:CIR issues. Zenkaino, I asked direct questions about your proposed edits. Do you plan to answer those questions? -- ferret (talk) 18:01, 12 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

@Ferret:

Q1. There's a list of service packs and release dates. Do you want it added?

  • A1. I just want to add the information... For example, in Windows NT 4.0, 2000, XP, etc., there are the release dates of service packs. However, in Windows NT 3.x, there are no release dates of service packs.

Q2. Should I guess you want it added to the Updates section?

  • A2. Yes, it is true.

Q3. What are your thoughts on how this list of updates with no commentary or reliable secondary sourcing meshes against the policy WP:NOTCHANGELOG?

  • A3. OK. I will try to find reliable sources for them.

Q4. Why do you believe the source you've used is reliable?

  • A4. It seems that it is not reliable source. It's because that site gives the information.

Q5. Does it have a history of fact checking? A clear editorial policy? Or is it simply a database entry?

  • A5. I don't know, but it seems that it is a database entry.

Q6. For features removed from Windows 11, you want to add that IE Mode is available in Edge. Why?

  • A6. Is there no IE mode in Microsoft Edge? I just heard that IE mode is available until at least 2029... OK. I'm withdrawing this edit. I will add only when it has reliable source.

Q7. For the list of features removed from Windows 8, you want to add that DVD-Video and MPEG-2 Video were included in Windows Vista and 7. Why? Why does it matter?

  • A7. I just wanted to note the features in older Windows because until Windows XP, MPEG-2 Video is not natively supported. In Windows Vista and Windows 7, it is natively supported, but from Windows 8, that feature is removed.

Q8. List of features removed from Vista, which already denotes themes that were removed, you want to add a list of themes that weren't removed. But why?

  • A8. I just wanted to note the themes which weren't removed because some of Windows Classic Theme is available in Windows Vista. Most of them are removed.

Q9. For Windows XP, you denote that three sound schemes were removed... but clarify that they were actually removed in Windows 2000. So why are you adding a note to the XP list?

  • A9. These sounds are removed in 2000, but restored in WinME. Therefore I noted those. I'm withdrawing this edit. Even if Windows ME is later than Windows 2000, they are not connected. Windows 98->ME, Windows NT 4->2000->XP.
Based on these responses, I affirm my opposition to unblock. Most of these are non-answers. Competence is not demonstrated. Most of the answers are simply "I wanted to include information" without actually explaining why it's important to do so. In regards to IE mode in Edge, the answer is "but I heard"... Wikipedia is not built on what you heard. It's built on what is sourced. The last question indicates a lack of research into the topics being edited. Sounds were not restored in WinME. WinME is a successor to Win9x, a different branch of Windows. So Win98->WinME, the sounds were not removed, and not subsequently "restored". While Win XP is a successor to Win2K, on the Windows NT branch. Win 2K removed these sounds, and Win XP did not restore them or "re-remove" them. -- ferret (talk) 19:57, 12 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]
Note once again that the answers were refactored after I replied, and changed to reflect my response. That doesn't change that they were wrong the first time, and simply updating them to reflect my statements doesn't help. -- ferret (talk) 20:15, 12 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]
@Ferret: I'm really sorry to answer in wrong way the first time. Although WinME was released later than Win2000, these two should be viewed separately because of their different systems, but I thought that Win2000->ME->XP. Therefore I'm withdrawing all my proposed edits, instead I would like to add the age of majority in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Comoros, Republic of Congo, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kosovo, Liberia, Libya, Micronesia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, Suriname, Togo, Turkmenistan, Vanuatu with reliable sources. Zenkaino lovelive (talk) 00:40, 13 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]
I don't plan to reply again. Withdrawing your proposed edits doesn't erase the issues they demonstrated. At a glance, the updated list for majority age of youths is fine, but it comes on the heels of a severe demonstration of lack of policy and guideline knowledge. -- ferret (talk) 01:14, 13 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]

My propose edits

Age of majority#Civil law

In many countries minors can be emancipated: depending on jurisdiction, this may happen through acts such as marriage, attaining economic self-sufficiency, obtaining an educational degree or diploma, or participating in a form of military service. In the United States, all states have some form of emancipation of minors.[1]

The following list the age of majority in countries (or administrative divisions) in the order of lowest to highest:

Up to age 15

  • Iran Iran[2] – 9 years (female only), 15 years (male only)

Age 16

Age 17

Age 18

Age 19

Age 20

Coming of Age Day in Japan

Age 21

(Summary: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Comoros, Republic of Congo, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kosovo, Liberia, Libya, Micronesia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, Suriname, Togo, Turkmenistan, Vanuatu adult age are added with source)


Japanese numerals#Basic numbering in Japanese

Number Character On reading Kun reading[138][139] Preferred reading
0 零 / 〇* rei / れい — zero / ゼロ (loanword, gairaigo)
1 一 ichi / いち hito(tsu) / ひと・つ ichi
2 二 ni / に futa(tsu) / ふた・つ ni
3 三 san / さん mit(tsu) / みっ・つ san
4 四 shi / し yon, yot(tsu) / よん、よっ・つ yon
5 五 go / ご itsu(tsu) / いつ・つ go
6 六 roku / ろく mut(tsu) / むっ・つ roku
7 七 shichi / しち nana(tsu) / なな・つ nana
8 八 hachi / はち yat(tsu) / やっ・つ hachi
9 九 ku, kyū/ く, きゅう kokono(tsu) / ここの・つ kyū
10 十 jū / じゅう tō / とお jū
20 二十 ni-jū / にじゅう (hata / はた)† ni-jū
30 三十 san-jū / さんじゅう (miso / みそ)† san-jū
40 四十 shi-jū / しじゅう (yoso / よそ)† yon-jū
50 五十 go-jū / ごじゅう (iso / いそ)† go-jū
60 六十 roku-jū / ろくじゅう (muso / むそ)† roku-jū
70 七十 shichi-jū / しちじゅう (nanaso / ななそ)† nana-jū
80 八十 hachi-jū / はちじゅう (yaso / やそ)† hachi-jū
90 九十 ku-jū / くじゅう (kokonoso / ここのそ)† kyū-jū
100 百 hyaku / ひゃく (momo / もも)† hyaku
200 二百 ni-hyaku / にひゃく (futao / ふたお)† ni-hyaku
300 三百 san-byaku / さんびゃく (mio / みお)† san-byaku
400 四百 shi-hyaku / しひゃく (yoo / よお)† yon-hyaku
500 五百 go-hyaku / ごひゃく (io / いお)† go-hyaku
600 六百 rop-pyaku / ろっぴゃく (muo / むお)† rop-pyaku
700 七百 shichi-hyaku / しちひゃく (nanao / ななお)† nana-hyaku
800 八百 hap-pyaku / はっぴゃく (yao / やお)† hap-pyaku
900 九百 ku-hyaku / くひゃく (kokonoo / ここのお)† kyū-hyaku
1,000 千 sen / せん (chi / ち)† sen
10,000 万 man / まん (yorozu / よろず)† man
100,000,000 億 oku / おく — oku
1,000,000,000,000 兆 chō / ちょう — chō
10,000,000,000,000,000 京 kei / けい — kei

(Summary: Added ancient Japanese reading of 200, 300, 400, 600, 700, 900)


Okurigana#Exceptions

The above rules are guidelines, and there are exceptions and special cases that must be learnt individually: okurigana that has become standard for historical reasons (now obscure or not obvious at a glance) or by convention rather than logic. Compare for instance:

明るい aka-rui – rather than ×明い akaru-i
明かり a-kari (明り aka-ri also acceptable)

These both originally derived from the verb 明る aka-ru, which is no longer in use; the first is an irregularly derived i-adjective, while the latter is a deverbal noun. Compare 明く a-ku and 明らか aki-raka.

These are the words of exceptions of okurigana rule[140]:

明らむ aka-ramu rather than ×明む akara-mu
味わう aji-wau rather than ×味う ajiwa-u
哀れむ awa-remu rather than ×哀む aware-mu
慈しむ itsuku-shimu' rather than ×慈む itsukushi-mu
教わる oso-waru rather than ×教る osowa-ru
脅かす(おどかす) odo-kasu rather than ×脅す(おどかす) odoka-su
脅かす(おびやかす) obiya-kasu rather than ×脅かす(おびやかす) obiyaka-su
食らう ku-rau rather than ×食う kura-u
異なる koto-naru rather than ×異る kotona-ru
逆らう saka-rau rather than ×逆う sakara-u
捕まる tsuka-maru rather than ×捕る tsukama-ru
群がる mura-garu rather than ×群る muraga-ru
和らぐ yawa-ragu rather than ×和ぐ yawara-gu
揺する yu-suru rather than ×揺る yusu-ru
明るい aka-rui rather than ×明い akaru-i
危ない abu-nai rather than ×危い abuna-i
危うい aya-ui rather than ×危い ayau-i
大きい oo-kii rather than ×大い ooki-i
少ない suku-nai rather than ×少い sukuna-i
小さい chii-sai rather than ×小い chiisa-i
冷たい tsume-tai rather than ×冷い tsumeta-i
平たい hira-tai rather than ×平い hirata-i
新ただ ara-ta da rather than ×新だ arata da
同じだ ona-ji da rather than ×同だ onaji da
盛んだ saka-n da rather than ×盛だ sakan da
平らだ tai-ra da rather than ×平だ taira da
懇ろだ nengo-ro da rather than ×懇だ nengoro da
惨めだ miji-me da rather than ×惨だ mijime da
哀れだ awa-re da rather than ×哀だ aware da
幸いだ saiwa-i da rather than ×幸だ saiwai da
幸せだ shiawa-se da rather than ×幸だ shiawase da
巧みだ taku-mi da rather than ×巧だ takumi da
辺り ata-ri rather than ×辺 atari
哀れ awa-re rather than ×哀 aware
勢い ikio-i rather than ×勢 ikioi
幾ら iku-ra rather than ×幾 ikura
後ろ ushi-ro rather than ×後 ushiro
傍ら katawa-ra rather than ×傍 katawara
幸い saiwa-i rather than ×幸 saiwai
幸せ shiawa-se rather than ×幸 shiawase
互い taga-i rather than ×互 tagai
便り tayo-ri rather than ×便 tayori
半ば naka-ba rather than {lang|ja|×半}} nakaba
情け nasa-ke rather than {lang|ja|×情}} nasake
斜め nana-me rather than ×斜 naname
独り hito-ri rather than ×独 hitori
誉れ homa-re rather than ×誉 homare
自ら mizuka-ra rather than ×自 mizukara
災い wazawa-i rather than ×災 wazawai
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