American Psycho (film)

American Psycho
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Mary Harron
Screenplay by	Mary Harron Guinevere Turner
Based on	American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis
Produced by	Edward R. Pressman Chris Hanley Christian Halsey Solomon
Starring	Christian Bale Willem Dafoe Jared Leto Josh Lucas Samantha Mathis Matt Ross Bill Sage Chloë Sevigny Cara Seymour Justin Theroux Guinevere Turner Reese Witherspoon
Cinematography	Andrzej Sekuła
Edited by	Andrew Marcus
Music by	John Cale
Production companies	Edward R. Pressman Productions Muse Productions
Distributed by	Lions Gate Films (United States) Columbia TriStar Film Distributors International (International)
Release dates	January 21, 2000 (2000-01-21) (Sundance) April 14, 2000 (2000-04-14) (United States)
Running time	102 minutes
Countries	United States Canada
Language	English
Budget	$7 million
Box office	$34.3 million

American Psycho is a 2000 satirical psychological thriller film directed by Mary Harron. Harron and Guinevere Turner adapted the screenplay from Bret Easton Ellis' 1991 novel American Psycho. The film, set in the late 1980s, stars Christian Bale as Patrick Bateman, a yuppie New York City investment banker who leads a double life as a serial killer. Willem Dafoe, Jared Leto, Josh Lucas, Chloë Sevigny, Samantha Mathis, Cara Seymour, Justin Theroux, and Reese Witherspoon feature in supporting roles.

Producer Edward R. Pressman purchased the film rights to the novel in 1992. After discussions with David Cronenberg fell through, Harron was brought on to direct and Bale was cast in the lead role. Lionsgate Films acquired worldwide distribution in 1997 and temporarily replaced Harron and Bale with Oliver Stone and Leonardo DiCaprio respectively. After DiCaprio left in favor of The Beach (2000), Harron and Bale were brought back. Filming took place from February to April 1999 in Toronto and New York City.

American Psycho debuted at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2000, and was released theatrically on April 14, 2000. The film was a financial success, grossing over $34 million against a $7 million budget, and received mostly positive reviews, with praise for Bale's performance and the screenplay. It has developed a cult following. A direct-to-video sequel, American Psycho 2, was released in 2002, although it has little relation to the original.

Plot

In 1987, Patrick Bateman, a wealthy New York City investment banker, spends most of his time dining at popular restaurants while keeping up appearances for his fiancée Evelyn and his circle of wealthy associates, most of whom he hates. At a business meeting, Bateman and his associates flaunt their business cards. Enraged by the superiority of his colleague Paul Allen's card, Bateman kills a homeless man. Bateman and Allen, who mistakes Bateman for another coworker, make plans for dinner after a Christmas party. Bateman resents Allen for his affluent lifestyle and ability to obtain reservations at an exclusive restaurant that Bateman is unable to get into. Bateman manipulates Allen into getting drunk, kills him, and leaves a phony message on Allen's answering machine claiming that Allen has gone on a business trip to London.

After private investigator Donald Kimball interviews Bateman regarding Allen's disappearance, Bateman takes two prostitutes, Christie and Sabrina, to his apartment, where they have sex before he abuses them. Bateman's colleague Luis Carruthers reveals a new business card, so Bateman tries to strangle him in the restroom of an expensive restaurant. Carruthers mistakes the attempt for a sexual advance and declares his love for Bateman, who panics and flees. After murdering a model, Bateman invites his secretary Jean to dinner, suggesting that she meet him at his apartment for drinks. Bateman plans to kill her with a nail gun, but desists after he receives a message from Evelyn on his answering machine.

Kimball meets Bateman for lunch and tells him he is not a suspect in Allen's disappearance. He reveals that a colleague of Bateman's claims to have spotted Allen in London, calling the investigation into question. Bateman is relieved, but becomes perturbed and begins to doubt himself. Bateman brings Christie to Allen's apartment where he drugs his acquaintance Elizabeth before having sex with her and Christie. After Bateman kills Elizabeth, Christie runs, discovering multiple female corpses as she searches for an exit. Bateman chases her and drops a chainsaw on her as she flees down a staircase. Afterwards, Bateman breaks off his engagement with Evelyn.

As Bateman uses an ATM, he sees a cat. The ATM displays the text "feed me a stray cat", so he prepares to shoot the cat. When a woman confronts him, he shoots her. A police chase ensues, but Bateman kills the officers and blows up a police car. Bateman kills two more people before hiding in his office. He calls his lawyer Harold Carnes and frantically leaves a confession, claiming to have killed 20–40 people. The following morning, Bateman visits Allen's apartment to clean up Allen's remains, but finds it vacant and for sale. The realtor tells him that the apartment does not belong to Allen before ordering him to leave. Bateman again meets Kimball, who assures him that several witnesses saw Allen in London.

While Bateman goes to meet with his colleagues for lunch, Jean finds detailed drawings of murder and mutilation in Bateman's office journal. Bateman sees Carnes and mentions the phone message. Carnes mistakes Bateman for another colleague and laughs off the confession as a joke. Bateman clarifies who he is and again confesses the murders, but Carnes says his claims are impossible since he recently had dinner with Allen in London. A confused Bateman returns to his friends; they muse whether Ronald Reagan is a harmless old man or hidden psychopath before discussing their dinner reservations. Bateman, unsure if his crimes were imaginary, realizes he will never receive the punishment he desires.

Cast

(Left to right) Christian Bale, Willem Dafoe (both pictured in 2019), and Jared Leto (2016)

• Christian Bale as Patrick Bateman: A New York investment banker who leads a double life as a serial killer.
• Willem Dafoe as Donald Kimball: A private investigator who investigates Bateman's murder of Paul Allen.
• Jared Leto as Paul Allen: One of Bateman's colleagues, who he murders.
• Chloë Sevigny as Jean: Bateman's secretary.
• Reese Witherspoon as Evelyn Williams: Bateman's fiancée.

Bateman's circle of colleagues includes Josh Lucas as Craig McDermott, Matt Ross as Luis Carruthers, Bill Sage as David Van Patten, Justin Theroux as Timothy Bryce, and Anthony Lemke as Marcus Halberstram. Other cast members include: Samantha Mathis as Courtney Rawlinson, Carruthers' fiancée who is having an affair with Bateman; Krista Sutton and Cara Seymour as the prostitutes Sabrina and Christie; Guinevere Turner as Elizabeth, a woman who Bateman kills; Stephen Bogaert as Harold Carnes, Bateman's lawyer; Reg E. Cathey as Al, a homeless man; Catherine Black as Vanden, Williams' cousin; and Patricia Gage as Mrs. Wolfe, a real estate agent.

Production

Producer Edward R. Pressman bought the film rights to Bret Easton Ellis's novel American Psycho in 1992, with Johnny Depp expressing an interest in the lead role. After discussions with Troma Films' Stuart Gordon to direct fell through, David Cronenberg became attached and brought Ellis to adapt the novel into a screenplay. The process was difficult for Ellis, due to Cronenberg's scene constraints and not wanting to use any of Ellis's restaurant or nightclub material from the novel. The script ended with an elaborate musical sequence to Barry Manilow's "Daybreak" atop the World Trade Center. "I'm glad it wasn't shot, but that kind of shows you where I was when I was writing the script," Ellis reflected. "I was bored with the material." Cronenberg was still listed as being attached to direct in March 1994, but with a new script by Norman Snider.

Pressman appeared at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival to pre-sell distribution rights, but to no avail. Mary Harron replaced Cronenberg as director while writing a new script with Guinevere Turner; their approach to the material and Bateman's character was influenced by Mario Bava's giallo film Hatchet for the Honeymoon, with Bava historian Tim Lucas noting that both films depict their respective protagonists as being motivated by a desire for self-discovery in their killings. Harron cast Christian Bale in a deal on good faith, and attached Willem Dafoe and Jared Leto in supporting roles. Development was looking to move forward following six years of rejection by Hollywood studios when independent Canadian distributor Lionsgate Films acquired worldwide distribution in April 1997. After having waited for a year, Bale and Harron were aiming to begin filming in August 1998 on a $6–10 million budget, but Lionsgate instead pursued Edward Norton and Leonardo DiCaprio for the lead role, arguing Bale was not famous enough. Lionsgate was still hoping to finalize a deal with Harron, while Bale's handshake deal without a pay or play contract was let go. Harron refused to meet with DiCaprio, displeased as she specifically chose Bale and believed DiCaprio's screen presence would have been too boyish for Patrick Bateman. She also believed the actor's reputation as a teen idol following Romeo + Juliet and Titanic would distract from American Psycho's production and tone.

Lionsgate was planning to increase the production budget to $40 million in the hopes of securing DiCaprio's $21 million asking price. At the 1997 Cannes Film Festival, a press release was issued that DiCaprio had taken the offer, which was quickly rebutted by DiCaprio's manager Rick Yorn, who claimed the actor had simply expressed interest in the part. Yorn also wanted to make clear that DiCaprio had no knowledge of the development history under Harron and Bale. DiCaprio drafted a shortlist of replacement directors, including Oliver Stone, Danny Boyle, and Martin Scorsese. Working from a new script written by Matthew Markwalder, Stone was brought aboard, whom Harron called "probably the single worst single person to do it". The director wanted to eliminate the satire from Harron's script, emphasizing the psychological character traits of Patrick Bateman. However, Stone could not agree on the film's direction with DiCaprio, who decided to star in The Beach instead.

Bale remained committed, turning down other movie roles and auditions for nine months, confident DiCaprio would depart. Lionsgate made an offer to Ewan McGregor, who turned it down after Bale personally urged him to do so. Harron and Bale were eventually brought back under the agreement that the budget would not exceed $10 million. Bale spent several months working out by himself, and then three hours a day with a trainer during pre-production, to achieve the proper physique for the narcissistic Bateman. Harron said Bale struggled with the role until he noticed Tom Cruise in an interview on Late Night with David Letterman, being struck by Cruise's energy and "intense friendliness with nothing behind the eyes".

Bale also used Nicolas Cage's performance in Vampire's Kiss (1989) as inspiration for this role. Filming took place between February 28 and April 23, 1999 in Toronto and New York City.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack for the film was scored by John Cale, with artists such as David Bowie, The Cure, and New Order. The Huey Lewis and the News song "Hip to Be Square" appears in the film and was initially intended to be on the soundtrack album, but was removed from the album due to lack of publishing rights. As a result, Koch Records was forced to recall approximately 100,000 copies of the album which were destroyed. Koch Records president Bob Frank said, "As a result of the violent nature of the film, Huey Lewis's management decided not to give the soundtrack clearance." Lewis's manager Bob Brown claimed that the musician had not seen the film and that "we knew nothing about a soundtrack album. They just went ahead and put the cut on there. I think what they're trying to do is drum up publicity for themselves." In a 2013 interview with Rolling Stone, Lewis stated that the violence in the movie played no part in the decision not to allow the song to be included on the soundtrack. He reiterated Bob Brown's earlier denial stating "It was in the USA Today and everywhere else. It said, 'Huey Lewis saw the movie and it was so violent that he pulled his tune from the soundtrack.' It was completely made up." The same year, Lewis appeared in a YouTube video from Funny or Die, where he spoofed a scene from the film together with "Weird Al" Yankovic. In addition, prior to the start of principal photography, Whitney Houston refused to allow the use of her performance of the song "The Greatest Love of All" in the film; her version was replaced by an easy-listening orchestrated version.

AllMusic rated the soundtrack album three out of five stars.

American Psycho: Music from the Controversial Motion Picture

1. "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)" – Dope (Dead or Alive cover)
2. "Monologue 1" – John Cale
3. "Something in the Air" (American Psycho Remix) – David Bowie
4. "Watching Me Fall" (Underdog Remix) – The Cure
5. "True Faith" – New Order
6. "Monologue 2" – John Cale
7. "Trouble" – Daniel Ash
8. "Paid in Full" (Coldcut Remix) – Eric B. & Rakim
9. "Who Feelin' It" (Philip's Psycho Mix) – Tom Tom Club
10. "Monologue 3" – M. J. Mynarski
11. "What's on Your Mind" (Pure Energy Mix) – Information Society
12. "Pump Up the Volume" – M/A/R/R/S
13. "Paid in Full" (Remix) – The Racket
14. "Monologue 4" (hidden track)

Other songs that appear in the film but not on the album

1. "Walking on Sunshine" – Katrina and the Waves
2. "I Touch Roses" – Book of Love
3. "Hip to Be Square" – Huey Lewis and the News
4. "The Lady in Red" – Chris de Burgh
5. "If You Don't Know Me by Now" – Simply Red
6. "In Too Deep" – Genesis
7. "Sussudio" – Phil Collins
8. "Secreit Nicht" – Mediæval Bæbes
9. "Red Lights" – Curiosity Killed the Cat
10. "Simply Irresistible" – Robert Palmer
11. "Greatest Love of All" – Whitney Houston (Instrumental Version)
12. "Al Mirar Tu Cara" – Santiago Jimenez Jr.

Release

As promotion, one could register to receive e-mails "from" Patrick Bateman, supposedly to his therapist. The e-mails, written by a writer attached to the film and approved by the book's author Bret Easton Ellis, follow Bateman's life since the events of the film. He discusses such developments as his marriage to (and impending divorce settlement with) his former secretary, Jean, his complete adoration of his son, Patrick Jr., and his efforts to triumph over his business rivals. The e-mails also describe or mention interactions with other characters from the novel, including Timothy Price (Bryce in the film version), Evelyn, Luis, Courtney, David, Detective Kimball, and Marcus. However, the film's star, Christian Bale, was not happy with this kind of marketing: "My main objection is that some people think it will be me returning those e-mails. I don't like that ... I think the movie stands on its own merits and should attract an audience that can appreciate intelligent satire. It's not a slasher flick, but it's also not American Pie. The marketing should reflect that."

Lionsgate spent $50,000 on an online stock market game, Make a Killing with American Psycho, which invited players to invest in films, actors, or musicians using fake Hollywood money. This marketing ploy did little to help the film's box office but the studio's co-president Tom Ortenberg still claimed that it was a success: "The aim was to gain exposure and awareness for the picture, and we did that," he said. "Lionsgate will make a tidy profit on the picture."

American Psycho premiered at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival. The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) initially gave the film an NC-17 rating for a scene featuring Bateman having a threesome with two prostitutes. The producers excised approximately 18 seconds of footage to obtain an R-rated version of the film.

Home media

A special-edition DVD was released on July 21, 2005. In the U.S., two versions of the film have been released: an R-rated and unrated version. For the edited version and R-rated cinematic release in the U.S., the producers excised about 18 seconds of footage from a scene featuring Bateman having a threesome with two prostitutes. Some dialogue was also edited: Bateman orders a prostitute, Christie, to bend over so that another, Sabrina, can "see your asshole", which was edited to "see your ass". The unedited version also shows Bateman receiving oral sex from Christie. The uncut version was released on Blu-ray on February 6, 2007. A 4K Blu-ray was released with the Uncut Version on September 25, 2018 in US and October 15, 2018 in United Kingdom. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment also released the film on Blu-ray around Australia, Spain, South Africa and Portugal in December 2008.

Reception

American Psycho debuted at the Sundance Film Festival, where it polarized audiences and critics; some showered the film with praise for its writing and performance from Christian Bale, others with criticism for its violent nature. Upon its theatrical release, the film received positive reviews in crucial publications, including The New York Times which called it a "mean and lean horror comedy classic". On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 69% based on 150 reviews, with a average rating of 6.30/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "If it falls short of the deadly satire of Bret Easton Ellis's novel, American Psycho still finds its own blend of horror and humor, thanks in part to a fittingly creepy performance by Christian Bale." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 64 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale. It was called the "next Fight Club", which Leto also appeared in, by the Guardian.

Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and regarded Christian Bale as being "heroic in the way he allows the character to leap joyfully into despicability; there is no instinct for self-preservation here, and that is one mark of a good actor". In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan wrote, "The difficult truth is that the more viewers can model themselves after protagonist Bateman, the more they can distance themselves from the human reality of the slick violence that fills the screen and take it all as some kind of a cool joke, the more they are likely to enjoy this stillborn, pointless piece of work". Newsweek magazine's David Ansen wrote, "But after an hour of dissecting the '80s culture of materialism, narcissism and greed, the movie begins to repeat itself. It becomes more grisly and surreal, but not more interesting." In his review for The Village Voice, J. Hoberman wrote, "If anything, Bale is too knowing. He eagerly works within the constraints of the quotation marks Harron puts around his performance".

Rolling Stone's Peter Travers wrote, "whenever Harron digs beneath the glitzy surface in search of feelings that haven't been desensitized, the horrific and hilarious American Psycho can still strike a raw nerve". In a somewhat positive review for Slate magazine, David Edelstein noted the toned-down brutality and sexual content in comparison to the novel and wrote that the moment where Bateman spares his secretary is when "this one-dimensional film blossoms like a flower". Owen Gleiberman gave the film an "A−" rating, writing for Entertainment Weekly: "By treating the book as raw material for an exuberantly perverse exercise in '80s Nostalgia, Harron recasts the go-go years as a template for the casually brainwashing-consumer/fashion/image culture that emerged from them. She has made a movie that is really a parable of today." Time magazine's Richard Corliss wrote, "Harron and co-screenwriter Guinevere Turner do understand the book, and they want their film to be understood as a period comedy of manners". A.O. Scott (also from the aforementioned New York Times) also praised the film as well.

Bloody Disgusting ranked the film at No. 19 in its list of the "Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade", with the article praising "Christian Bale's disturbing/darkly hilarious turn as serial killer/Manhattan businessman Patrick Bateman, a role that in hindsight couldn't have been played by any other actor. ... At its best, the film reflects our own narcissism, and the shallow American culture it was spawned from, with piercing effectiveness. Much of the credit for this can go to director Mary Harron, whose off-kilter tendencies are a good complement to Ellis's unique style."

Original author Ellis said, "American Psycho was a book I didn't think needed to be turned into a movie", as "the medium of film demands answers", which would make the book "infinitely less interesting". He also said that while the book attempted to add ambiguity to the events and to Bateman's reliability as a narrator, the film appeared to make them completely literal before confusing the issue at the very end. On a 2014 appearance on the WTF with Marc Maron podcast, Ellis indicated that his feelings towards the film were more mixed than negative; he reiterated his opinion that his conception of Bateman as an unreliable narrator did not make an entirely successful transition from page to screen, adding that Bateman's narration was so unreliable that even he, as the author of the book, didn't know if Bateman was honestly describing events that actually happened or if he was lying or even hallucinating. However, Ellis appreciated that the film clarified the humor for audiences who mistook the novel's violence for blatant misogyny as opposed to the deliberately exaggerated satire he'd intended, and liked that it gave his novel "a second life" in introducing it to new readers. Ultimately, Ellis said "the movie was okay, the movie was fine. I just didn't think it needed to be made."

Since the mid 2000s, the film has attracted a sizeable cult following, which has grown in the 2010s due to various social media platforms.

Legacy

Sequel

A direct-to-video sequel, American Psycho 2, directed by Morgan J. Freeman and starring Mila Kunis, was released in 2002. The sequel's only connection with the original is the death of Patrick Bateman (played by Michael Kremko wearing a face mask), briefly shown in a flashback. The film was denounced by American Psycho author Bret Easton Ellis. In 2005, star Mila Kunis expressed embarrassment over the film, and spoke out against the idea of a sequel. "Please somebody stop this," she said. "Write a petition. When I did the second one, I didn't know it would be American Psycho II. It was supposed to be a different project, and it was re-edited, but, ooh ... I don't know. Bad."

In popular culture

Independent musician Miles Fisher covered "This Must Be the Place (Naive Melody)" on his self-titled 2009 EP, Miles Fisher. The music video is an homage to American Psycho, with Fisher imitating Christian Bale's performance as Patrick Bateman.

The film's influence can be seen in Kanye West's music video "Love Lockdown" and Maroon 5's music video "Animals".

On September 10, 2013, it was announced that FX and Lionsgate were developing an American Psycho television series that would serve as a sequel to the film. It would be set in the present, with Patrick Bateman in his 50s, grooming an apprentice (Andrew Low) to be just like him. In April 2015, it was stated the show was still in development but as of 2019 it is presumed to have been cancelled or in development hell.

The character Bateman mistakenly attributes a quote by Edmund Kemper to Ed Gein, which has led to it being mistaken as such by others; Bateman says: "You know what Ed Gein said about women? ... He said 'When I see a pretty girl walking down the street, I think two things. One part of me wants to take her out, talk to her, be real nice and sweet and treat her right ... [the other part wonders] what her head would look like on a stick'."

Funny or Die recreated the "Hip to be Square" scene with Huey Lewis in the Bateman role and "Weird Al" Yankovic in the Allen role. In the scene, Lewis discusses the artistic merits of the film American Psycho and shows the actual scene. It ends with Lewis killing Yankovic saying "Try parodying one of my songs now, you stupid bastard!" The video then plays "I Want a New Duck", Yankovic's parody of the Huey Lewis and the News song "I Want a New Drug".

American metalcore band Ice Nine Kills wrote a song based on the film for their 2021 album The Silver Scream 2: Welcome To Horrorwood called "Hip To Be Scared" and features Papa Roach vocalist Jacoby Shaddix.

The film is frequently a topic of memes and has been said by some to be relevant due to its themes and satirical nature.

External links

• Official website
• American Psycho at IMDb
• American Psycho at AllMovie
• American Psycho at Box Office Mojo
• American Psycho at Rotten Tomatoes
• American Psycho at Metacritic
• Yahoo! Movies: American Psycho (2000) at the Wayback Machine (archived December 20, 2008)
• Am.Psycho2000 e-mails
• Bret Easton Ellis talks film adaptations at SCAD