Jump to content

2022–2023 mpox outbreak: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→top: ref Canadian confirmed cases (and only 5, not 7)
No edit summary
Line 63: Line 63:
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}: The [[Directorate General of Health Services]] (DGHS) has issued warnings at every port in the country to prevent the spread of monkeypox. According to the Directorate spokesperson Nazmul Islam, the DGHS has asked all air, land and sea ports to be alert. Suspected cases are instructed to be sent to an infectious disease hospital and kept in isolation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2022 |title= Monkeypox: Government put ports on alert |language= en |work= The Business Standard |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/monkeypox-govt-puts-ports-alert-424318?amp |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2022 |title= মাঙ্কিপক্স ঠেকাতে বন্দরে বাড়তি সতর্কতা |language= bn |work=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]] |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2022/05/22/771011 |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}: The [[Directorate General of Health Services]] (DGHS) has issued warnings at every port in the country to prevent the spread of monkeypox. According to the Directorate spokesperson Nazmul Islam, the DGHS has asked all air, land and sea ports to be alert. Suspected cases are instructed to be sent to an infectious disease hospital and kept in isolation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2022 |title= Monkeypox: Government put ports on alert |language= en |work= The Business Standard |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/monkeypox-govt-puts-ports-alert-424318?amp |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2022 |title= মাঙ্কিপক্স ঠেকাতে বন্দরে বাড়তি সতর্কতা |language= bn |work=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]] |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2022/05/22/771011 |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
*{{flag|Belgium}}: The Risk Assessment Group (RAG) and health authorities declared that those infected with monkeypox must self-isolate for 21 days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monkeypox patients must spend 21 days in isolation |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/226540/monkeypox-patients-must-spend-21-days-in-isolation |website=[[The Brussels Times]] |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
*{{flag|Belgium}}: The Risk Assessment Group (RAG) and health authorities declared that those infected with monkeypox must self-isolate for 21 days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monkeypox patients must spend 21 days in isolation |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/226540/monkeypox-patients-must-spend-21-days-in-isolation |website=[[The Brussels Times]] |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
*{{flag|Brazil}}: The Brazilian Ministry of Health started monitoring the Brazilian patient in Germany requesting more information from the German Ministry of Health. He also created groups of biologists to monitor monkeys and medical groups to monitor possible cases. <ref>{{cite web |title=Governo cria grupo para monitorar varíola dos macacos e acompanha caso de brasileiro |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/ministerio-cria-grupo-de-cientistas-para-monitorar-a-variola-dos-macacos/ |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=22 May 2022 |language=pt-BR |date=21 May 2022}}</ref> The Minister of Health of Brazil, Marcelo Queiroga and his entourage are in Portugal to reach an agreement on medical exchanges in public health and bioethics. After the trip to Portugal, the minister will participate in the 75th World Health Assembly, thus having his return monitored by the proximity to Europe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Brasil assina memorando com a Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Porto para intercâmbio em saúde pública e bioética |url=https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2022/maio/brasil-assina-memorando-com-a-faculdade-de-medicina-da-universidade-de-porto-para-intercambio-em-saude-publica-e-bioetica |website=Ministério da Saúde do Brasil |publisher=Ministério da Saúde do Brasil |access-date=22 May 2022 |language=pt-br}}</ref>
*{{flag|Germany}}: Fabian Leendertz of the [[Robert Koch Institute]] described the outbreak as an epidemic that won't last long: "The cases can be well isolated via contact tracing and there are also drugs and effective vaccines that can be used if necessary."<ref name=Reuters/>
*{{flag|Germany}}: Fabian Leendertz of the [[Robert Koch Institute]] described the outbreak as an epidemic that won't last long: "The cases can be well isolated via contact tracing and there are also drugs and effective vaccines that can be used if necessary."<ref name=Reuters/>
*{{flag|India}}: Union Health Minister [[Mansukh Mandaviya]] directed the [[National Centre for Disease Control]] and the [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] to keep a close watch and monitor the situation. The [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Ministry]] has also directed airport and port health officers to be vigilant, according to official sources. They have been instructed to isolate and send samples to the [[National Institute of Virology]] of any sick passenger with a travel history to infected countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2022 |title= Monkeypox outbreak: India to screen arrival for virus signs, isolate sick patients; details here |language= en |work= [[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/monkeypox-outbreak-india-to-screen-arrival-for-virus-signs-isolate-sick-patients-details-here-2465745.html |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
*{{flag|India}}: Union Health Minister [[Mansukh Mandaviya]] directed the [[National Centre for Disease Control]] and the [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] to keep a close watch and monitor the situation. The [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Ministry]] has also directed airport and port health officers to be vigilant, according to official sources. They have been instructed to isolate and send samples to the [[National Institute of Virology]] of any sick passenger with a travel history to infected countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2022 |title= Monkeypox outbreak: India to screen arrival for virus signs, isolate sick patients; details here |language= en |work= [[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/monkeypox-outbreak-india-to-screen-arrival-for-virus-signs-isolate-sick-patients-details-here-2465745.html |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

Revision as of 22:25, 22 May 2022

2022 monkeypox outbreak
DiseaseHuman monkeypox
Virus strainMonkeypox virus (MPV), West African clade, Nigeria 2017–2019 outbreak subclade[1]
SourceTravel from  Nigeria (presumed/hypothesis)[2][3]
LocationGlobal
 Australia
 Austria
 Belgium
 Canada
 France
 Germany
 Israel
 Italy
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 Poland
 Spain
 Sweden
  Switzerland
 United Kingdom
 United States
First outbreakLondon, England
Date4 May 2022 – ongoing (2 years, 5 months, and 30 days)
Confirmed cases108
Suspected cases‡86
Severe casesAt least 11 hospitalised
Deaths
0
‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.
A map of the spread of the monkeypox virus globally.
  West African clade endemic
  Congo Basin (Central African) clade endemic
  Both clades recorded
  West African clade outbreak in 2022

An ongoing outbreak of monkeypox was confirmed on 6 May 2022, beginning with a British resident who, after travelling to Nigeria (where the disease is endemic), presented symptoms consistent with monkeypox on 29 April 2022. The resident returned to the United Kingdom on 4 May, creating the country's index case of the outbreak.[4]

The origin of several of the cases of monkeypox in the United Kingdom is unknown. Some monitors see community transmission taking place in the London area as of mid-May.[5] Cases of the virus have also been reported in North East and South East England,[6] as well as outside the UK: 23 in Portugal, one in Sweden, one in Italy, four in Belgium,[7] two in the United States, one in the Netherlands,[8] five in Canada,[9] 31 in Spain, three in Germany,[10] one in Israel,[11] two in Australia, one in Switzerland,[12] one in Austria and one case in Poland [13] [14]. There was one suspected case in Greece[15]. and one in Norway[16] as of 22 May 2022.[17][18]

Background

Human monkeypox is a viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus (MPV), a relative of now-eradicated smallpox. Monkeypox generally presents with similar symptoms to smallpox, although usually milder. Its case fatality rate may be as high as 10% without prompt treatment,[19] however the clade identified in the outbreaks suggest a case fatality rate of <1%.[20]

Monkeypox is endemic to West and Central Africa.[21][22] Prior to the 2022 outbreak, the United Kingdom had only recorded seven previous cases of monkeypox,[23] all of which were imported cases from Africa or healthcare workers involved in their treatment. The first three such cases were in 2018,[24] followed by a further case in 2019[25] and three more in 2021.[26] The only major monkeypox outbreak to be recorded in a Western country prior to 2022 was the 2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak in the United States. That one did not feature community transmission.[27][28]

Monkeypox is spread primarily through close contact with infectious people.[29] Prior to the 2022 outbreak, monkeypox was not considered to be a sexually transmitted infection (STI)[5] and some experts doubt that it has morphed into one.[30] The rapid spread of the virus between sexual partners in the initial stages of the outbreak has prompted discussion that sexual intercourse may be a further route of transmission.[5] It is not yet clear whether or not it has become an STI.[30]

United Kingdom

Guy's Hospital, where the April case was hospitalised.

In early May 2022, the case was reported of a British resident who travelled to Lagos and Delta State in Nigeria,[29] in areas where monkeypox is considered to be an endemic disease. The patient developed symptoms of monkeypox, including a rash, on 29 April while still in Nigeria. They subsequently flew back to the United Kingdom, arriving on 4 May. They presented to hospital later the same day; monkeypox infection was immediately suspected, and the patient was hospitalised at Guy's Hospital[24] and isolated, then tested positive for the virus on 6 May.[29] Testing of patient swab samples by polymerase chain reaction revealed the outbreak to be of the West African clade of monkeypox, which is the less deadly of the two known monkeypox variants with a case fatality rate of around 1%.[29]

Extensive contact tracing of people who had been in contact with the index case both on the international flight from Nigeria to the United Kingdom and within the country following their arrival was carried out, with potential contacts advised to remain aware of the symptoms of monkeypox and immediately isolate if any were to develop within 21 days of the contact event.[29] Following this contact tracing effort, the World Health Organization (WHO) considered further transmission of the virus within the United Kingdom to be of "minimal" risk.[29]

Contact tracing in response to the case was extended to Scotland on 14 May according to Public Health Scotland. A "small number" of people in Scotland were ordered to self-isolate following close contact with the person initially reported to have been infected, although overall risk to the general public remained "very low".[24]

Two new cases of monkeypox were confirmed by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) on 12 May, both of which were in London.[31] These two lived together in the same household, with no known link between either of them and either the index case or travel to endemic regions. One of the new cases was hospitalised at St Mary's Hospital, while the other case with milder symptoms was said to be self-isolating at home.[31]

Four cases of monkeypox were confirmed by the UKHSA on 17 May, in three Londoners and a person in North East England who had previously travelled to London.[32] None of these new cases had any known contact history with the previous three confirmed cases, suggesting that wider community transmission of the virus was now underway in the London area. The UKHSA stated that the risk to the general public remained "very low".[32][5] Patients with active monkeypox infection were confirmed to be hospitalised at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne and at the Royal Free Hospital and Guy's Hospital in London.[32]

On 20 May, Health Secretary Sajid Javid reported that another eleven cases had been confirmed in the UK, bringing the total in the country to twenty. A representative of the UKHSA urged watchfulness among men who have sex with men, who have made up a disproportionate number of cases in the UK and Europe.[33]

Other countries

On 18 May in Portugal, 14 cases of monkeypox were reported by health authorities out of total of 20 suspected cases. Two samples' test results were pending.[34] In Spain, there are seven confirmed cases as of 18 May.[35] On the same day, the United States confirmed its first 2022 case of monkeypox and Canada reported 13 suspected cases.[36][37]

On 19 May, Sweden and Belgium reported their first cases of monkeypox,[38][39] while Italy confirmed its first case in a traveller who had arrived from the Canary Islands.[40] A suspected case was reported in France.[41] A genomic analysis conducted on a case in Portugal places the virus infecting that patient in the West African clade, finding it most closely related to viruses associated with cases exported from Nigeria in 2018 and 2019.[42] Current sequencing error prevents exact placement of the virus within the group of these Nigerian viruses.[1]

Following the detection of a case in Massachusetts the previous day, the United States on 19 May placed a $119 million order with Bavarian Nordic, with the option to buy $180 million more, in exchange for up to 13 million vaccines against smallpox,[43] although on 20 May, the US Department of Health and Human Services said the order was part of a standard preparedness effort and not a response to recent events. A spokesperson said, "BARDA has worked with industry to develop and purchase vaccines and treatments for a potential smallpox emergency, some of which may also be used to respond to monkeypox."[44] Separately, Bavarian Nordic stated an unidentified European country had placed an order for "Imvanex" vaccines in response to the monkeypox outbreak.[44]

On 20 May, Australia reported its first suspected case, in a man who fell ill after returning from travel in Europe.[45] A second case was also confirmed on the same day. The cases were identified as being in Melbourne and Sydney. Both were recently returned from travel in Europe.[46] Germany, France and the Netherlands confirmed their first cases on the same day.[47][48][8]

On 21 May, Switzerland and Israel confirmed their first cases.[12][11] Greece reported its first suspected case on the same day, a 29-year old English tourist.[49][50]

On 22 May, Austria confirmed its first case.[51]

World Health Organization and national responses

On 20 May, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened an emergency meeting of independent advisers to discuss the outbreak and assess the threat level.[52] Its European chief, Hans Kluge, expressed concern that infections could accelerate in Europe as people gather for parties and festivals over the summer. The WHO is expected to provide an update on sequencing of the virus genome from different cases to determine the cause.[53]

  •  Bangladesh: The Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) has issued warnings at every port in the country to prevent the spread of monkeypox. According to the Directorate spokesperson Nazmul Islam, the DGHS has asked all air, land and sea ports to be alert. Suspected cases are instructed to be sent to an infectious disease hospital and kept in isolation.[54][55]
  •  Belgium: The Risk Assessment Group (RAG) and health authorities declared that those infected with monkeypox must self-isolate for 21 days.[56]
  •  Brazil: The Brazilian Ministry of Health started monitoring the Brazilian patient in Germany requesting more information from the German Ministry of Health. He also created groups of biologists to monitor monkeys and medical groups to monitor possible cases. [57] The Minister of Health of Brazil, Marcelo Queiroga and his entourage are in Portugal to reach an agreement on medical exchanges in public health and bioethics. After the trip to Portugal, the minister will participate in the 75th World Health Assembly, thus having his return monitored by the proximity to Europe. [58]
  •  Germany: Fabian Leendertz of the Robert Koch Institute described the outbreak as an epidemic that won't last long: "The cases can be well isolated via contact tracing and there are also drugs and effective vaccines that can be used if necessary."[53]
  •  India: Union Health Minister Mansukh Mandaviya directed the National Centre for Disease Control and the ICMR to keep a close watch and monitor the situation. The Union Health Ministry has also directed airport and port health officers to be vigilant, according to official sources. They have been instructed to isolate and send samples to the National Institute of Virology of any sick passenger with a travel history to infected countries.[59]
  •  Ireland: The Health Service Executive (HSE) has set up a multidisciplinary incident management team to prepare for the possible arrival of monkeypox, and infectious diseases experts are on alert for patients with symptoms of the virus.[60]
  •  Philippines: Health Secretary Francisco Duque III said that the Philippines was intensifying its border control measures amid the threat of the monkeypox virus.[61]
  •  United Kingdom: On 22 May, Education Secretary Nadhim Zahawi said "we're taking it very, very seriously" and that the UK government had already started buying vaccine.[62]
  •  United States: On 22 May, President Joe Biden commented "they haven’t told me the level of exposure yet but it is something that everybody should be concerned about", while his national security advisor assured the public that the US has a vaccine that is capable of treating the virus.[63]

Cases per country

Cases per country and territory
Country Confirmed Suspected Total Last update First confirmed case
 Australia 2 — 2 20 May 2022[18] 20 May 2022[26]
 Austria 1 — 1 22 May 2022[51][64] 22 May 2022[51]
 Belgium 4 — 4 21 May 2022[65] 19 May 2022 [39]
 Canada 5 21 26 21 May 2022[66] 19 May 2022[67]
 France 1 — 1 20 May 2022[68] 20 May 2022[48]
 Germany 3 — 3 22 May 2022[69][10] 20 May 2022[47]
 Greece — 1 1 21 May 2022[70]
 Israel 1 — 1 22 May 2022[71] 21 May 2022[11]
 Italy 3 — 3 20 May 2022[72] 19 May 2022[72]
 Netherlands 2 — 2 22 May 2022[73] 20 May 2022[8]
 Portugal 23 11 34 20 May 2022[74] 18 May 2022[75]
 Spain 40 53 93 22 May 2022[76] 18 May 2022[77]
 Sweden 1 — 1 19 May 2022[78] 19 May 2022[78]
  Switzerland 1 — 1 21 May 2022[12] 21 May 2022[12]
 United Kingdom 20 — 20 20 May 2022[79][33] 4 May 2022[80]
 United States 2 1 3 22 May 2022[81][82] 18 May 2022[83][84]
Total 109 87 196

References

  1. ^ a b Rambaut, Andrew (21 May 2022). "Discussion of on-going MPXV genome sequencing". Virological.org. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  2. ^ "Monkeypox spreads in West, baffling African scientists". ABC News. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  3. ^ Mandavilli, Apoorva (18 May 2022). "A Massachusetts Man Is Infected With Monkeypox". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  4. ^ "Monkeypox – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". World Health Organization. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d Pinkstone, Joe (17 May 2022). "Monkeypox 'spreading in sexual networks'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  6. ^ "We've detected 2 additional cases of #Monkeypox, one in London and one in the South East of England". Twitter. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  7. ^ "Vierde geval van apenpokkenvirus opgedoken in ons land, opnieuw link met Antwerps festival". 22 May 2022.
  8. ^ a b c Reuters (20 May 2022). "Dutch health agency confirms first monkeypox case in the Netherlands". Reuters. Retrieved 20 May 2022. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  9. ^ Tsekouras, Phil (21 May 2022). "Toronto investigating first suspected case of monkeypox". CBC. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Drei Fälle von Affenpocken in Berlin bestätigt" (in German). 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  11. ^ a b c Efrati, Ido. "Israel Confirms First Case of Monkeypox Virus". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d Reuters (21 May 2022). "Switzerland confirms its first case of monkeypox". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2022. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  13. ^ "'Highly unusual': WHO on monkeypox spread outside Africa without travel links". 22 May 2022.
  14. ^ "Austria's first case of monkeypox confirmed, Vienna health authority says". 22 May 2022.
  15. ^ "Πρώτο ύποπτο κρούσμα της ευλογιάς των πιθήκων στην Ελλάδα". www.ertnews.gr (in Greek). 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  16. ^ Reuters (21 May 2022). "Norway warns of possible monkeypox infections in Oslo". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2022. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  17. ^ "Health officials to provide update on suspected cases of monkeypox in Montreal". Montreal. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  18. ^ a b "Monkeypox confirmed in Melbourne and Sydney". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  19. ^ "Signs and Symptoms Monkeypox". CDC. 16 July 2021. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  20. ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6131633/
  21. ^ Bunge, Eveline M.; Hoet, Bernard; Chen, Liddy; Lienert, Florian; Weidenthaler, Heinz; Baer, Lorraine R.; Steffen, Robert (11 February 2022). "The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox – A potential threat? A systematic review". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 16 (2): e0010141. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 8870502. PMID 35148313.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  22. ^ "Monkeypox". www.who.int. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  23. ^ "Monkeypox contact tracing extended to Scotland". BBC News. 14 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  24. ^ a b c "Monkeypox contact tracing extended to Scotland". BBC News. 14 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  25. ^ "Monkeypox case confirmed in England". GOV.UK. Public Health England. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  26. ^ a b "Australia's first confirmed monkeypox case recorded in Victoria". 7News. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  27. ^ Linda Spice, "13 Sick After Prairie Dog Contact; Milwaukee Pet Store Employee, Two OthersRemain Hospitalized," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 6 June 2003.
  28. ^ Todd Richmond. Four Get Monkeypox Virus from Prairie Dogs." Associated Press. 6 November 2003.
  29. ^ a b c d e f "Monkeypox – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". World Health Organization. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  30. ^ a b Rigby, Jennifer; Grover, Natalie (20 May 2022). "WHO calls emergency meeting as monkeypox cases top 100 in Europe". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2022. It was too early to say if the illness has morphed into a sexually transmitted disease, said Alessio D'Amato, health commissioner of the Lazio region in Italy. [...] "The idea that there's some sort of sexual transmission in this, I think, is a little bit of a stretch," said Stuart Neil, professor of virology at Kings College London.
  31. ^ a b "Monkeypox: Two more confirmed cases of viral infection". BBC News. 15 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  32. ^ a b c "Monkeypox: Four more cases detected in England". BBC News. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  33. ^ a b "UK monkeypox cases double to 20 – Sajid Javid". BBC News. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  34. ^ "Monkeypox. Já há 14 casos de varíola dos macacos em Portugal". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  35. ^ Güell, Oriol (18 May 2022). "Sanidad confirma que los análisis de los siete primeros casos sospechosos de viruela del mono han dado positivo". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  36. ^ "Massachusetts confirms rare monkeypox case, the first in the US this year". Boston Herald. 18 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  37. ^ ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Santé-. "Variole du singe : au moins 13 cas en cours d'examen à Montréal". Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  38. ^ "Ett fall av apkoppor rapporterat i Sverige – Folkhälsomyndigheten". Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  39. ^ a b "Eerste besmetting met apenpokkenvirus vastgesteld in ons land". VRT NWS (in Dutch). 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  40. ^ "Italy reports first case of monkeypox infection, two more suspected". Reuters. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  41. ^ "Monkeypox cases investigated in Europe, US, Canada and Australia". BBC. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  42. ^ Borges, Vítor (19 May 2022). "First draft genome sequence of Monkeypox virus associated with the suspected multi-country outbreak, May 2022 (confirmed case in Portugal)". Virological.org. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  43. ^ Morris, Chris (19 May 2022). "U.S. government places $119 million order for 13 million freeze-dried Monkeypox vaccines". Fortune. Retrieved 21 May 2022. Bavarian Nordic, the biotech company that makes the vaccine, has announced a $119 million order placed by the U.S., with the option to buy $180 million more if it wants. Should that second option be exercised, it would work out to approximately 13 million doses.
  44. ^ a b Scribner, Herb (20 May 2022). "HHS says recent U.S. smallpox vaccine order not related to monkeypox outbreak". Axios. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  45. ^ "Monkeypox cases investigated in Europe, US, Canada and Australia". BBC News. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  46. ^ Parkes-Hupton, Heath; Johnson, Sian (20 May 2022). "Monkeypox confirmed in Melbourne and Sydney". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Commission. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  47. ^ a b "Erster Fall von Affenpocken in Deutschland bestätigt". Die Zeit (in German). Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  48. ^ a b "France, Germany, Belgium report first monkeypox cases amid unusual spread in Europe". France 24. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  49. ^ "Πρώτο ύποπτο κρούσμα της ευλογιάς των πιθήκων στην Ελλάδα (in Greek)". ertnews.gr. 21 May 2022.
  50. ^ "Ύποπτο κρούσμα Ευλογιάς των πιθήκων (in Greek)". National Public Health Organization. 21 May 2022.
  51. ^ a b c "Austria's first case of monkeypox confirmed, Vienna health authority says". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  52. ^ Rigby, Jennifer (20 May 2022). "WHO to hold emergency meeting on monkeypox on Friday -sources". Reuters. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  53. ^ a b "WHO calls emergency meeting as monkeypox cases top 100 in Europe", by Jennifer Rigby and Natalie Grover, Reuters
  54. ^ "Monkeypox: Government put ports on alert". The Business Standard. 21 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  55. ^ "মাঙ্কিপক্স ঠেকাতে বন্দরে বাড়তি সতর্কতা". Bangladesh Pratidin (in Bengali). 22 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  56. ^ "Monkeypox patients must spend 21 days in isolation". The Brussels Times. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  57. ^ "Governo cria grupo para monitorar varíola dos macacos e acompanha caso de brasileiro". CNN (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  58. ^ "Brasil assina memorando com a Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Porto para intercâmbio em saúde pública e bioética". Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  59. ^ "Monkeypox outbreak: India to screen arrival for virus signs, isolate sick patients; details here". Zee News. 21 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  60. ^ "Ireland on alert for monkeypox as virus spreads across Europe". The Irish Times. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  61. ^ "Philippines tightens border control amid monkeypox threat". GMA News Online. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  62. ^ "UK Confirms Local Transmission of Monkeypox". Eyewitness News (South Africa). Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  63. ^ "Biden says 'everybody' should be concerned about spread of monkeypox". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  64. ^ "Affenpocken: Fall in Wien bestätigt". 22 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  65. ^ "Vierde besmetting met apenpokkenvirus vastgesteld in ons land" (in Dutch). 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  66. ^ "2 monkeypox cases confirmed in Quebec — the first in Canada". CBC News. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  67. ^ [[1]]
  68. ^ "Un premier cas confirmé de Monkeypox sur le territoire national" (in French). 20 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  69. ^ "Weitere Affenpocken-Fälle in Berlin, Israel und der Schweiz". 22 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  70. ^ "Πρώτο ύποπτο κρούσμα της ευλογιάς των πιθήκων στην Ελλάδα". www.ertnews.gr (in Greek). 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  71. ^ "Israel Detects Second Suspected Monkeypox Case". 22 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  72. ^ a b "Italy confirms two more monkeypox infections, brings total cases to three". Reuters. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  73. ^ "Second case of monkeypox found in the Netherlands: RIVM". NL Times. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  74. ^ "Varíola dos macacos: sobe para 23 número de casos em Portugal". SIC Notícias (in European Portuguese). 20 May 2022.
  75. ^ "Monkeypox. Já há 14 casos de varíola dos macacos em Portugal". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  76. ^ "Viruela del mono en España, última hora". El Mundo (in Spanish). 22 May 2022.
  77. ^ "Monkeypox cases investigated in Europe, US and Canada". BBC News. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  78. ^ a b "Sweden reports first case of monkeypox". The News International. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  79. ^ "Monkeypox cases confirmed in England – latest updates". Retrieved 22 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  80. ^ "Monkeypox - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  81. ^ Muller, Madison (19 May 2022). "Possible Monkeypox Infection Identified in NYC, Officials Say". Bloomberg. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  82. ^ Saric, Ivana (22 May 2022). "CDC and state officials investigating monkeypox case in Florida". Axios. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  83. ^ "Massachusetts confirms rare monkeypox case, the first in the US this year". Boston Herald. 18 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  84. ^ [https://news.yahoo.com/second-person-tests-positive-monkeypox-004132284.html NBC News Second person tests positive for monkeypox in United States], NBC News, Tim Stelloh, May 20, 2022


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022–2023_mpox_outbreak&oldid=1089280479"